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Unit 1 – EcologyStandards
•S7CS3. Students will use tools and instruments for observing, measuring,
•S7CS5. Students will question scientific claims and arguments effectively.
•S7CS6. Students will investigate the features of the process of scientific inquiry.
Ways of science
•Scientific method
•Ways that scientists follow steps to answer questions and solve problems
Ways of science
•Steps in the scientific method▫Note: steps are the same; order can change
▫Question/Problem What do you want to know?
▫Research/Background info Find out more about it.
▫Hypothesis (can be redone) Develop the possible answer If _____________, then __________.
▫Experiment/Procedures Test the possible answer.
▫Analysis/Data Examine the results.
▫Conclusion Is the answer what you thought
it would be? Explain.
Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards
S7L1 Students will investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can be compared scientifically.
• b. Classify organisms based on a six-kingdom system and a dichotomous key.
• S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments.
• c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species.
• e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e., tropical rain forest, savanna, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e., freshwater, estuaries, and marine).
Unit 1 – EcologyVocabulary
•Ecology•Biotic•Abiotic•Biome•Ecosystem•Savanna•Desert•Tundra•Taiga
•Aquatic•Tropical rain forest•Temperate
deciduous forest•Freshwater•Estuary•Marine•Swamp•Marsh
Biomes
ABIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS
•Climate•Water•Sunlight•Wind•Rocks•Think…non-living things
•Plants•Animals•Protists•Bacteria•Think…all living things
Ecology
EcosystemBiome
•a community of organisms (living things - biotic) and their abiotic (non-living) environment
•a very large area characterized by its climate and the plants and animals that live in that area.
Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards
•S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments.
•e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e., tropical rain forest, savanna, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e., freshwater, estuaries, and marine).
http://www.brainpop.com/
Terrestrial Biomes•Tundra
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall:
12 to 20 in (30 to 50 cm) Average temps
Daytime: 54ºF (12ºC) Nighttime: -26ºF (-15ºC)
▫Animals Caribou, oxen, reindeer
▫Plants Small shrubs and grasses Layer of soil beneath the surface that stays frozen (permafrost)
Terrestrial Biomes•Taiga
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall:
15 to 30 in.(38 to 76 cm) – mostly snow Average temps
Daytime: 70ºF (21ºC) Nighttime: 20ºF (-7ºC)
▫Animals Beavers, grizzly bears, wolves
▫Plants Dense forests of evergreen trees
Terrestrial Biomes•Coniferous forests
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall: 14 to 29.5 in (35 to 75 cm)
Average temps Summer: 57ºF (14ºC) Winter: 14ºF (-10ºC)
▫Animals Deer, moose, squirrels, insects
▫Plants Trees that produces seeds in cones (evergreen)
Terrestrial Biomes•Temperate deciduous forests
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall: 29.5 to 49 in (75 to 125 cm)
Average temps Summer: 82ºF (28º C) Winter: 43ºF (6ºC)
▫Animals Bears, snakes, birds, insects
▫Plants Trees with leaves that change color and shed
Terrestrial Biomes•Tropical rain forests
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall:
up to 157.5 in (400 cm) Average temps
Daytime: 93ºF (34ºC) Nighttime: 68ºF (20ºC)
▫Animals Most diverse Birds, reptiles, mammals
▫Plants Tall trees that form green roofs (canopy) Vines Low plants
Terrestrial Biomes•Savanna
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall:
up to 59 in (130 cm) Average temps
Dry season: 93ºF (34ºC) Wet season: 61ºF (16ºC)
▫Animals Lions, elephants, zebra
▫Plants Open grasslands that dry out and turn yellow during the dry season
Very few trees
Terrestrial Biomes•Desert
▫Climate Average yearly rainfall:
Less than 10 in. (25 cm) Average temps
Summer: 100ºF (38ºC) Winter: 45ºF (7ºC)
▫Animals Birds, rodents, snakes, lizard
▫Plants Plants with fleshy leaves and stems and deep roots
Waxy coating to prevent water loss
Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards
•S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments.
•e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e., tropical rain forest, savanna, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e., freshwater, estuaries, and marine).
http://www.brainpop.com/
Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine (Oceans) Freshwater• Intertidal
▫ Near shore▫ Organisms live in and out of
water• Coral reefs
▫ Warm, shallow area▫ Coral, sponges, sea stars
• Sargasso sea▫ Middle of the Atlantic ocean▫ Floating algae
• Polar ice▫ Around the Arctic and
Antarctica• Estuary
▫ where salt meets fresh▫ mixture
• Stream and river▫ Think ‘fast moving’
water▫ Rivers are simply
strong, wide streams• Pond and lake
▫ Enclosed body of water▫ Plants grow near the
shoreline• Wetlands (area of land
partially under water)▫ Marsh
Grasses, reeds, wild rice
▫ Swamp Trees and vines
Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine (Oceans)•Intertidal
▫Location: Found near the shore▫Type of water: Salt▫Movement of water: crashing waves; constant movement
▫Plant life: plankton▫Animal life: worms, clams, crabs
Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine (Oceans)•Coral Reefs
▫Location: warm▫Type of water: Salt▫Movement of water: steady, subtle▫Plant life: algae▫Animal life: corals, sponges, sea stars
Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine (Oceans)•Sargasso Sea
▫Location: middle of the Atlantic Ocean
▫Type of water: Salt▫Movement of water: constant, subtle
▫Plant life: algae called sargassums
Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine (Oceans)•Polar Ice (remember: ice is a form of water)▫Location: around the Arctic and Antartica
▫Type of water: Salt▫Movement of water: slow moving (lots of ice)
▫Plant life: plankton▫Animal life: polar bears, penguins
Aquatic Ecosystems
Estuary
▫Location: where fresh water spills into the ocean
▫Type of water: mixture of fresh and salt
▫Movement of water: swirling, mixing▫Plant life: plankton, grasses▫Animal life: large variety that can survive in changing concentrations of salt
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater•Stream and River
▫Location: runs through land, into other streams/rivers, out to the ocean
▫Type of water: Fresh▫Movement of water: fast moving▫Plant life: large variety of plants, moss, algae
▫Animal life: fish, clams, snails, frogs, etc.
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater•Ponds and Lakes
▫Location: surrounded by land▫Type of water: Fresh▫Movement of water: slower than rivers and streams
▫Plant life: cattails, rushes, algae▫Animal life: frogs, turtles, fish, snakes, clams
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater•Wetland (marshes and swamps)
▫Location: surrounded by land▫Type of water: Fresh▫Movement of water: slow moving or stagnant
▫Plant life: grasses, reeds, wild rice, vines▫Animal life: fishes, snakes, birds, frogs, turtles
▫DIFFERENCE: swamps have trees; marshes don’t have trees.
Sum it all up!
Terrestrial BiomesAquatic Ecosystems
•Tundra•Taiga•Coniferous forest•Temperate deciduous forest
•Tropical rain forest
•Savanna•Desert
•Marine (Ocean)
•Estuary•Freshwater
Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards
•S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. ▫c. Recognize that changes in environmental
conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species.
Environmental Factors
Pollution•Garbage
▫Medical waste▫Lead paint▫Hazardous wastes
These can catch fire, eat through metals or make people sick.
Environmental Factors
Pollution•Chemicals
▫CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon ) Destroys the ozone layer Used in aerosols and plastics
▫PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) Poisonous and can cause cancer Used in appliances and paints
Environmental Factors
Pollution•High-Powered Wastes
▫Radioactive▫Nuclear plants
•Gases▫Carbon dioxide (acts like a greenhouse)
•Noise▫Constructions zones▫Can impact ability to hear
Environmental Factors
Resource Depletion•Renewable
▫Can be replaced at the same rate it is used
▫Solar, wind energy, water•Nonrenewable
▫Cannot be replaced OR can only be replaced over thousands of years.
▫Minerals, fossil fuels (oil and coal)
Environmental Factors
Overpopulation•Number of organisms is too large for the available resources▫Human population (too many people in one area)
▫Animal population (producers versus consumers)
Human interaction
How can we help?•Plant more trees and other vegetation
▫Plants provide oxygen!•Recycle, recycle, recycle•Limit use of poisonous pesticides
▫Use natural pesticides instead•Stop destruction of habitats
▫Takes away food source and living spaces
•Stop overhunting/overfishing
Animal adaptation
Temperature•Heat
▫Large surface area to release heat (large ears on jack rabbit)
▫Light colors to absorb heat (tan or beige coats)
▫Sleeping patterns (sleep in burrows during day; hunt at night)
Animal adaptation
Temperature•Cold
▫Extra layer of fat (polar bears, seals)
▫Hibernation (bears)▫Thick coat of fur (camel: remember it DOES get cold in the desert)
▫Huddling together (to conserve heat)