Unit 15 lesson 4

How do you get knowledge and understanding?

reading

observing

thinking

Asking questions

While reading

What else does the writer advise us to do to understand things according to Para.1?

He advises us to understand things by ____________________________________ observing _________________; studying__________________;

considering________________ ; testing____________________.

the world around you

the facts

possible answers

each to find the ones

asking questions/putting forward questions

Para. 1How we acquire knowledge and understanding.Para. 2Some great men in history using this type of thinking were not supported, even punished.Para. 3people didn’t want to challenge what they’d always thought was true.Para. 4Our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing.Para. 5We need to thank the great men of the past for wisdom.

Subject ( 论题 )Argum

ent sentences ( 论

点)

Concluding sentences ( 论证 )

Fast reading– try to get the main idea of each paragraph.

Para. 2evidence What did they do? How did people treat them?

Bacon

Galileo Galilei

held an important rank under… but true interest was the worthy search for knowledge

This was not the interest of most people in his day

proved scientific ideas such as…

1. ...Punished by church with no one…2. Tended to ignore…3. Preferred to make assumptions about …4. Chose to believe…

Supporting sentences ( 论据 )

Para. 3 They didn’t want to challenge what they’d always thought was true.evidence What did they do? How did people react to

them?

Aristotle

Galileo Galilei

He said that the earth must be the centre of the universe, because…

Believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher.

Disagreed …

Proved Aristotle wrong

At first, ..approved of … and urged him to …Later,… grew angry and put him in prison.

Para. 4 Our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing.evidence What were right about

them?the mistakes they made

Aristotle

Galileo Galilei

A great man who inspired … after him. wrong at times

is known as the father of astronomy

Believed that the earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle

Nowadays, it seems obvious how we acquire knowledge and understanding. _______________, you need questions. _______, to find answers, you observe the world around you and study the facts. _____________ you consider possible answers and test each to find the right one. ________, in the 17th century, the church and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed. ________ people feel that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. __________ great men are wrong at times. ___________ our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. ______________, we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say, “We know it all.”

To start with,Then,

Besides,

However,

After that,

But Therefore

In other words

__________________, knowledge and understanding are more vital to a man, and more beneficial to mankind than all the money in the world.

In a word

Ex4. What do these words in italics refer to? • this type of analysis• he was going against the views• what they had always believed• coming to their defense• they grew angry• they put him in prison• then it must be so• He is now known as• these men knew

To start with, ..question .then,.observe and study. After that ,consider-test-find

Francis Bacon

Church/many people

People like Galileo

people

Galileowhat someone important and respected says

Galileo

People like Bacon and Galileo

Ex 6 Vocabulary: Words about learning

1)to look at closely

2) to get

observeacquire

3) to go against popular views4) to encourage learning 5) to find the answer to a problem 6) to think about something from all sides 7) to see if an answer is right8) to find something for the first time

challenge inspire

solve

consider test

discover

Ex7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words below.

1. Ben ______to lie whenever he feels he might get into ….tends2. You might find it ____to STUDY before your next exam!3.I don’t __________of the man she is marrying. He’s not ________of her.4. He _____ me to give up smoking. He said it was _________for my health.

vitalapproveworthy

urgedbeneficial

6. David ruled his _________ for 400 years, from 1000 _____.kingdom BC

7. I’m ________ to make any __________ about my new….unwilling assumption8. In the war ,men of all different _____ helped in the ________ of the city.

ranksdefence

5. I work... so I am__________ to doing..._____________ work. accustomed bureaucratic

Language points

1. It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.

句型： it seems/ is obvious that …

他从哪来的这很明显。

_______________________ he comes from.很明显他是怎么完成作业的。

____________________ he finished his assignment.很明显他缺乏自信。

_________________ he lacks confidence in himself.

It is obvious where

It seems obvious how

It is obvious that

2. It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle.

句型： it is surprising that …

真想不到你们未见过面

It's surprising that you haven't met each other before.令人吃惊的是他居然擅长这样对我来说一门充满奇怪字眼的学科。

It is surprising that he is good at such a subject full of strange words to me.

3. acquire. gain sth by one’s own ability, effort or behavior 得到，获得

acquire knowledge /information/ a language/ a skill

acquisition n. 获得，习得 ( 不可数 ) ； 获得之物或人（可数）

语言只有在使用中才能学会。

A language can be acquired only by the act of using it.

我设法弄到了两张音乐会的票。I ___________________two tickets for the concert. managed to acquire

4 ． to start with=to begin with

in the first place 第一；

一来我们的钱不够， 二来我们没时间。

To start with, we hadn’t enough money and secondly, we’re too busy.

5. be/get accustomed to (doing) sth. = be used to doing…

习惯于

To为介词的动词短语 , 后用 v—ing:

pay attention to protecting the environment

look forward to hearing from her

devote / commit oneself to helping the disabled

get down to carrying out the plan 开始做 stick to his beliefs 坚持 be admitted to the key university

turn to the tutor for advice

6. go against sb./sth. 不利于某人 ; 反对 , 抵抗 , 违背某事The war __________________________ us.

Don’t_________________________________ .

7. tend to do sth. 易于做某事，趋向于… tendency n.

Women _____________________ than men.

People _____________________ as they get older.

It ________________ the Marxist principles.

tend to live longer

seems to be going against

go against your parents’ expectations

goes against

tend to need less sleep

8. …base sth. on sth. =sth. be based on sth.

以……为根据、依据

这部小说是以历史事实为依据的。The novel __________________________ .

她把希望寄托在她儿子的成功之上。

She ___________________ her son’s success.= Her hope ___________________ her son’s success .

based her hope on

was based on

is based on historical facts

9. approve of sb/sth

I ______________________________ some money.

But please don’t neglect your studies.

赞成；认可；满意；同意

我同意你去挣一些钱，可是请不要疏忽了功课。

I entirely approve of that theory.  我完全赞成那种理论。

approve of your trying to earn

1.) Her family urged him to marry the film star.2.) When the children got tired, their mother urged them on with encouraging words.3.) His friends urged that he should apply for the job. 4. )I feel the urge to be outside when spring comes again.

10. urge 力劝， 强烈要求

urge sb. (not)to do sth. 力劝某人（不要）做某事 urge sb. on 鼓励、激励某人；为某人加油

urge that sb. (should) do sth. 竭力主张，力劝

有做某事的冲动 / 欲望 have / feel the / an urge to do sth.

11. inspire 唤起，激起，赋予…灵感

His speech inspired us to try again.

His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.

His inspiring words inspired confidence in me.

Her words inspired me with courage.

inspire sb. to do sth. 鼓舞某人做某事

inspire sth. in sb. 在某人身上激发某… . 情感

用… . 激发某人 inspire sb. with sth.

12. vital adj. 极重要的，必不可少的

The police play a vital role in our society.

警察在我们的社会起着极其重要的作用。返回

a vital wound 致命伤

be vital to / for sth.

生死攸关的问题a vital question

对… 极重要的，必不可少的

= deadly/fatal

=The police are vital to our society.