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Unit 2
Forming a New Nation
Warm-up
What do you know about life in “America” at this
point? (It is about 1750)
Answer:
•13 British colonies•French and Spanish colonies too•13 colonies can be divided into 3 regions; New England, Middle, and Southern colonies•Different economic systems, cultures, and religions for each of the 3 regions•The colonies are starting to form their own governments
WHO FOUGHT?
BritishFrench settlers (and Native Americans)
Britain & Colonists
VS.France & Indians
Also known as the Seven Years’ War…..
Why? This war involved over 2o nations and was fought in Europe and Africa. It lasted 7 years.
Americans call it the French and Indian War because we only participated in the part that took place in North America.
Control of the Americas
WHY THEY FOUGHT?
3)France and Britain have fought for centuries
2) Fur to trade
1) Fertile Soil in the Ohio Valley
WHY DID THE INDIANS HELP THE FRENCH?
The Indians helped the French because they had better
relationships and they believed that the French would win.
Ben Franklin’s 1754 cartoon was a plea for unity in defending the colonies during the
French and Indian War.
His plan for unity was called the Albany Plan of Union
HOW DID THE NATIVE AMERICANS HELP?
1. They knew the land2. They were local soldiers3. Guerilla fighting style
HOW DID THE WAR BEGIN?
French controlled most of the land in North America.
The English wanted to expand their territory... westward.
Because the English were starting to move into French territory, the French attacked.
Both groups were fighting over the Ohio River Valley
WHEN AND WHERE? Ft. Necessity-set up by George
Washington and militia (civilians trained to fight)
Washington was outnumbered, so he surrendered
French took over the
fort and later burned it
WHO IS GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK?
After Washington was defeated at Ft. Necessity, England appointed General Edward Braddock became commander in chief of the British.
WHEN AND WHERE? On July 9, 1755 the French and Native Americans
ambushed the British at Ft. Duquesne. They fired from behind trees, aiming at the bright uniforms.
The British were confused and frightened. Braddock called for a retreat. Braddock was killed along with many others. British lost this battle
Washington claimed he was more scared during the ambush
at Ft. Duquesne than at any other point in his life.
BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE Great Britain’s
fortunes improved after William Pitt came to power as Secretary of State and then Prime Minister (of England).
He sent British troops to North America under the command of Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe.
The first years of the war were disastrous for the British and the American colonies.
The Native Americans destroyed and burned many homes.
Jeffrey Amhers
t
James Wolfe
THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE
British troops attacked Quebec. James Wolfe finds a poorly guarded path, surprises and defeats the French (dies in the battle)
A year later, Jeffery Amherst captures Montreal
This brought an end to the war
Treaty of Paris(1763)
Officially ended the French and Indian War
French can keep sugar producing islands in the West Indies, but must give up Canada, and the land east of the Mississippi to Great Britain
French agreed not to own any of the colonies
FYI: In the midst of the French and Indian War
Ben Franklin suggested the Albany Plan of Union.
This plan called for a council that would have authority over the western settlements, relations with the Natives, and other urgent matters.
It could also organize armies and collect taxes. The plan was rejected because each colony wanted to maintain control.
Warm-up
Who fought in the French and Indian War and why did they fight? What was the outcome?
This is a map of America after the war
Answer:Who fought
England/Colonists-
now Americans
France and the Native Americans
Why 1) fertile soil 2) fur to trade 3) France and Britain have fought for centuries
OutcomeTreaty of Paris, England & Colonists win
Section 5.2
The Colonists Resist Tighter Control
England had finally pushed the French out, but they had gone into debt due to the war.
The English government decided to make the Americans pay for the war with taxes. This would cause them to rebel.
However, the colonists had bigger problems. They were also still fighting with the Native Americans.
King George III
PONTIAC’S WAROttawa Chief who
brought together numerous tribes to fight the colonists
They tormented the settlers (esp. west)
He could not obtain Fort Detroit, Fort Pitt, or Fort Niagara
Conflict with Native Americans
PROCLAMATION OF 1763
To stop the vicious fighting between the colonists and Native Americans, George III declared the Appalachian Mountains to be the western boundary for the colonies.
This angered many colonists who believed they had the right to reside wherever they wanted. The proclamation was widely ignored and proved impossible for the British to enforce. The 1763 "Proclamation line" is the
red line
British Rule Leads to ConflictAlthough the colonies had started to
unite, the 13 colonies were still divided in many ways
But, they saw themselves as different from people living in Britain
The British, however saw things differently. They thought the colonists should pay for their part in the war.
This difference in opinion leads to problems between the colonists and England.
The 1763 "Proclamation line" is the red line
The Sugar ActSugar Act – Import tax
on molasses (& other products)
It actually lowered the Molasses Act tax so it was intended to stop the smuggling (Navigation Acts)
King George
1764
The Quartering Act
This act was an indirect tax for the colonists. Under the law, the colonists had to give quarters (a home), food, and transportation to the British soldiers.
The Stamp ActColonists had to
buy special stamps and place them on newspapers, wills, licenses, insurance policies, land titles, contracts, & other documents.
November 1 ,1765 (takes effect)
Patrick HenryPatrick Henry was one of the most outspoken opponents of the Stamp Act
He convinced colonists to act together against the acts which led to a boycott of British goods and violence in the colonies.
Stamp Act protesters burned homes of officials in protest
Left: Tarring and feathering of a British excise man by a Liberty Tree.Right: A tax collector being tarred and feathered in 1774.
Colonists sent a petition to the King and Parliament that demanded the end to both the Sugar Act and the
Stamp Act. The protests worked and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.
Townshend Acts Set up a system to tax items coming into the colonies Taxes were placed on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported into the colonies
•Passed by Parliament on June 1767•Britain hoped these taxes would not upset the colonists
Writs of Assistance
- This allowed British soldiers search houses, ships and warehouses for smuggled goods
They were legalized by the Townshend Act of 1767.
On March 5, 1770, a crowd of rowdy Bostonians gathered around a small group of British soldiers guarding the Boston Customs House. The soldiers were being harassed by the colonists. Colonists were throwing rocks and
snowballs at the soldiers. The frightened soldiers fired into the crowd. Their shots hit and killed a number of civilians .
What was the cause of the
Boston Massacre?
Colonists rioting because
of taxes.
The Boston Massacre
5 colonists were killed 6 colonists were wounded
Crispus Attucks, a free African American sailor was the first to die at the massacre.
The Boston Massacre
Paul Revere created an engraving that was used as propaganda to influence colonists against the British.Propaganda is an item used to influence opinion
Here is how the article appeared in newspapers and what was written in the article printed with Paul Revere’s engraving.
Which do you think
is closer to what really happened?
As protests spread, groups began to organize against England
Sons of Liberty: Organized protests (often violent) against British acts and policies
Sam Adams
Daughters of Liberty:Organized boycotts against British products. Found ways to make needed items.
Abigail Adams
Committee of Correspondence
Created after the Boston Massacre by Samuel Adams
Created to keep colonists informed of British actions. Wrote letters and pamphlets.
Warm-up What was the Stamp Act and how did the colonists respond to it?
This placed a tax on paper products. (Wills, licenses, deeds, etc)
Tarring and feathering, and burning tax collectors homes were responses.
Section 5.3Protest to Rebellion
British East India Tea Company could sell tea in America without paying tax on it (cheapest tea in town)This put many other tea sellers out of business, especially the smugglers
The Tea Act was the only piece of the
Townshend Acts not to be repealed. They
called it by a new name so the
colonists would not get mad. But many
of the colonists were still upset
because it meant that only British tea could be sold in the colonies. This led to
the Boston Tea Party.
Tea Act
As a result of the Boston Tea Party the English Parliament passed the…Intolerable Acts – Included the Boston Port Bill, Quartering Act (part 2) and the Massachusetts Government Act. Make colonists pay for the tea. (also known as the Coercive Acts)
Intolerable Acts
Boston Port Bill – Closed Boston Harbor to all shipping
Quartering Act – Each colony had to provide a place for British troops to
live, again! (colonists had ignored this law that was already in place)
Massachusetts Government Act- 1. Increased the power of the royal governor
2. Abolished the upper house of the Massachusetts legislature
3.Cut the powers of town meetings
Many colonists viewed the acts as a violation of their rights, and in 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest.
Congress included Patrick Henry, George Washington, Sam Adams and John Adams. In all, there were 56 men who attended the 1st Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress•Took place in September and October 1774
•12 of the 13 colonies sent delegates (No Georgia)
WHAT DID THE CONGRESS DO?1)Asked Britain to repeal various acts that they didn’t agree on2) Called for the colonies to boycott British goods3) Formed colonial militias to protect in case of violence
The Shot Heard Round the World
•The British government had no intention of meeting the demands of the First Continental Congress
•The colonists realized they might have to prepare for a fight so they set up minutemen and organized weapons
•Lexington and Concord-read passage on pages 152-153
Warm-up
What were the
Intolerable Acts?
Answer:
- Included the- Boston Port Bill - Quartering Act (part 2)- The Massachusetts Government Act- (also known as the Coercive Acts)
Liberty Kids
Warm-up: Why was the Battle of Lexington known as the “shot heard ‘round the world?”
It started the American Revolution-People around the world wondered if
other colonies would follow
Group notes based on class presentations-
use handout “Important Events of the Early Revolution”
Warm-up: Why was the Olive Branch Petition important?
Answer: It was the last attempt by the colonies to make peace with England. The Continental Congress did not want war, but after the Olive Branch Petition was ignored they felt they had no choice.
Second Continental Congress
May (Phily) 1775 1st government of the colonies Led by Hancock, Jefferson, Franklin
Major Decisions: Formed an army (led by G.W.) Print paper $$$ in the colonies 2nd C.C. acted like a government
Patriots vs. Loyalists Patriots:
Favored independence Took control of local governments
Loyalists: Remained loyal to Britain and its policies 1/3 of colonists Many African-Americans (who hoped to
gain freedom) Many Natives (who were afraid of losing
land)
Fort Ticonderoga
May 1775 (N.Y.) Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain
Boys attacked a British fort 42 British troops surrendered
almost immediately
Why did the Patriots want the fort? It was the main route between
Canada & the Hudson River Valley The fort held valuable weapons
Battle of Bunker Hill June 1775 After Lexington and Concord, the Patriot
militia controlled the hills surrounding Boston. The Patriots heard through their spies that the British were planning to attack Bunker Hill. The Patriots sent 1600 men to set up fortifications on Breed's Hill, which was closer to Boston. British General Howe led 2600 British soldiers up Breed's Hill.
The Americans held off two British charges, but were finally forced to retreat on the third charge. The British suffered heavy losses. The British gained control of Breed's Hill.
Seen as a Patriot victory because of British casualties.
The Olive Branch Petition July 1775
The 2nd C.C. continued to try and restore peace with Britain.
The petition said that the colonists were loyal to king and asked him to stop fighting.
King completely ignored the petition and said the colonists were “in open rebellion.”
Section 5.4
The War Begins
Patriots vs. British Patriots vs. British
NAMES:NAMES:-REBELSREBELS-COLONISTSCOLONISTS-PATRIOTSPATRIOTS-YANKEESYANKEES
--BRITISHBRITISH-ENGLISH-ENGLISH-LOYALISTS-LOYALISTS--
LOBSTERBACKSLOBSTERBACKS-RED COATS -RED COATS
Colonists could mean either, but more often would be included on the Colonists could mean either, but more often would be included on the rebel side. An estimated 1/3 of the colonists stayed loyal to Britain rebel side. An estimated 1/3 of the colonists stayed loyal to Britain
during the war! during the war!
The Grand Union Flag was first used at sea, and then by Washington and is
considered the first American flag
British British FlagFlag
CAUSE:CAUSE:Patriots –Patriots –Fighting to Fighting to protect life protect life (Lifestyle)(Lifestyle)British-British-Fighting to Fighting to keep control of keep control of the coloniesthe colonies
British –British –Fight to Fight to keep keep economic economic resource resource (1600 miles (1600 miles away)away)
Patriots often wore blue. They Patriots often wore blue. They were called Yankees because of were called Yankees because of
the song “Yankee Doodle”, the song “Yankee Doodle”, which was created to poke fun which was created to poke fun at the colonists. It became a at the colonists. It became a rallying cry for the colonists. rallying cry for the colonists.
The British were very confident in The British were very confident in their military forces. They were so their military forces. They were so sure of their training that they wore sure of their training that they wore
red because it would easily allow red because it would easily allow them to tell who was not on their side, them to tell who was not on their side,
and they felt their training was and they felt their training was superior and would supersede any superior and would supersede any other factor, which was often the other factor, which was often the
case.case.
Forces…
Forces …Forces …
Patriots (Positives) – -Know the land -Guerilla War-Close supplies
Patriots (Negatives) –-Few numbers -Poor training-Short terms-no Navy
British (Positives) –British (Positives) –-Large numbers -Large numbers -Expert training-Expert training-Great, experienced -Great, experienced generalsgenerals-The best Navy in the -The best Navy in the world world
Britain (Negatives)–Britain (Negatives)–-Unfamiliar Land-Unfamiliar Land-Traditional Style -Traditional Style FightingFighting-Further to Travel-Further to Travel
X – Factors:X – Factors:
Patriots –Patriots –--Weak Govt.Weak Govt.- Little Money- Little Money-WomenWomen-Free African Free African AmericansAmericans
-- George George WashingtonWashington
British –British –--King to make King to make decisions (fast & decisions (fast & easy)easy)-Loyalists -Loyalists (unorganized, but (unorganized, but wealthy) wealthy) -Lots of Money-Lots of Money- Enslaved - Enslaved AfricansAfricans
FYI: Washington lost more FYI: Washington lost more battles than he won battles than he won during the revolution, but during the revolution, but he never lost one that he never lost one that would be costly enough to would be costly enough to end the war. He survived end the war. He survived attempts to overthrow attempts to overthrow and even poison him. and even poison him. Still, he never abused his Still, he never abused his position, and continued to position, and continued to listen to the Continental listen to the Continental Congress throughout. Congress throughout. Sometimes the C.C. even Sometimes the C.C. even doubted his ability and doubted his ability and thought to take him out of thought to take him out of the Commander of the the Commander of the Continental Armed Forces Continental Armed Forces position.position.
Warm-up
What was another name for the British? What was one X-factor for the British?
What was another name for the Patriots? What was one X-factor for the Patriots?
-REBELSREBELS-PATRIOTSPATRIOTS-YANKEESYANKEES-COLONISTSCOLONISTS
--BRITISHBRITISH-ENGLISH-ENGLISH-LOYALISTS-LOYALISTS-LOBSTERBACKS-LOBSTERBACKS-RED COATS -RED COATS
Answers
Rebels –Rebels –--Weak Govt.Weak Govt.- Little Money- Little Money-WomenWomen-Free African AmericansFree African Americans
-- George WashingtonGeorge Washington
X – Factors…X – Factors…British –British –--King to make decisions (fast & easy)King to make decisions (fast & easy)-Loyalists (unorganized, but wealthy) -Loyalists (unorganized, but wealthy) -Lots of Money-Lots of Money- Enslaved Americans- Enslaved Americans
Chapter 5 NPQ
