UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.1. Session 7.1. Assessment 3: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Water & Sanitation International

UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training 7.1.1.

Session 7.1.Session 7.1.

Assessment 3: Working with Assessment 3: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Water & Sectoral Indicators - Water & SanitationSanitation

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ObjectivesObjectives

After completing this session, participants will be able After completing this session, participants will be able to:to:

Describe the concept of and the system components integral to “environmental health”

List the components of the “Hygiene Loop”

List a number of immediate, medium, and longer-term objectives of a displacement emergency water & sanitation programme.

Understand the basic standards and indicators used in water and sanitation programmes for assessing, monitoring, and designing projects


Water & SanitationWater & Sanitation

THE BIG ISSUES…..THE BIG ISSUES….. The Hygiene LoopThe Hygiene Loop Water Demand & SourcesWater Demand & Sources Quality RequirementsQuality Requirements Water TreatmentWater Treatment Site planning for sanitationSite planning for sanitation LatrinesLatrines Drainage, Drainage, DrainageDrainage, Drainage, Drainage

WHO PhotoWHO Photo


The “Hygiene Loop” and The “Hygiene Loop” and Environmental HealthEnvironmental Health

AA systematic systematic approach to community healthapproach to community health

WaterWater SanitationSanitation HygieneHygiene

Relates infectious diseases to environmental factorsRelates infectious diseases to environmental factors

Seeks to modify environments to prevent or reduce Seeks to modify environments to prevent or reduce infectious diseases through water, sanitation and infectious diseases through water, sanitation and hygiene educationhygiene education

system “components”


Water & The Hygiene LoopWater & The Hygiene Loop

• Site SelectionSite Selection• Needs AssessmentNeeds Assessment• Refugee InvolvementRefugee Involvement• Co-ordinationCo-ordination• EducationEducation

Water Collection/Transport

Water Storage

Food

Hygiene

Wastewater/Sewage

Water Supply


RainwaterRainwater

GroundwaterGroundwater

Surface waterSurface water

Trucking / tankeringTrucking / tankering

Existing systemsExisting systems

Water Source Management Water Source Management ConcernsConcerns

- Dependability- Dependability

- Storage- Storage

- Yield- Yield

- Equipment- Equipment

- Protection- Protection

- Quality- Quality

- High cost- High cost

- Distance- Distance

- Costs- Costs


Water Treatment StrategiesWater Treatment Strategies

PreventionPrevention Protection of SourcesProtection of Sources SanitationSanitation Sensitization/EducationSensitization/Education

SedimentationSedimentation Settling TanksSettling Tanks Storage TanksStorage Tanks Storage ContainersStorage Containers

FiltrationFiltration Rapid FiltersRapid Filters Slow Sand FiltersSlow Sand Filters

DisinfectionDisinfection BoilingBoiling Chemicals: ChlorinationChemicals: Chlorination UVUV

WHO photo


Who Can Help?Who Can Help?Local ExpertiseLocal Expertise

EngineersEngineersChemists/LaboratoriesChemists/LaboratoriesRefugeesRefugees

OrganizationsOrganizationsUNHCRUNHCRICRCICRCUNICEFUNICEFUNDP/WBUNDP/WB

NGOsNGOsRed RRed ROxfamOxfamMSFMSF


Water Demand - Indicators and Planning figures ...Individuals Individuals # in l/p/d# in l/p/d

DrinkingDrinking 3 3CookingCooking 3 3HygieneHygiene 8 8LaundryLaundry 6 6

CommunityCommunityHealth CenterHealth Center 50 l /bed/day50 l /bed/dayFeeding CenterFeeding Center 25 l /bed/day25 l /bed/daySchoolSchool 20 l /student/day20 l /student/day

Further NeedsFurther NeedsSanitationSanitationIrrigationIrrigationLivestockLivestock

15-20


Environmental SanitationEnvironmental Sanitation

The goal is to improve community health through:The goal is to improve community health through: good quality, reliable water supply;good quality, reliable water supply; appropriate excreta disposal system;appropriate excreta disposal system; an organized, well-managed solid waste an organized, well-managed solid waste

disposal system;disposal system; a systematic waste water and stormwater a systematic waste water and stormwater

drainage system;drainage system; a well-designed, planned housing systema well-designed, planned housing system a vector control mechanism.a vector control mechanism.


Viability of Sanitation Projects is Viability of Sanitation Projects is Improved When…...Improved When…...

They are grounded in:They are grounded in: traditional values of the target communitiestraditional values of the target communities practicespractices skillsskills meansmeans

They involve the beneficiaries at all stages: They involve the beneficiaries at all stages: needs assessmentneeds assessment project identificationproject identification planning, implementation, operation & maintenanceplanning, implementation, operation & maintenance monitoring & evaluationmonitoring & evaluation


WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE….

• What can be done immediately (hours and days) to reduce risks of dehydration and disease?

• What can be done in the short - term (days and weeks)?

• What can be done in the medium term (weeks and months)?

• What can be done for the long term (months and years?)?


FIRST HOURS AND DAYSWater:Water:• bottled water distributionbottled water distribution• tankering w/ bladder tankstankering w/ bladder tanks• treatment sachets for surface treatment sachets for surface

water sourceswater sources• jerry cans and containers with jerry cans and containers with

purifying tabletspurifying tablets

Sanitation:Sanitation:• Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources• marked defecation areas marked defecation areas • signage and wardens to police signage and wardens to police

sanitation situationsanitation situation• soapsoap

UNHCRUNHCR


FIRST DAYS AND WEEKSWater:Water:• tankering w/ bladder tankstankering w/ bladder tanks• ““hard” tanks & distribution hard” tanks & distribution

systemssystems• jerry cans and containers with jerry cans and containers with

purifying tabletspurifying tablets

Sanitation:Sanitation:• Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources• marked defecation trenches or marked defecation trenches or

communal latrinescommunal latrines• signage and wardens to police signage and wardens to police

sanitation situationsanitation situation• soapsoap• education campaigneducation campaign

IFRC photoIFRC photo

OFDAOFDA


FIRST WEEKS AND MONTHSWater:Water:• tankering only to meet gapstankering only to meet gaps• wells where possiblewells where possible• purification systems where purification systems where

neededneeded• ““hard” tanks & extended hard” tanks & extended

distribution systemsdistribution systems• jerry cansjerry cans

Sanitation:Sanitation:• Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources• family latrines or increased family latrines or increased

numbers of community numbers of community latrineslatrines

• community sanitation teamscommunity sanitation teams• Solid waste disposal systemSolid waste disposal system• soapsoap

IRCIRC

Butyl ProductsButyl Products

MSFMSF


FIRST MONTHS AND YEARSWater:• tankering only to meet gaps• improved wells where possible• purification systems where

needed• maintenance of “hard” tanks &

extended distribution systems• jerry cans

Sanitation:• Protection of water sources• “Soakaways” at water points• family latrines (VIP type)• community sanitation teams• Solid waste disposal system• soap

Butyl Products


in use unused pit

concretecap

removablecover slab

Ventilated Ventilated Improved Improved Double Pit Double Pit (VIDP) (VIDP) LatrineLatrine

See UNHCR Handbook page 236


WORKING WITH INDICATORS FOR WATER:

See UNHCR Handbook pages 210-237

Quantity:•Minimum for survival / person per day is 7 liters•Planning figures - minimum 15-20 liters per day

Quality:•1 -10 faecal coliforms per 100 ml per day


WORKING WITH INDICATORS FOR SANITATION:

See UNHCR Handbook pages 210-237

Quantity:• 3.5 m trench /100 users (msf) @ 30cm w X90cm deep

•1 latrine per 20 people or, better, 1 per family•Soap - 250g / person / month (Sphere)

Quality:•Short Term - controlled areas away from water sources and shelters•medium term, trenches , latrines•longer term, VIP latrines


SOME OTHER KEY INDICATORS

From Sphere:

QUALITY - less than 10 faecal coliforms/100 ml

QUANTITY - 20 liters per person/day

LATRINES - 1/20 people, or better, 1 per family

DISTANCE TO LATRINES - no more than 50 meters away (or 1 minute walk)

TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people

DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum

SLOPE - site gradient not more than 7% without extensive engineering


EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE - using standards and indicators that might apply to this situaiton


ConclusionsConclusions Meet immediate needs Meet immediate needs

immediately and improve immediately and improve over timeover time

Understand and use Understand and use standards and indicators for standards and indicators for assessment, analysis, and assessment, analysis, and planningplanning

Water distribution and Water distribution and sanitary excreta disposal are sanitary excreta disposal are soso important (and difficult) important (and difficult) that that camp design should be camp design should be centered around a water and centered around a water and sanitation plan.sanitation plan.

Documents

UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training7.1.1. Session 7.1. Assessment 3: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Water & Sanitation International