Chapter OneChapter One

Introduction to Introduction to Introduction to Introduction to Introduction to Introduction to Introduction to Introduction to

ChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistry

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?

�� Define Chemistry Define Chemistry --

•• The study of the The study of the

composition of matter and composition of matter and

the changes it undergoes.the changes it undergoes.

�� Define Matter Define Matter --

•• Anything that has mass Anything that has mass

and occupies space.and occupies space.

What are the five branches of What are the five branches of

Chemistry?Chemistry?

�� Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

�� Inorganic Inorganic

ChemistryChemistry

�� Analytical Analytical

ChemistryChemistry

�� Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

�� BiochemistryBiochemistry

WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?

��STUDIES CARBON CONTAINING STUDIES CARBON CONTAINING

COMPOUNDS.COMPOUNDS.

•• Hydrocarbons specificallyHydrocarbons specifically

WHAT IS INORGANIC CHEMISTRY?WHAT IS INORGANIC CHEMISTRY?

��STUDIES SUBSTANCES WITHOUT STUDIES SUBSTANCES WITHOUT

CARBON.CARBON.

•• Mainly substances of nonliving Mainly substances of nonliving

things.things.

WHAT IS ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY?WHAT IS ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY?

��CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH

IDENTIFYING UNKNOWN IDENTIFYING UNKNOWN

SUBSTANCES.SUBSTANCES.

•• Lab based chemistry Lab based chemistry

•• Forensic chemistry is an exampleForensic chemistry is an example

WHAT IS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY?WHAT IS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY?

��SPECIALIZES IN THEORIES AND SPECIALIZES IN THEORIES AND

EXPERIMENTS THAT DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTS THAT DESCRIBE THE

BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALS.BEHAVIOR OF CHEMICALS.

•• LOTS OF MATHLOTS OF MATH

•• DESCRIPTIVE CHEMISTRY: How and DESCRIPTIVE CHEMISTRY: How and

why do materials behave the way why do materials behave the way

they do...they do...

WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY?WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY?

��STUDIES THE COMPOSITION OF STUDIES THE COMPOSITION OF

LIVING ORGANISMS.LIVING ORGANISMS.

•• MEDICINES, MEDICINES,

PHOTOSYNTHESIS/RESPIRATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS/RESPIRATION,

CELL BIOLOGY, ETC.CELL BIOLOGY, ETC.

IS THERE CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN FIELDS?IS THERE CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN FIELDS?

�� NO! NO!

�� OBVIOUSLY THE SUBDIVISIONS OF CHEMISTRY OBVIOUSLY THE SUBDIVISIONS OF CHEMISTRY

OVERLAP.OVERLAP.

•• FOR EXAMPLE, YOU CANFOR EXAMPLE, YOU CAN’’T MEASURE A CHANGE IN T MEASURE A CHANGE IN

SUBSTANCE WITHOUT SOME PROFICIENCY IN SUBSTANCE WITHOUT SOME PROFICIENCY IN

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.

Why study chemistry?Why study chemistry?

�� Your everyday life Your everyday life

involves chemistry, involves chemistry,

how?how?

•• Food IndustryFood Industry

•• Environmental Environmental

ReasonsReasons

•• Medical AdvancesMedical Advances

•• Better products means Better products means

better livesbetter lives

HOW DOES CHEMISTRY AFFECT YOUR HOW DOES CHEMISTRY AFFECT YOUR

EVERYDAY LIFE?EVERYDAY LIFE?

��VIDEO VIDEO -- ““CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFECHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE””

��Directions are in the Directions are in the notepacknotepack..

Chapter 2Chapter 2

��Matter and ChangeMatter and Change

2.1 Properties of matter2.1 Properties of matter

��Matter Matter ––

•• Anything that has a mass and takes us space.Anything that has a mass and takes us space.

��Mass Mass ––

•• The amount of matter the object contains.The amount of matter the object contains.

�� Substance Substance ––

•• Matter that has uniform and constant Matter that has uniform and constant composition. It is pure. Contains only one kind composition. It is pure. Contains only one kind of matter.of matter.

2.1 Properties of Matter2.1 Properties of Matter

ContinuedContinued

�� Physical Property Physical Property ––

•• A quality or condition of a substance that can A quality or condition of a substance that can

be observed or measured without changing be observed or measured without changing

the substancethe substance’’s composition.s composition.

•• Color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, Color, solubility, odor, hardness, density,

melting point, boiling point.melting point, boiling point.

States of MatterStates of Matter

�� Solid Solid ––•• Matter with a definite shape and volume.Matter with a definite shape and volume.

�� Liquid Liquid ––•• Matter that flows, has a fix volume, and takes the shape Matter that flows, has a fix volume, and takes the shape of its container.of its container.

�� Gas Gas ––•• Matter that takes both the shape and volume of its Matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container. Gases are easily compressed.container. Gases are easily compressed.

�� Vapor Vapor ––•• A gaseous form of matter that is usually a solid or A gaseous form of matter that is usually a solid or liquid at room temperatureliquid at room temperature

Physical ChangePhysical Change

�� A change that alters matter without A change that alters matter without

changing its composition.changing its composition.

•• Cutting, grinding, bending, boiling, freezing, Cutting, grinding, bending, boiling, freezing,

melting, etc.melting, etc.

Things to think aboutThings to think about……

�� Is every sample of matter a substance?Is every sample of matter a substance?

•• ExplainExplain

SubstanceSubstance

�� If a substance only defines pure matter If a substance only defines pure matter ––that is matter that is only made up of one that is matter that is only made up of one kind of matter kind of matter --

NOT EVERY TYPE OF MATTER IS A SUBSTANCE.NOT EVERY TYPE OF MATTER IS A SUBSTANCE.

�� In nature, we have mixtures In nature, we have mixtures –– those forms those forms of matter that are made up of two ore more of matter that are made up of two ore more types of matter physically blended types of matter physically blended together.together.

To review:To review:

�� List 5List 5--7 physical properties of matter7 physical properties of matter

Answer:Answer:

�� Color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, Color, solubility, odor, hardness, density,

melting point, boiling pointmelting point, boiling point

Which of the following are physical Which of the following are physical

changes?changes?

��Making caramel from sugarMaking caramel from sugar

�� Carving a wooden figurineCarving a wooden figurine

�� Freezing mercuryFreezing mercury

�� Dissolving salt in waterDissolving salt in water

Answers:Answers:

��Making caramel from sugar: ChemicalMaking caramel from sugar: Chemical

�� Carving a wooden figurine: PhysicalCarving a wooden figurine: Physical

�� Freezing mercury: PhysicalFreezing mercury: Physical

�� Dissolving salt in water: PhysicalDissolving salt in water: Physical

2.1 Classifying Mixtures2.1 Classifying Mixtures

��Mixture:Mixture:

•• Variable composition Variable composition -- 2 or 2 or

more things put together, more things put together,

each retaining iteach retaining it’’s own s own

identity.identity.

Heterogeneous MixtureHeterogeneous Mixture

�� 2 or more things put together, each retains 2 or more things put together, each retains

itit’’s own identity, s own identity, but looks but looks

different throughout.different throughout.

��Has distinct phasesHas distinct phases

Homogeneous MixtureHomogeneous Mixture

�� 2 or more things put together, each retains it2 or more things put together, each retains it’’s s

own identity, own identity, but looks uniform but looks uniform throughout.throughout.

�� Also known as a Also known as a solutionsolution

•• A solution is a homogeneous A solution is a homogeneous mixturemixture

PhasePhase

�� Any part of a system with uniform Any part of a system with uniform

composition and properties.composition and properties.

•• Salt water = One PhaseSalt water = One Phase

•• Sand and Iron Filings = Two PhasesSand and Iron Filings = Two Phases

DistillationDistillation

�� A process used to separate two liquids A process used to separate two liquids

from one another based on their boiling from one another based on their boiling

point.point.

How do we separate mixtures?How do we separate mixtures?

��What might be a way that we could What might be a way that we could

separate a mixture of sand and salt using separate a mixture of sand and salt using

only physical changes?only physical changes?

Answer:Answer:

�� Add water to dissolve the salt.Add water to dissolve the salt.

�� Filter the saltwater through a funnel.Filter the saltwater through a funnel.

�� Boil the water out of the salt water.Boil the water out of the salt water.

�� Left with two separate piles of sand and Left with two separate piles of sand and

salt.salt.

Practice: Substance or a Mixture?Practice: Substance or a Mixture?

�� SilverSilver

�� Alphabet soupAlphabet soup

�� TextbookTextbook

�� Table salt (sodium chloride)Table salt (sodium chloride)

Answers:Answers:

�� Silver Silver -- SubstanceSubstance

�� Alphabet soup Alphabet soup -- MixtureMixture

�� Textbook Textbook -- MixtureMixture

�� Table salt (sodium chloride) Table salt (sodium chloride) -- SubstanceSubstance

Separate this mixture:Separate this mixture:

��What physical properties could be used to What physical properties could be used to

separate iron filings from salt?separate iron filings from salt?

Answer:Answer:

�� Iron is magnetic. Use a magnet to pull out Iron is magnetic. Use a magnet to pull out

the iron filings from the mixture.the iron filings from the mixture.

Homo or Hetero?Homo or Hetero?

�� Spaghetti sauce with meatballsSpaghetti sauce with meatballs

�� GlassGlass

��Muddy waterMuddy water

�� Cough syrupCough syrup

��Mixture of Mixture of nighrogennighrogen has and helium gashas and helium gas

Answers:Answers:

�� Spaghetti sauce with meatballs: HeteroSpaghetti sauce with meatballs: Hetero

�� Glass: HomoGlass: Homo

��Muddy water: HeteroMuddy water: Hetero

�� Cough syrup: HomoCough syrup: Homo

��Mixture of nitrogen has and helium gas: Mixture of nitrogen has and helium gas:

Homo (gases will diffuse to blend Homo (gases will diffuse to blend

completely)completely)

2.3 Element and Compounds2.3 Element and Compounds

�� Elements:Elements:

•• The simplest form of matterThe simplest form of matter

•• Cannot be broken down furtherCannot be broken down further

•• Found on the periodic tableFound on the periodic table

•• Represented by a chemical Represented by a chemical symbolsymbol

CompoundCompound

��2 or more elements CHEMICALY bonded 2 or more elements CHEMICALY bonded

together.together.

��Still just one substance, but made of 2 Still just one substance, but made of 2

or more kinds of atoms.or more kinds of atoms.

��Represented by a chemical Represented by a chemical FORMULAFORMULA

Symbol Symbol vsvs FormulaFormula

�� Chemical symbol: Chemical symbol:

•• One or two letter abbreviation for the One or two letter abbreviation for the elementselements

•• Found on the periodic tableFound on the periodic table

�� Chemical formula:Chemical formula:

•• Shorthand for a compoundShorthand for a compound

•• Comprised of two or more chemical symbolsComprised of two or more chemical symbols

•• May contain subscripts to denote how many atoms of May contain subscripts to denote how many atoms of

each element present in the compound.each element present in the compound.

Chemical ChangeChemical Change

�� To turn a compound into its elements, a To turn a compound into its elements, a

CHEMICAL CHANGE must occur.CHEMICAL CHANGE must occur.

�� The elements comprising a compound have The elements comprising a compound have

very different properties.very different properties.

��Water Water �� Hydrogen gas + Oxygen gasHydrogen gas + Oxygen gas

Practice the Chemical SymbolsPractice the Chemical Symbols

�� CopperCopper

�� OxygenOxygen

�� PhosphorusPhosphorus

�� SilverSilver

�� SodiumSodium

�� HeliumHelium

Practice NamingPractice Naming

�� SnSn

�� CaCa

�� SS

�� CdCd

�� PP

�� ClCl

�� K K

�� MgMg

�� MnMn

Practice ClassifyingPractice Classifying

element, compound or mixtureelement, compound or mixture

�� Spaghetti sauceSpaghetti sauce

�� GlassGlass

�� Table sugarTable sugar

�� River waterRiver water

�� Cough syrupCough syrup

�� nitrogennitrogen

2.4 Chemical Reactions 2.4 Chemical Reactions

��CHEMICAL REACTION CHEMICAL REACTION ––

•• shorthand for representing a shorthand for representing a

chemical change.chemical change.

�� Reactants Reactants –– Starting substancesStarting substances

�� Products Products –– Ending substancesEnding substances

Chemical PropertyChemical Property

�� The ability of a substance to undergo a The ability of a substance to undergo a

chemical reaction and to form new chemical reaction and to form new

substances.substances.

•• Iron metal has the ability to rust.Iron metal has the ability to rust.

•• Magnesium has the ability to react with acid.Magnesium has the ability to react with acid.

Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of Conservation of Mass and

EnergyEnergy

�� During a chemical change, the total amount During a chemical change, the total amount

of mass and energy is a constant.of mass and energy is a constant.

�� The mass and energy of the reactants The mass and energy of the reactants

must equalmust equal the mass and energy of the the mass and energy of the

products.products.

Chemical Change Chemical Change vsvs Physical Physical

ChangeChange

�� Chemical changes produces new Chemical changes produces new

substances.substances.

�� Physical changes do not produce new Physical changes do not produce new

substances.substances.

�� Chemical changes can be observed by Chemical changes can be observed by

things such as color changes, heat things such as color changes, heat

changes, formation of a gas, formation of a changes, formation of a gas, formation of a

new solid, mass changes, etc.new solid, mass changes, etc.

PracticePractice

�� Classify each as a chemical or physical Classify each as a chemical or physical changechange

•• Cookies are bakedCookies are baked

•• Water boilsWater boils

•• Salt dissolves in waterSalt dissolves in water

•• A firefly emits lightA firefly emits light

•• Milk spoilsMilk spoils

•• Metal chair rustsMetal chair rusts

PracticePractice

�� State several physical and chemical State several physical and chemical

properties that could be used to properties that could be used to

distinguish between each of the following distinguish between each of the following

pairs of substances and mixturespairs of substances and mixtures

•• Gasoline and waterGasoline and water

•• Copper and silverCopper and silver

•• Water and salt waterWater and salt water

•• Aluminum and steelAluminum and steel

The Law of Conservation of MassThe Law of Conservation of Mass

�� In any physical change or chemical In any physical change or chemical

change, mass is neither created nor change, mass is neither created nor

destroyed; it is conserved.destroyed; it is conserved.

•• Mass of the products must equal the mass of Mass of the products must equal the mass of

the original reactantsthe original reactants

PracticePractice

�� Law of conservation of mass.Law of conservation of mass.

•• Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form

water. How much water would be formed if 4.8 water. How much water would be formed if 4.8

grams of hydrogen reacted with38.4 grams of grams of hydrogen reacted with38.4 grams of

oxygen?oxygen?

SummarySummary

�� On the back of our notes in the space On the back of our notes in the space

provided, letprovided, let’’s draw in the classification of s draw in the classification of

matter pyramid together. (page 38)matter pyramid together. (page 38)