Understanding Women, Development and Transport:

Exploring What, who, where, when, why and howin the middle- and low-income countries

Tanu Priya Uteng, PhD

Senior Researcher

Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway

Page

Clearly divided gendered travel patterns

▪Trip purposes▪Women - fewer job and business trips, more shopping and

escort trips

▪Women - more varied/complex activity patterns

▪Trip chains▪More complex trip-chaining - varied activity patterns

▪Daytime distribution of trips▪Women - go out by night less often

▪Women - travel less often in rush hour

2

Page

Clearly divided gendered travel patterns

▪Licencing and car availability▪Higher for men

▪Mode choice▪Women - passengers, men - drive

▪Women- use public transport; walk more often

▪Women - more multimodal / variable

▪Vehicle choice - Women drive smaller cars

▪Where cycling is a part of the travel culture, women bicycle longer distances.

▪Trip distances and trip duration▪Shorter for women; especially for job trips, but also other

purposes

▪Women participate less in long distance travel (commuting, business)

3

Page

Gendered

layerings

▪

Page

Gendered

layerings

▪

Time distribution on daily mobility and unpaid work for women

in rural Flagstaff and rural Port St. Johns, South Africa

Page

Gendered layerings

▪

▪

▪

▪

▪

Page

Gendered layerings

▪

▪

▪

▪

Average regional and local access components by gender in

Chengdu, China

Source: Srinivasan, 2008

Page

How things should have been

done?

8

Page

Development, Gender and Transport

9

▪ What kind of (daily) mobility needs do women have?

▪ What are the limitations they face wrt time constraints, financial constraints, safety constraints

▪ Can we minimize these constraints? For ex. (i) through

spending less time and money on their daily travelling, (ii) can they

use their time differently?

▪ What ratio of women are in the different employment / services– manufacturing services, care services etc.?

MAPPING…PLOTTING…INTERLINKAGES

Page

How things are done?

10

Page

Hegemony of trips planned for

…..

11

The ‘desired’ Target groups

▪

▪

▪

Page 12

,

travelling with , linking multiple,

geographically spread

…….?????????????

The ‘undesired’ Target groups

▪

▪

▪

▪

Page

Sustainability agenda:

What is the status in

Global South?

13

(+) Still divergent

Still divergent. Hope for manintainingsustianble mobility patterns

1. Access to modes Divergent

2. Trip purposes Divergent

3. Licence holding Divergent

4. Mode choice Divergent

5. Trip distances and trip duration Divergent

Biggest issues. based on literaturereviews, surveys, interviews.

1. Public transport, walking and bicyclinginfratstructure – inadequate attention.

2. Gendered nature of infrastructure – poorlyunderstood

3. Daily Mobilities – not integrated with otherdevelopmental policies like health, employmentgeneration, education, welfare services etc.

4. The relationship between gender equality and sustainability is poorly understood, or NOT understood at all.

Page

Lack of analysis

16

Page

How to move FORWARD?

17

Page

Transport vs. networked mobility

▪Transport classified as ‘hard infrastructure’

▪BUT Transport vis-à-vis Daily Mobilities is a

dynamic element– Multimodality, MaaS,

Digitalisation, Transition, Intermediate means of Transport,

bike sharing, Qualitative studies etc. as part of the entire

travel chain with particular reference to women’s needs.

18

A real good chance of promoting

sustainable travel behaviour IF

women’s travel preferences are

made the unit of analysis–

Walking, bicycling and PT

Page

AnalysEs -

19

A framework for understanding the integration of “smart” into gendered mobility, based on Law’s “Framework for understanding gender and mobility” (1999: 576).

Source: Lenz 2020

Page

▪Spatial Planning / Area Development – Both Urban and

Rural

▪Governance issues across and beyond transport

20

Taking the daily mobility needs head-on. E-rickshaws and tribal women of Dantewada, India.

Understanding the links between women,

development and transportation

Page

Understanding the links between women,

development and transportation

▪ Given the current system, roles, jobs, gendered divisions –what are the current mobility needs? DATA COLLECTION

▪Division of labour in different sectors. What are the current and future mobility needs of future?

▪ What kind of transportation policies and investment will ensure that the

accessibility of women increase?

▪ Are there systemic and systematic flaws responsible for gender-blind transport policies? SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SCHEMES, RELOCATION POLICIES

▪ How do land use regulations or the lack of it affect the mobilities in urban and peri-urban areas?

▪ Which kinds of mobilities (both urban and rural) are being supplemented / complimented or substituted by mobile phones? SMART CITIES / MOBILITIES AGENDA

21

Page

▪INTER-SECTORAL COLLABAORATIONS

( /multi-stakeholder partnership)

- PLOTTING THE INTERLINKAGES

- MAPPING SYNERGIES

- FACILITATING OVERLAPS

22

Policy directions -

Page

Policy directions -

▪ National Transport Policies. Recogninzing all modes of transport. travel-related data collection and utilization.

▪ Promote public transport as the primary transport mode. Both

formal and informal. (Example from India: Multiplicity of organisations; Distribution of power – union, state and concurrent list; PT – does not figure in any of the lists).

▪ Redesign allocation / location policies. How can spatial

development and reallocation policies be sensitized to women travel patterns and needs? Reducing the

‘distance cost’ of attending schools and related opportunities. (infrastructure for car vs. PT, slum

relocation policies, setting of satellite townships, low-income group (LIG) housing

location, training centers, health facilities, market centers)

▪ Use the concept of ‘equity’ within the transport planning agenda.

▪ Insert the ‘societal’ welfare postulates in the sustainable mobility

agenda. Informal markets. Spatial desings.

23

Page

Policy directions -

▪ Taxation Policies (Example from India: skewed tax structure - total

tax burden for PT vehicles per veh-km is 2.6 times higher than for pvt. vehicles).

▪Designing support systems in the transport domain to

address affordability issues of the low-income women of

the developing economies. Cash-transfer programmes vs. increased accessibility

▪Build daily mobilities in disaster and conflict rehabilitation processes

▪Personal security and safety

▪Traffic accidents – pedestrians / women

24

Page

@Moving «smartly» forward: Macro-

Meso-Micro mapping

▪MACRO – build focus on PT, WALKING, BICYCLING

through National Transport Policies

▪MESO – Regional planning, urban planning policies-

Ex: locational decisions - training centers, high schools,

health centers etc. acessibile by PT, walking, cycling.

▪MICRO – Road design, Apps, PT routes / timings /

accessibility mapping.

25

Page 26