UNIT 2 – ASIAN LITERATURE

LITERATURE FOCUS

ChinaTao Te ChingThe AnalectsThe Art of War

SYNTAX TERMS

Direct ObjectIndirect ObjectAppositive

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

PERSONFICATIONPATHETIC FALLACY

HYPERBOLEUNDERSTATMENT

PUNTUATION

COMMA USAGE SEMI-COLON USAGE

SYNTAX TERMS- Direct Object

- Indirect Object- Appositive

DIRECT OBJECT

Is not the subject of the sentence.

It is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase receiving the action.

A sentence does not need to have a DO.

Answers the question, “Who or what is the action (verb) being done to?”

DIRECT OBJECT

Wanda threw the flowers.Subject = WandaVerb / Simple Pred. = Threw

DO answers the question, “Threw what?”

Answer = flowers

DIRECT OBJECT

Max loved money.Subject = MaxVerb / Simple Pred. = loved

DO answers the question, “Loved what?”

Answer = money

DIRECT OBJECT

Thelma and Louise bought a purse and rented a movie. Subject = Thelma + Louis Verb / Simple Pred. = bought / rented

DO answers the question, “Bought what?” + “Rented what?” Answer = purse + movie

THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST

FIND ALL THE VERBS Thelma and Louise bought a purse and

rented a movie.

Ask these questions, “What is bought?” “What is rented?”

PURSE is being bought.MOVIE is being rented.

Therefore, PURSE and MOVIE are DIRECT OBJECTS.

THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST

Jerry and Benny washed the car and then they drove to New York City.

FIND ALL THE VERBS

Ask the “Who?” “What?” question.

THE DIRECT OBJECT TESTANSWER

Jerry and Benny washed the car and then they drove to New York City.

2 verbs in this sentence. - Washed what? = car = Direct Object- Drove what? = not answered

- Only 1 Direct Object = car

THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST

During summer, millions of people swarm into the White Mountains of New England to ride the railways and observe the weather.

FIND ALL THE VERBS

Ask the “Who?” “What?” question.

THE DIRECT OBJECT TESTANSWER

FIND ALL THE NOUNS + PRONOUNS

During summer, millions of people swarm into the White Mountains of New England to ride the railways and observe the weather.

Swarm what? = Not answeredRide what? = Railways = DIRECT OBJECT Observe what? = Weather = DIRECT OBJECT

THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST

Wranglers in the air and on the ground drive mustangs into a corral during a roundup in Nevada.

FIND ALL THE VERBS

Ask the “Who?” “What?” question.

THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST

Wranglers in the air and on the ground drive mustangs into a corral during a roundup in Nevada.

Drive what? = Mustangs = DIRECT OBJECT

DIRECT OBJECT – FIND THEM!

1. Michael cooked breakfast. 2. He unwrapped the candy. 3. She gave her the IPod. 4. Greg threw the discuss.

DIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS

Michael cooked breakfast. He unwrapped the candy. She gave her the IPod.

Greg threw the discuss.

DIRECT OBJECT

Can also be PHRASES or CLAUSES

Sylvia hates biting her fingernails. Hates what? = biting her fingernails =

DO

Gus couldn’t wait to see the beautiful Miranda, his lab partner.

See who? = the beautiful Miranda = DO

DIRECT OBJECT – FIND THEM!

1. Dragging her seventy-five pound German Shepherd through the door is Shelby’s least favorite part of going to the vet.

2. To see the movie screen, Harry squinted.

DIRECT OBJECTANSWERS

1. Dragging her seventy-five pound German Shepherd through the door is Shelby’s least favorite part of going to the vet.

2. To see the movie screen, Harry squinted.

INDIRECT OBJECT

You must have a DIRECT OBJECT in order to have an INDIRECT OBJECT

Tells to whom or for whom the action is being done and who is receiving the direct object.

A sentence does not need to contain an INDIRECT OBJECT.

An INDIRECT OBJECT is always a NOUN, PRONOUN or NOUN PHRASE.

INDIRECT OBJECT He handed me the papers.

FIRST STEP = Find the VERB. He handed me the papers.

SECOND STEP = Find the DIRECT OBJECT He handed me the papers.

THIRD STEP = Find the INDIRECT OBJECT Who received the papers?

He handed me the papers.

INDIRECT OBJECT Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.

FIRST STEP = Find the VERB. Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.

SECOND STEP = Find the DIRECT OBJECT Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.

THIRD STEP = Find the INDIRECT OBJECT Who received the dog biscuit?

Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.

INDIRECT OBJECT - YOUR TURN!

Complete each in 3 parts

UNDERLINE THE VERB

DRAW A LINE TO THE DO

DRAW A LINE TO THE IDO

INDIRECT OBJECT – FIND THEM!

1. Tell me a riddle. 2. The fireman gave the boy a

bucket a water.3. I will make the man an offer. 4. Later, the mother bought

him a new toy and then told him the story of Robin Hood.

INDIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS

Tell me a riddle.

The fireman gave the boy a bucket a water.

INDIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS

I will make the man an offer.

Later, the mother bought him a new toy

and then told him the story of Robin Hood.

DIRECT OBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT

REMEMBER THE STEPS

STEP 1 – FIND THE VERB

STEP 2 - Can you answer the “Who?” “What?” question? That will be the DIRECT OBJECT

STEP 3 – Can you answer the “For whom” or “To whom” question? That will be the INDIRECT OBJECT

APPOSITIVE

Renames a noun or noun phrase right beside it by making it more specific

Can be long or short combination of words

Set off with commas on either end of the appositive

APPOSITIVE

The insect, a cockroach the size of Texas, crawled along the table.

A cockroach the size of Texas makes the insect more specific.

Notice the commas on either end.

APPOSITIVE

Robbie, the best football player on the team, is out with an injured foot.

The best football player on the team makes Robbie more specific.

Notice the commas on either end.

APPOSITIVE

Sometimes the APPOSITIVE can come at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Hot-tempered baseball player, Tim charged the pitcher after he was hit with the ball a third time.

After taking his base, the crowd cheered for Tim, a hot-tempered baseball player.

APPOSITIVE – FIND THEM!

During dinner, Clifford, the messiest eater in the world, decided to mold his mashed potatoes into a sculpture of an alien spaceship.

Poopsy, Diane’s twelve year old Beagle, and Stacie’s cat, Beatrice, got into a terrible fight.

APPOSITIVE – FIND THEM!

During dinner, Clifford, the messiest eater in the world, decided to mold his mashed potatoes into a sculpture of an alien spaceship.

Poopsy, Diane’s twelve year old Beagle, and Stacie’s cat, Beatrice, got into a terrible fight.

THE UNIT 2 TEST WILL INCLUDE SENTENCE TYPES

Simple, Compound, Complex Fragment Coordinating Conjunctions – FANBOYS Subordinating Conjunctions

SENTENCE PARTS Simple Subject / Complete Subject Simple Predicate / Complete Predicate Independent Clause / Subordinating Clause Phrase

DIRECT OBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT

APPOSITIVE

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE- Personification- Pathetic Fallacy

- Hyperbole- Understatement

PERSONIFICATION

Reference to inanimate objects, animals or ideas as though they had human qualities or abilities.

PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE

Velvet remembers how it wrapped around me. Keeping me warm on a snowy day.

Velvet is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – the ability to remember.

PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE

The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies weak on its side.

A knife is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – it is tired and has used all its energy.

PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE

Oreo: Milk’s favorite cookie

Milk is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – it has a favorite cookie.

PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE

The only monster here is the gambling monster that has enslaved your mother!

Gambling is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – the ability to enslave someone and have monstrous characteristics.

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE

For the following exercise, you must do two things:1 - Identify what is being

personified

2 – Describe what human quality is given to the animal, inanimate object or idea

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE

Complete both steps for the following examples of personification.

The branches reached out under the sunlight.

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE ANSWER

The branches reached out under the sunlight.

The branches are personified and are given a human quality – the ability to reach out.

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE

Complete both steps for the following examples of personification.

The old wooden panels shrieked as I stepped onto

the porch.

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE ANSWER

The old wooden panels shrieked as I stepped onto

the porch.

The old wooden panels are personified and are given a human quality – the ability to shriek and feel pain.

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE

Complete both steps for the following examples of personification.

The note unlocked the truth of the mystery.

PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE ANSWER

The note unlocked the truth of the mystery.

The note is personified and is given a human quality – the ability to unlock or solve a mystery.

PERSONIFICATION PATHETIC FALLACY

Pathetic Fallacy is when aspects of nature are given human emotions or characteristics.

Usually foreshadows upcoming events.

The cruel wind The angry cloudsThe smiling sunThe crawling mist The beating rain

HYPERBOLE

An obvious exaggeration.

Hyperbole is often accomplished via comparisons, similes, and metaphors.

HYPERBOLE

I've told you a million times to make your bed.

What is being exaggerated?

Can you actual tell someone a million times? NO!

HYPERBOLE

She broke a chisel trying to get her makeup off last night!

What is being exaggerated?

Can she actually break a chisel trying to get her makeup off? NO!

HYPERBOLE

My English teacher is so old, she personally knew Shakespeare.

What is being exaggerated?

Can he really be that old? NO!

HYPERBOLE EXERCISE

WHY IS THIS A HYPERBOLE?

My aunt is so chubby, every time she turns around it's her birthday.

HYPERBOLE EXERCISE

WHY IS THIS ALSO A METAPHOR?

My aunt is so chubby, every time she turns around it's her birthday.

What is being compared?

HYPERBOLE EXERCISE

My aunt is so chubby, every time she turns around it's her birthday.

This is a hyperbole because it wouldn’t take her an entire year to turn around. Her size is being exaggerated.

This is a metaphor because the aunt is being compared to a planet (Earth). Tenor = Earth / Vehicle = Planet

HYPERBOLE EXERCISE

WHY IS THIS A HYPERBOLE?

It was so cold, even the polar bears were wearing jackets.

HYPERBOLE EXERCISE

It was so cold, even the polar bears were wearing jackets.

It couldn’t really be that cold! The temperature is being exaggerated.

UNDERSTATEMENT

A form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected.

UNDERSTATEMENT

in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, a suburban dinner party is invaded by Death, who wears a long black cloak. He is the Grim Reaper; the party is over; the guests must all go with him. "Well," says one party guest, "that's cast rather a gloom over the evening, hasn't it?"

UNDERSTATEMENT

This is an understatement, because he is making the situation seem less than what it is.

UNDERSTATEMENT

In another Monty Python movie, the Black Knight gets his leg chopped off and says, “It’s only a flesh wound. I’ve had worse!”

UNDERSTATEMENT

Again, this is an understatement, because he is making the situation seem less than what it is or should be.

UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE

Why is the following an understatement?

I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.

UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE

I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.

This is an understatement because, obviously this is very serious, but they are saying it is not.

UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE

Why is the following an understatement?

The downtown plaza has caught on fire and is burning to the ground. You may have trouble returning your merchandise in the upcoming weeks.

UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE

The downtown plaza has caught on fire and is burning to the ground. You may have trouble returning your merchandise in the upcoming weeks.

This is an understatement, because the plaza is burnt to the ground and it will be more than a little trouble to return merchandise – it will be impossible!

THE UNIT 2 TEST WILL INCLUDE

METAPHORSIMILETENOR VEHICLEPERSONIFICATION

PATHETIC FALLACYHYPERBOLEUNDERSTATMENT

PUNCTUATION- 7 uses of a comma

- the semi-colon

COMMA USAGE Commas are used to do the following:

1. Separate two independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

2. Separate elements in a list or series3. Separate introductory phrases or

subordinate clauses from an independent clause

4. In a series of adjectives5. To surround an appositive6. To quote 7. To set off clauses that begin with WHICH

1. Separate two independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

He went to the store, and she walked to the bus stop.

He loved Pizza, so she ordered him three.

She couldn’t swim, nor could she dance.

Brandy want to go to Harvard, but her grades are not good enough.

2. Separate elements in a list or series

Bob tried to breath, to keep from fainting, and to remember his first aid training.

He went to the store and bought twelve apples, three oranges, and one pear.

Next to the man was a monkey, a raccoon, and a platypus.

3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause

After catching his breath, Bob squatted next to the man to take his pulse.

Although he had never played the tuba before, he somehow managed to make beautiful music.

When Bob began to eat, rats ran across the carpet.

3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED

You do not need to add a comma is the phrase is short.

After dinner they went outside to play basketball. Short phrase = no comma

3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED

You ALWAYS need a comma to separate the subordinate clause from the independent clause when the subordinate clause comes first.

After he arrived at the hospital, he ran to the 7th floor.

3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED

You NEVER put a comma to separate the independent clause from the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause comes last.

He ran to the 7th floor after he arrived at the hospital.

3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED

Subordinate clause LAST – no commaHe ran to the 7th floor after he arrived at the hospital.

Subordinate clause FIRST – use commaAfter he arrived at the hospital, he ran to the 7th floor.

4. In a series of adjectives

If you can use AND to separate adjectives, use a comma instead.

I could write the following:The nimble and fat raccoon

rummaged through by garbage canOR

The nimble, fat raccoon rummaged through by garbage can.

4. In a series of adjectives – CONTINUED

The magnificent, brilliant scholar presented this new theory.

The man bit into the fresh, juicy apple.

The lumpy, stinky oatmeal was delicious.

4. In a series of adjectives – CONTINUED

If it does not read correctly with AND between the adjectives than DO NOT use a comma.

He buttoned his white cotton shirt.

White and Cotton are both adjectives, but it wouldn’t sound write saying, ‘He buttoned his white and cotton shirt.” So, do not use a comma in these types of instances.

5. To surround an appositive

Appositives rename a noun or noun phrase right beside it by making it more specific

Jimmy, the smartest kid in class, got a “C” on the test.

Mrs. Bowden, my favorite teacher, is wearing a goofy dress.

The president of the student council, Raphael, is trying to put candy machines in the lunch room.

6. To quote

The comma goes INSIDE the quotation mark when the quote comes first.

“Save me,” he screamed. “I’ll be down in a minute,” Harriet said.

The comma comes BEFORE the quotation mark when the quote come last.

He screamed, “save me.” Harriet said, I’ll be down in a minute.”

7. To set off clauses that begin with WHICH

Bananas, which are grown in the tropics, do not need refrigeration.

If you can LIFT the phrase out of the sentence and it still makes sense, use a COMMA.

DO NOT use commas to set off phrases that begin with THAT

Bananas that are green taste tart. No comma is needed in this sentence.

SEMI-COLON

1. Links TWO independent clauses Substitutes for a Coordinating

Conjunction

2. Separate elements in a list if the elements are long

3. Separate elements in a list if the elements already have commas in them

LINKS TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSESSUBSTITUTES FOR A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION

The man was still and his foot was bleeding.

ORThe man was still; his foot was

bleeding.

To give a good party, you must consider the lighting; no one feels comfortable under the bright glare of fluorescent lights.

SEPARATE ELEMENTS IN A LIST IF THE ELEMENTS ARE LONG

To get ready for a party, you should clean your house; make sure your old stereo still works; prepare a lot of strange food; and expect odd behavior from your guests.

You would not be wrong if you put commas in this sentence instead of semi-colons. A semi-colon is a good option though!

SEPARATE ELEMENTS IN A LIST IF THE ELEMENTS ALREADY HAVE COMMAS IN THEM

He went to visit Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Providence, Rhode Island; Salam, Massachusetts; and Birmingham, Alabama.

THE UNIT 2 TEST WILL INCLUDE

COMMAS7 uses

SEMI-COLONS3 uses

SUMMARY OF UNIT 2 TEST CONTENTS SENTENCE TYPES

Simple, Compound, Complex Fragment Coordinating Conjunctions – FANBOYS Subordinating Conjunctions

SENTENCE PARTS Simple Subject / Complete Subject Simple Predicate / Complete Predicate Independent Clause / Subordinating

Clause Phrase

DIRECT OBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT

APPOSITIVE

METAPHOR SIMILE TENOR VEHICLE PERSONIFICATION

PATHETIC FALLACY HYPERBOLE UNDERSTATMENT

COMMAS7 uses

SEMI-COLONS3 uses

LITERATURE

TAO TE CHINGTHE ANALECTSTHE ART OF WAR