UNESCO Desire – Net project Energy and sustainable development: Global challenges for a Sustainable Future Giovanna Anselmi Italian Agency for New Technology,

UNESCO UNESCO Desire – Net projectDesire – Net project

Energy and sustainable development:Energy and sustainable development:

Global challenges for a Sustainable FutureGlobal challenges for a Sustainable Future

Giovanna AnselmiGiovanna AnselmiItalian Agency for New Technology, Energy and EnvironmentItalian Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment

[email protected]@sede.enea.it

UNESCOUNESCORome, 2006 19Rome, 2006 19thth July July

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Global Energy Framework &

Global Challenges

NEEDS of Collective Reponses

POTENTIAL ofClean and Safe

Energy

RES INTEGRATIONin

modern electricitygrids

Limited reserves of EnergyLimited reserves of Energy

Volatility of OIL PriceVolatility of OIL Price

Increasing energy demandIncreasing energy demand

Vulnerability to supply shocksVulnerability to supply shocks

Pollution emissionPollution emission

Availability of RES Technologies at low costsAvailability of RES Technologies at low costs

MAIN PROBLEMSMAIN PROBLEMS

The Global Energy Framework

CONCLUSION

From economic data emerge a strong incentive :From economic data emerge a strong incentive :

To technological change and innovationTo technological change and innovationTo a wide cooperation among people and countriesTo a wide cooperation among people and countriesTo a better and more efficient use of the energy sourcesTo a better and more efficient use of the energy sources

From the energy data the recommendations are:From the energy data the recommendations are:

Decrease the oil dependenceDecrease the oil dependenceDiversify the energy mixDiversify the energy mixIncrease the RES use and improve the related technologiesIncrease the RES use and improve the related technologies

The Global Energy Framework

CHALLENGES TO FACECHALLENGES TO FACEEnergy Security

Oil and gas production will become increasingly concentrated in fewer and fewer countries

Those countries will seek to use their dominant market

position to force up prices at some point in the future

through:

> deliberate withholding of supplies for political reasons

> co - ordinated production cutbacks

The rising dominance of MENA in global markets intensifies

these risks

CHALLENGES TO FACECHALLENGES TO FACEEnergy Security

VulnerabilityVulnerability depends depends not just on: the risk and duration of a disruption and the resulting Price shock

but also on the flexibility and resilience of the economy to respond to and withstand higher prices

The higher an economy’s oil intensity and the less fuel-

switching capability there is, the more vulnerable it will be

Sudden loss of even a modest volume of oil can lead to

sharp increases in prices, especially if associated with:

> limited spare capacity > rising geopolitical tensions

NEED OF COLLECTIVE REPONSES 1

- To prolonge the new emissions-trading scheme in the EU

- To adopt some of the measures detailed in a new EU Green Paper on energy efficiency

- To find new financial incentives for renewables in Mena countries, in Korea and to promote the renewables (including nuclear capacity) in China

- In diversifying the sources of gas and oil imports

- To extend and strengthen the motor-vehicle fuel-efficiency standards

NEED OF COLLECTIVE REPONSES 2

- Diversifying European Sources

- A Streamlined Internal Energy Market

The measures in the new EU Green Paper on energy efficiency regard respectively:

- Demand Management

- External Supply Controll

POTENTIAL OF CLEAN AND SAFE ENERGY

§ Global solar energy potential is estimated to be between 1 575 and 50 000 exajoules (EJ) per year

§ Between 3.5 and 110 times higher than the world’s current energy consumption

§ The economic potential is much lower because of the high costs of producing electricity from solar thermal or PV power plants compared with conventional alternatives

POTENTIAL OF CLEAN AND SAFE ENERGY

RES INTEGRATION IN MODERN ELECTRICITY GRIDS

• Power plants providing operational and capacity reserve

Managing Intermittency of electricity generationWind power and other RES using:

Main Problem

• Electricity storage

• Distributed generation

• Curtailment of intermittent technology

• Interconnection with other grid systems

• Demand-side response


Power plants providing operational and capacity reserve

Managing Intermittency of electricity generation

Main Problems

• power plants for balancing services

• reliability of combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGT) and coal-fired power stations

• availability and cost


Electricity storage


Main Problems

• Hydro storage facilities

• Conventional Batteries

• Hydrogen Fuel Cells

• Flywheels

• Flow Battery

• Compressed Air Storage


Electricity storage: Various storage technologies and typical technical performance


Main Problems


Interconnection with other grid systems


Main Problems

• Danish grid

• Need of grid development

• Benefits : better utilisation of resources, gains from market competition and trade, increased security of supply

• Spain Grid

• Distribution of power resources


Distributed generation


Main Problems

• System Benefits for local distribution companies: relieving congestion, reducing transmission losses and delivering ancillary services to the system

- need of a big amount of information for sophisticated monitoring and control of the system

• Need of deepen the S&D activities

• Barriers to a wider integration of DG into electricity grids:

- DG and intermittency may have similar requirements


Demand-side response


Main Problems

• Electricity produced at different times of the day has different values,

• DSR can be an important aspect of load management both to cope with peak demand and with intermittency.

• Identical balancing service is provided by customer swichtcing off his appliance as far from producer to supply more

• DSR can reduce the need for reserves more elastic and sensitive to price changes


Curtailment of intermittent technology


Main Problems

• Curtailment of intermittent technologies represent an option to cope with system variability

• Reduce costs

• Large wind farms, with a significant number of megawatt-sized turbines can provide the same ancillary services that conventional generators

• Tariff systems or contractual arrangements let wind turbine owners benefit from the system saving

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONIt is clear that in the future the use of RES will have one even more important role in front of the petroleum peack:

- BP (Bayond Petroleum) says: “ for two barrel consumption we can discover and estract one only”

- Chevron suggests to be prepared to the change of the energy system

- The peack of petroleum seriousely concern the multinationals

- Shell explain that to find and to estract petroleum is even more expensive

Energy and sustainable development:Energy and sustainable development:Global challenges for a sustainable FutureGlobal challenges for a sustainable Future


This lecture was the last of a This lecture was the last of a modulemodule composed by five synchronous lessons, composed by five synchronous lessons, respectively, on:respectively, on:

- - GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE - G. Anselmi – - G. Anselmi – ItalianItalian Agency for New Technology, Energy and Agency for New Technology, Energy and

EnvironmentEnvironment

- THE EXTERNALITY- THE EXTERNALITY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM FOSSIL FUELSOF ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS - E. - E. Mancuso Mancuso - - Italian Agency for New Technology, Energy and EnvironmentItalian Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment

- RES ROLE IN SELECTED ENERGY SCENARIOS - F. Gracceva – IItalian Agency for New Technology, Energy and

Environment

- IMPACT OF THE OIL SHOCKIMPACT OF THE OIL SHOCK - - C. Mocci - Italian Ministry of Economy and FinanceC. Mocci - Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance

- - THE GLOBAL ENERGY FRAMEWORKTHE GLOBAL ENERGY FRAMEWORK - G. Anselmi – - G. Anselmi – Italian Agency for Italian Agency for New Technology, Energy and New Technology, Energy and

EnvironmentEnvironment

Prepared by Giovanna AnselmiPrepared by Giovanna AnselmiComments and questions are welcome and should be addressed to:

Dr. Giovanna Anselmi. Email: Dr. Giovanna Anselmi. Email: [email protected]@sede.enea.it

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

PLEASE DO YOUR QUESTIONS NOWPLEASE DO YOUR QUESTIONS NOW


OROR SEND THEM AFTERWORDS BY EMAIL TO:SEND THEM AFTERWORDS BY EMAIL TO:

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UNESCO Desire – Net project Energy and sustainable development: Global challenges for a Sustainable Future Giovanna Anselmi Italian Agency for New Technology,