UNIT 2 – ASIAN LITERATURE
LITERATURE FOCUS
ChinaTao Te ChingThe AnalectsThe Art of War
SYNTAX TERMS
Direct ObjectIndirect ObjectAppositive
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
PERSONFICATIONPATHETIC FALLACY
HYPERBOLEUNDERSTATMENT
PUNTUATION
COMMA USAGE SEMI-COLON USAGE
SYNTAX TERMS- Direct Object
- Indirect Object- Appositive
DIRECT OBJECT
Is not the subject of the sentence.
It is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase receiving the action.
A sentence does not need to have a DO.
Answers the question, “Who or what is the action (verb) being done to?”
DIRECT OBJECT
Wanda threw the flowers.Subject = WandaVerb / Simple Pred. = Threw
DO answers the question, “Threw what?”
Answer = flowers
DIRECT OBJECT
Max loved money.Subject = MaxVerb / Simple Pred. = loved
DO answers the question, “Loved what?”
Answer = money
DIRECT OBJECT
Thelma and Louise bought a purse and rented a movie. Subject = Thelma + Louis Verb / Simple Pred. = bought / rented
DO answers the question, “Bought what?” + “Rented what?” Answer = purse + movie
THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST
FIND ALL THE VERBS Thelma and Louise bought a purse and
rented a movie.
Ask these questions, “What is bought?” “What is rented?”
PURSE is being bought.MOVIE is being rented.
Therefore, PURSE and MOVIE are DIRECT OBJECTS.
THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST
Jerry and Benny washed the car and then they drove to New York City.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
Ask the “Who?” “What?” question.
THE DIRECT OBJECT TESTANSWER
Jerry and Benny washed the car and then they drove to New York City.
2 verbs in this sentence. - Washed what? = car = Direct Object- Drove what? = not answered
- Only 1 Direct Object = car
THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST
During summer, millions of people swarm into the White Mountains of New England to ride the railways and observe the weather.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
Ask the “Who?” “What?” question.
THE DIRECT OBJECT TESTANSWER
FIND ALL THE NOUNS + PRONOUNS
During summer, millions of people swarm into the White Mountains of New England to ride the railways and observe the weather.
Swarm what? = Not answeredRide what? = Railways = DIRECT OBJECT Observe what? = Weather = DIRECT OBJECT
THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST
Wranglers in the air and on the ground drive mustangs into a corral during a roundup in Nevada.
FIND ALL THE VERBS
Ask the “Who?” “What?” question.
THE DIRECT OBJECT TEST
Wranglers in the air and on the ground drive mustangs into a corral during a roundup in Nevada.
Drive what? = Mustangs = DIRECT OBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT – FIND THEM!
1. Michael cooked breakfast. 2. He unwrapped the candy. 3. She gave her the IPod. 4. Greg threw the discuss.
DIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS
Michael cooked breakfast. He unwrapped the candy. She gave her the IPod.
Greg threw the discuss.
DIRECT OBJECT
Can also be PHRASES or CLAUSES
Sylvia hates biting her fingernails. Hates what? = biting her fingernails =
DO
Gus couldn’t wait to see the beautiful Miranda, his lab partner.
See who? = the beautiful Miranda = DO
DIRECT OBJECT – FIND THEM!
1. Dragging her seventy-five pound German Shepherd through the door is Shelby’s least favorite part of going to the vet.
2. To see the movie screen, Harry squinted.
DIRECT OBJECTANSWERS
1. Dragging her seventy-five pound German Shepherd through the door is Shelby’s least favorite part of going to the vet.
2. To see the movie screen, Harry squinted.
INDIRECT OBJECT
You must have a DIRECT OBJECT in order to have an INDIRECT OBJECT
Tells to whom or for whom the action is being done and who is receiving the direct object.
A sentence does not need to contain an INDIRECT OBJECT.
An INDIRECT OBJECT is always a NOUN, PRONOUN or NOUN PHRASE.
INDIRECT OBJECT He handed me the papers.
FIRST STEP = Find the VERB. He handed me the papers.
SECOND STEP = Find the DIRECT OBJECT He handed me the papers.
THIRD STEP = Find the INDIRECT OBJECT Who received the papers?
He handed me the papers.
INDIRECT OBJECT Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.
FIRST STEP = Find the VERB. Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.
SECOND STEP = Find the DIRECT OBJECT Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.
THIRD STEP = Find the INDIRECT OBJECT Who received the dog biscuit?
Marlene gave him a dog biscuit.
INDIRECT OBJECT - YOUR TURN!
Complete each in 3 parts
UNDERLINE THE VERB
DRAW A LINE TO THE DO
DRAW A LINE TO THE IDO
INDIRECT OBJECT – FIND THEM!
1. Tell me a riddle. 2. The fireman gave the boy a
bucket a water.3. I will make the man an offer. 4. Later, the mother bought
him a new toy and then told him the story of Robin Hood.
INDIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS
Tell me a riddle.
The fireman gave the boy a bucket a water.
INDIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS
I will make the man an offer.
Later, the mother bought him a new toy
and then told him the story of Robin Hood.
DIRECT OBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT
REMEMBER THE STEPS
STEP 1 – FIND THE VERB
STEP 2 - Can you answer the “Who?” “What?” question? That will be the DIRECT OBJECT
STEP 3 – Can you answer the “For whom” or “To whom” question? That will be the INDIRECT OBJECT
APPOSITIVE
Renames a noun or noun phrase right beside it by making it more specific
Can be long or short combination of words
Set off with commas on either end of the appositive
APPOSITIVE
The insect, a cockroach the size of Texas, crawled along the table.
A cockroach the size of Texas makes the insect more specific.
Notice the commas on either end.
APPOSITIVE
Robbie, the best football player on the team, is out with an injured foot.
The best football player on the team makes Robbie more specific.
Notice the commas on either end.
APPOSITIVE
Sometimes the APPOSITIVE can come at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Hot-tempered baseball player, Tim charged the pitcher after he was hit with the ball a third time.
After taking his base, the crowd cheered for Tim, a hot-tempered baseball player.
APPOSITIVE – FIND THEM!
During dinner, Clifford, the messiest eater in the world, decided to mold his mashed potatoes into a sculpture of an alien spaceship.
Poopsy, Diane’s twelve year old Beagle, and Stacie’s cat, Beatrice, got into a terrible fight.
APPOSITIVE – FIND THEM!
During dinner, Clifford, the messiest eater in the world, decided to mold his mashed potatoes into a sculpture of an alien spaceship.
Poopsy, Diane’s twelve year old Beagle, and Stacie’s cat, Beatrice, got into a terrible fight.
THE UNIT 2 TEST WILL INCLUDE SENTENCE TYPES
Simple, Compound, Complex Fragment Coordinating Conjunctions – FANBOYS Subordinating Conjunctions
SENTENCE PARTS Simple Subject / Complete Subject Simple Predicate / Complete Predicate Independent Clause / Subordinating Clause Phrase
DIRECT OBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT
APPOSITIVE
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE- Personification- Pathetic Fallacy
- Hyperbole- Understatement
PERSONIFICATION
Reference to inanimate objects, animals or ideas as though they had human qualities or abilities.
PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE
Velvet remembers how it wrapped around me. Keeping me warm on a snowy day.
Velvet is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – the ability to remember.
PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE
The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies weak on its side.
A knife is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – it is tired and has used all its energy.
PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE
Oreo: Milk’s favorite cookie
Milk is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – it has a favorite cookie.
PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLE
The only monster here is the gambling monster that has enslaved your mother!
Gambling is personified in this sentence. It is given a human quality – the ability to enslave someone and have monstrous characteristics.
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE
For the following exercise, you must do two things:1 - Identify what is being
personified
2 – Describe what human quality is given to the animal, inanimate object or idea
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE
Complete both steps for the following examples of personification.
The branches reached out under the sunlight.
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE ANSWER
The branches reached out under the sunlight.
The branches are personified and are given a human quality – the ability to reach out.
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE
Complete both steps for the following examples of personification.
The old wooden panels shrieked as I stepped onto
the porch.
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE ANSWER
The old wooden panels shrieked as I stepped onto
the porch.
The old wooden panels are personified and are given a human quality – the ability to shriek and feel pain.
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE
Complete both steps for the following examples of personification.
The note unlocked the truth of the mystery.
PERSONIFICATION EXERCISE ANSWER
The note unlocked the truth of the mystery.
The note is personified and is given a human quality – the ability to unlock or solve a mystery.
PERSONIFICATION PATHETIC FALLACY
Pathetic Fallacy is when aspects of nature are given human emotions or characteristics.
Usually foreshadows upcoming events.
The cruel wind The angry cloudsThe smiling sunThe crawling mist The beating rain
HYPERBOLE
An obvious exaggeration.
Hyperbole is often accomplished via comparisons, similes, and metaphors.
HYPERBOLE
I've told you a million times to make your bed.
What is being exaggerated?
Can you actual tell someone a million times? NO!
HYPERBOLE
She broke a chisel trying to get her makeup off last night!
What is being exaggerated?
Can she actually break a chisel trying to get her makeup off? NO!
HYPERBOLE
My English teacher is so old, she personally knew Shakespeare.
What is being exaggerated?
Can he really be that old? NO!
HYPERBOLE EXERCISE
WHY IS THIS A HYPERBOLE?
My aunt is so chubby, every time she turns around it's her birthday.
HYPERBOLE EXERCISE
WHY IS THIS ALSO A METAPHOR?
My aunt is so chubby, every time she turns around it's her birthday.
What is being compared?
HYPERBOLE EXERCISE
My aunt is so chubby, every time she turns around it's her birthday.
This is a hyperbole because it wouldn’t take her an entire year to turn around. Her size is being exaggerated.
This is a metaphor because the aunt is being compared to a planet (Earth). Tenor = Earth / Vehicle = Planet
HYPERBOLE EXERCISE
WHY IS THIS A HYPERBOLE?
It was so cold, even the polar bears were wearing jackets.
HYPERBOLE EXERCISE
It was so cold, even the polar bears were wearing jackets.
It couldn’t really be that cold! The temperature is being exaggerated.
UNDERSTATEMENT
A form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected.
UNDERSTATEMENT
in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, a suburban dinner party is invaded by Death, who wears a long black cloak. He is the Grim Reaper; the party is over; the guests must all go with him. "Well," says one party guest, "that's cast rather a gloom over the evening, hasn't it?"
UNDERSTATEMENT
This is an understatement, because he is making the situation seem less than what it is.
UNDERSTATEMENT
In another Monty Python movie, the Black Knight gets his leg chopped off and says, “It’s only a flesh wound. I’ve had worse!”
UNDERSTATEMENT
Again, this is an understatement, because he is making the situation seem less than what it is or should be.
UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE
Why is the following an understatement?
I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.
UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE
I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.
This is an understatement because, obviously this is very serious, but they are saying it is not.
UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE
Why is the following an understatement?
The downtown plaza has caught on fire and is burning to the ground. You may have trouble returning your merchandise in the upcoming weeks.
UNDERSTATEMENT EXERCISE
The downtown plaza has caught on fire and is burning to the ground. You may have trouble returning your merchandise in the upcoming weeks.
This is an understatement, because the plaza is burnt to the ground and it will be more than a little trouble to return merchandise – it will be impossible!
THE UNIT 2 TEST WILL INCLUDE
METAPHORSIMILETENOR VEHICLEPERSONIFICATION
PATHETIC FALLACYHYPERBOLEUNDERSTATMENT
PUNCTUATION- 7 uses of a comma
- the semi-colon
COMMA USAGE Commas are used to do the following:
1. Separate two independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
2. Separate elements in a list or series3. Separate introductory phrases or
subordinate clauses from an independent clause
4. In a series of adjectives5. To surround an appositive6. To quote 7. To set off clauses that begin with WHICH
1. Separate two independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
He went to the store, and she walked to the bus stop.
He loved Pizza, so she ordered him three.
She couldn’t swim, nor could she dance.
Brandy want to go to Harvard, but her grades are not good enough.
2. Separate elements in a list or series
Bob tried to breath, to keep from fainting, and to remember his first aid training.
He went to the store and bought twelve apples, three oranges, and one pear.
Next to the man was a monkey, a raccoon, and a platypus.
3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause
After catching his breath, Bob squatted next to the man to take his pulse.
Although he had never played the tuba before, he somehow managed to make beautiful music.
When Bob began to eat, rats ran across the carpet.
3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED
You do not need to add a comma is the phrase is short.
After dinner they went outside to play basketball. Short phrase = no comma
3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED
You ALWAYS need a comma to separate the subordinate clause from the independent clause when the subordinate clause comes first.
After he arrived at the hospital, he ran to the 7th floor.
3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED
You NEVER put a comma to separate the independent clause from the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause comes last.
He ran to the 7th floor after he arrived at the hospital.
3. Separate introductory phrases or subordinate clauses from an independent clause – CONTINUED
Subordinate clause LAST – no commaHe ran to the 7th floor after he arrived at the hospital.
Subordinate clause FIRST – use commaAfter he arrived at the hospital, he ran to the 7th floor.
4. In a series of adjectives
If you can use AND to separate adjectives, use a comma instead.
I could write the following:The nimble and fat raccoon
rummaged through by garbage canOR
The nimble, fat raccoon rummaged through by garbage can.
4. In a series of adjectives – CONTINUED
The magnificent, brilliant scholar presented this new theory.
The man bit into the fresh, juicy apple.
The lumpy, stinky oatmeal was delicious.
4. In a series of adjectives – CONTINUED
If it does not read correctly with AND between the adjectives than DO NOT use a comma.
He buttoned his white cotton shirt.
White and Cotton are both adjectives, but it wouldn’t sound write saying, ‘He buttoned his white and cotton shirt.” So, do not use a comma in these types of instances.
5. To surround an appositive
Appositives rename a noun or noun phrase right beside it by making it more specific
Jimmy, the smartest kid in class, got a “C” on the test.
Mrs. Bowden, my favorite teacher, is wearing a goofy dress.
The president of the student council, Raphael, is trying to put candy machines in the lunch room.
6. To quote
The comma goes INSIDE the quotation mark when the quote comes first.
“Save me,” he screamed. “I’ll be down in a minute,” Harriet said.
The comma comes BEFORE the quotation mark when the quote come last.
He screamed, “save me.” Harriet said, I’ll be down in a minute.”
7. To set off clauses that begin with WHICH
Bananas, which are grown in the tropics, do not need refrigeration.
If you can LIFT the phrase out of the sentence and it still makes sense, use a COMMA.
DO NOT use commas to set off phrases that begin with THAT
Bananas that are green taste tart. No comma is needed in this sentence.
SEMI-COLON
1. Links TWO independent clauses Substitutes for a Coordinating
Conjunction
2. Separate elements in a list if the elements are long
3. Separate elements in a list if the elements already have commas in them
LINKS TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSESSUBSTITUTES FOR A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
The man was still and his foot was bleeding.
ORThe man was still; his foot was
bleeding.
To give a good party, you must consider the lighting; no one feels comfortable under the bright glare of fluorescent lights.
SEPARATE ELEMENTS IN A LIST IF THE ELEMENTS ARE LONG
To get ready for a party, you should clean your house; make sure your old stereo still works; prepare a lot of strange food; and expect odd behavior from your guests.
You would not be wrong if you put commas in this sentence instead of semi-colons. A semi-colon is a good option though!
SEPARATE ELEMENTS IN A LIST IF THE ELEMENTS ALREADY HAVE COMMAS IN THEM
He went to visit Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Providence, Rhode Island; Salam, Massachusetts; and Birmingham, Alabama.
THE UNIT 2 TEST WILL INCLUDE
COMMAS7 uses
SEMI-COLONS3 uses
SUMMARY OF UNIT 2 TEST CONTENTS SENTENCE TYPES
Simple, Compound, Complex Fragment Coordinating Conjunctions – FANBOYS Subordinating Conjunctions
SENTENCE PARTS Simple Subject / Complete Subject Simple Predicate / Complete Predicate Independent Clause / Subordinating
Clause Phrase
DIRECT OBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT
APPOSITIVE
METAPHOR SIMILE TENOR VEHICLE PERSONIFICATION
PATHETIC FALLACY HYPERBOLE UNDERSTATMENT
COMMAS7 uses
SEMI-COLONS3 uses
LITERATURE
TAO TE CHINGTHE ANALECTSTHE ART OF WAR