Unit 1

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY (pp.16-22)

A. What is Biology?

Biology means the___________.

Bio=____logy=________

Biology is the science that seeks to

understand the living world. So,

what makes something living?

study of life

life study of

B. Characteristics of Life

1. Living things are____________. a. A cell is the _______________________of

life.Living organisms are grouped by the number ofcells: • ___________– single-celled organisms; • ex. Bacteria, amoebas* ___________– organisms made up of more

than one cell; ex. Humans, frogs, fish, insects, plants

made of cellssmallest working unit of life

Unicellular

Multicellular

B. Characteristics of Life

2. Living things____________________.

a. Two main ways to obtain energy:

*Some organism obtain energy directly from the _____and use it to make its own food, this process is called______________. Plants, some bacteria & protist use this process.

*Other organisms have to obtain their energy from the food they eat like us, other animals & fungi.

sunphotosynthesis

obtain & use energy

B. Characteristics of Life

2. Living things____________________.

b. One way to use energy:

* All organism uses its energy for __________- the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism __________

____________________as it carries out its life processes

Metabolism

breaks down materials

builds up or

obtain & use energy

B. Characteristics of Life

3. Living things ___________________________________

Organisms detect & respond to stimuli from their

environment.

b. Examples: ________________________Temperature, & light

respond to their environment

B. Characteristics of Life

4. Living things maintain a ___________________________

Called: _____________- process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

stable internal environment

Homeostasis

B. Characteristics of Life

5. Living things _______________

a. ________- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism simple increase in size

b. _____________- describes _________________that take place during the lifetime of an organism

grow & develop

Growth

Development

physical changes

B. Characteristics of Life

6. Living things are based on a ______________________

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid or ______

b. The genetic code carried in DNA molecule determines the ____________of every organism on Earth.

universal genetic codeDNA

inherited traits

B. Characteristics of Life

7. Living things __________

a. If this did not occur, _______would die out

b. Two ways:

* _______- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in half. _____________________________

reproduce

species

asexual

NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

B. Characteristics of Life

7. Living things __________

______- two cells (___________)

from different parents unit to form

an _______.

_____________________________

reproduceSexual egg & sperm

embryo

IS AN EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

B. Characteristics of Life

8. As a group, ________________; this means, change of time. living things evolve

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life

1. _____- Smallest unit of _______that retains its elemental properties

2. ________- Groups of ______bonded together

3. ____- Smallest ____________of life

Atom matter

Molecule atoms

Cell working unit

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life4. _________- ________ living thing; depending

on the complexity, an organism may be composed of:

a. _______- groups of _____working together

b. _______– groups of _______ working together

c. ____________- groups of _________ working together

Organism Individual

Tissue cells

Organ tissues

Organ system organs

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life5. __________- Group of organisms of

___________ in one area

6. __________- Different __________ that live together in a specific area

7. ___________- A __________and its non-living components

8. _________– Earth

Populationone species

Community populations

Ecosystem community

Biosphere

II. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE (p. 37-38)

Organisms are composed of ______, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of ________, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of ____.

matter

elements

atom

A. Atoms

1. ___________-

a. center of atom

b. protons which have a _______charge

c. neutrons which are ________

Nucleus

positive

neutral

A. Atoms

2. Electron cloud/orbital-

a. space surrounding nucleus

b. electrons in constant _______ in this space

c. electrons have a _________ charged; therefore attracted to

the + charged nucleus

motion

negative

A. Atoms

3. Charge of Atoms

Have equal # of protons & electron so they are

neutral

B. Elements

1. 92 naturally occurring elements

2. 25 essential to life

3. 4 making up 96% of living matter: _______________________________

4. atomic # = # of protons that element contains. Ex. Atomic # of C = 6

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

C. Compounds

1. elements combined in __________ of atoms form compounds

2. held together by chemical bonds

3. Chemical formula

a. shorthand to show elements in a compound

b. ________ = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 sulfur atom, 4 oxygen atoms for a total of 7 atoms

Ex. C6H6O6= __ carbon atoms, __ hydrogen atoms, __ oxygen atoms, total of ___ atoms

fixed ratios

H2SO4

6 66 18

C. Compounds

4. Chemical Equation-

a. recipe for making a compound

b. Reactants- what goes _______________

c. Products- substance that is _______________

d. Ex. 2H2 + O2 2H2O; Reactant = _____________, Product = ____________

into the reaction

formed

H2 & O2

H2O

D. Chemical Bonds

1. Involves the valence electrons, what would be the ___________________outermost electrons

D. Chemical Bonds

2. Ionic Bondsa. One or more electrons are ___________

from one atom to anotherb.Results in 2 oppositely charged particles called ____________

** an atom that gains electrons has a ________ charge

**an atom that losses electrons has a ________ charge

transferred

IONS

positive

negative

D. Chemical Bonds

2. Ionic Bonds

c. Attraction between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bonds

d. Ex. NaCl or table salt

e. Weaker bonds than covalent

D. Chemical Bonds

3. Covalent Bonds

a. electrons are being _______

b. results in very stable compounds called ______________

C. Ex. _________________________

D. Stronger bonds than ionic

shared

MOLECULES

Water, Glucose, DNA

III. WATER (pp. 40 – 43)

Water is the most abundant___________.

Cells are made up of mostly water and

most cells are_______ by water. The

importance of water is largely due to its

unique characteristics, which all directly

relate to one very important property of

water . . . Water is polar.

substance on Earth

surrounded

A. Polarity

1. ______________ of electrons in molecules formed with covalent bonds

2. How this works: A closer look at a water molecule:

a. oxygen has __ protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has ___ proton in their nucleus

Unequal sharing

81

A. Polarityb. ____ shared electrons will be more attracted

to the more ________ charged oxygen nucleus; thus orbiting around the oxygen end of the molecule just about all the time

c. The oxygen end will have a slightly _________ charge

d. The hydrogen ends will have a slightly _______ charge

e. Not true charges because the electrons are not transferred; just _________________

10positively

negative

positive

shared unequally

B. Hydrogen “Bonds”

1. Not a ____ bond- does not form a ____ compound

2. Attraction between _________ molecules; like water

truenew

two polar

B. Hydrogen “Bonds”

3. attraction between slightly ________ charged hydrogen end of one polar molecule and the slightly _________ charged end of another polar molecule.

4. EX. In water: forms between positively charged __ end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule

positively

negatively

H

C. Properties of Water

1. Cohesion or Surface tension

a. Attraction between molecules of the _____ substance; water molecules stick ________

b. Ex. Insects walking on water; hurts to do a belly flop

sametogether

http://www.reptilianagenda.com/img/pics/lizard.mov

C. Properties of Water

2. Adhesion or Capillary action

a. attraction between molecules of

_______ substances; water sticks to

______ surfaces

b. Ex. How plants get water from roots to top; meniscus

differentother

C. Properties of Water

3. Solvent of life or Universal Solvent

a. Slightly charged ends of water attract and separate atoms of other compounds; dissolving them

b. Anything dissolved in water is called a solution

c. Many important substances in cells are in solution

C. Properties of Water

4. High heat of vaporization

a. Takes a lot of ________________ a small amount of water

b. Our lakes are still here even with our recording setting summer heat

heat to evaporate

C. Properties of Water

5. High specific heat

a. Water absorbs _____ without its temperature ______ much

b. Allows large bodies of water to maintain a stable temperature

heatrising

C. Properties of Water

6. Expansion on Freezing

a. Ice __________ than water; ice _____

b. Protects organisms and insulates lakes, rivers, & oceans

less dense floats

C. Properties of Water

7. High heat of fusion

a. Takes longer for lakes & streams to ______ in winter

b. Not drastic temp. changes

freeze