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Unit 2Unit 2The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of Life
Learning TargetsLearning Targets Identify elements common to living things. Describe how ions work. Compare ionic and covalent bonds Recognize the importance of hydrogen bonding. Explain why many compounds dissolve in water. Compare acids and bases. Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms Compare and understand the importance of the four
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions Explain why and how chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Explain the effect of catalysts on activation energy. Describe and explain how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.
Identify elements common to living things. Describe how ions work. Compare ionic and covalent bonds Recognize the importance of hydrogen bonding. Explain why many compounds dissolve in water. Compare acids and bases. Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms Compare and understand the importance of the four
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions Explain why and how chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Explain the effect of catalysts on activation energy. Describe and explain how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.
Unit Opener-How can this plant
digest a frog?
Unit Opener-How can this plant
digest a frog?
Like other carnivores, the Venus flytrap eats animals to get nutrients that it needs to make molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Other chemical compounds made by plant’s cells enable the Venus flytrap to digest the animals that it eats. These chemicals are similar to the chemicals that allow you to digest the food that you eat.
Like other carnivores, the Venus flytrap eats animals to get nutrients that it needs to make molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Other chemical compounds made by plant’s cells enable the Venus flytrap to digest the animals that it eats. These chemicals are similar to the chemicals that allow you to digest the food that you eat.
???????? If plants can make their
own food through photosynthesis, why would a plant species
evolve a mechanism to capture and eat animals?
???????? If plants can make their
own food through photosynthesis, why would a plant species
evolve a mechanism to capture and eat animals?
The animal must be supplying nutrients that the plant cannot get from other sources.
The animal must be supplying nutrients that the plant cannot get from other sources.
Venus fly traps grow in swampy areas that have nitrogen poor soil. These plants get the nitrogen they need for survival by trapping and digesting animals.
Venus fly traps grow in swampy areas that have nitrogen poor soil. These plants get the nitrogen they need for survival by trapping and digesting animals.
VideoVideo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7eQKSf0LmY
What is everything made up of?
What is everything made up of?
Atoms- the building block of matterMatter- anything that takes up
space
Atoms- the building block of matterMatter- anything that takes up
space
Atoms are made up of:
Atoms are made up of:
Protons-> positively charged particles and dense
Neutrons-> neutral charge / no charge
Electrons-> negatively charged particles and small
Protons and neutrons live in the nucleus (center of the cell)
Electrons are in the outer levels= electron cloud
Protons-> positively charged particles and dense
Neutrons-> neutral charge / no charge
Electrons-> negatively charged particles and small
Protons and neutrons live in the nucleus (center of the cell)
Electrons are in the outer levels= electron cloud
Draw and label the atom
Draw and label the atom
What do the numbers mean?
What do the numbers mean?
Atomic mass= sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Atomic number = the amount of protons and electrons in a neutral atom
Atomic mass= sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Atomic number = the amount of protons and electrons in a neutral atom
ElementElementA type of atom that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances.
Can also be a group of atoms of the same type.
Ex-> gases such as hydrogen and oxygen. Metals= aluminum and gold.
A type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Can also be a group of atoms of the same type.
Ex-> gases such as hydrogen and oxygen. Metals= aluminum and gold.
Atoms are made up of the same types of particles, so what
makes one element different from another?
Atoms are made up of the same types of particles, so what
makes one element different from another?
Different elements differ in the number of protons they have.
Different elements differ in the number of protons they have.
Atomic number= number of protons
Atomic Mass
How many protons does hydrogen have? Oxygen?How many protons does hydrogen have? Oxygen?
Hydrogen= 1Oxygen= 8
Hydrogen= 1Oxygen= 8
Energy levelsEnergy levels
Different energy levels can hold a different number of electrons.
1st energy level= hold 2 electrons
2nd level= hold 8 electronsStable atoms have a full
outermost energy level
Different energy levels can hold a different number of electrons.
1st energy level= hold 2 electrons
2nd level= hold 8 electronsStable atoms have a full
outermost energy level
91 elements that occur naturally
4 that make up 96 % of your body= carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
The other 4% are called trace elements because they are found in little amounts but we need them to survive-> such as calcium, iron, potassium
91 elements that occur naturally
4 that make up 96 % of your body= carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
The other 4% are called trace elements because they are found in little amounts but we need them to survive-> such as calcium, iron, potassium
Why does your blood need iron?
Why does your blood need iron?
To transport oxygen in your bloodTo transport oxygen in your blood
Why does your body need chromium?
Why does your body need chromium?
Your cells need it to break down sugars for usable energy
Your cells need it to break down sugars for usable energy
CompoundsCompounds
Atoms of elements found in organisms are usually linked or bonded to other atoms= compound.
Common compounds= water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2)
Atoms of elements found in organisms are usually linked or bonded to other atoms= compound.
Common compounds= water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2)
IonsIons Atom that has gained or lost one or more
electrons. Forms because an atom is more stable
when its outermost energy level is full. The gain or lose results in a full outer level.
Either positive or negative Atoms with few electrons= lose electrons
and becomes more positive Gains electrons= more negative.
Atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
Forms because an atom is more stable when its outermost energy level is full. The gain or lose results in a full outer level.
Either positive or negative Atoms with few electrons= lose electrons
and becomes more positive Gains electrons= more negative.
NaClNaCl Transfers electron from
sodium atom to chlorine atom
When sodium loses electron it becomes positive-> full charged because it has a filled outermost energy level.
The electron lost goes to the chlorine ion, causing the chlorine to become more negative and have a full energy level.
Transfers electron from sodium atom to chlorine atom
When sodium loses electron it becomes positive-> full charged because it has a filled outermost energy level.
The electron lost goes to the chlorine ion, causing the chlorine to become more negative and have a full energy level.
End product is an ionic bond-> bond that forms when two oppositely charged particles exchange electrical forces.
Opposites attract (+ / -)
End product is an ionic bond-> bond that forms when two oppositely charged particles exchange electrical forces.
Opposites attract (+ / -)
What determines whether an atom
becomes a positive ion or a negative ion?
What determines whether an atom
becomes a positive ion or a negative ion?
Atoms with few outer electrons tend to lose electrons and form positive ions; atoms with almost full outer energy levels tend to gain electrons and form negative ions.
Atoms with few outer electrons tend to lose electrons and form positive ions; atoms with almost full outer energy levels tend to gain electrons and form negative ions.
MoleculeMolecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds
The strongest of bondsForm when atoms share a pair of
electrons.Need 4 electrons to fill its
outermost energy level
The strongest of bondsForm when atoms share a pair of
electrons.Need 4 electrons to fill its
outermost energy level
CO2= Carbon DioxideCO2= Carbon Dioxide
An oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to fill its outer energy level. In Carbon dioxide, carbon makes a double bond, or shares two pairs of electrons with each oxygen atom.
An oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to fill its outer energy level. In Carbon dioxide, carbon makes a double bond, or shares two pairs of electrons with each oxygen atom.
C OO
Properties of Water!!!!!
Waters unique properties allow life to exist on
Earth.
Properties of Water!!!!!
Waters unique properties allow life to exist on
Earth.
Polar vs. NonpolarPolar vs. Nonpolar
Polar: Water and some gasesUneven distribution of electrons
Polar: Water and some gasesUneven distribution of electrons
Nonpolar= liquids, CO2, Oxygen, oils, fats
electrons are distributed more evenly around the outer shell and cancel each other out
Nonpolar= liquids, CO2, Oxygen, oils, fats
electrons are distributed more evenly around the outer shell and cancel each other out
They both tend to remain separate that is why they say “oil and water don’t mix.”
Life depends on hydrogen bondsLife depends on hydrogen bonds
Water is polar-> Have regions with a slight positive and slight negative charge.
Waters oxygen atoms are slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive= HYDROGEN BOND
The weakest of bonds
Important structures in DNA and proteins.
Water is polar-> Have regions with a slight positive and slight negative charge.
Waters oxygen atoms are slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive= HYDROGEN BOND
The weakest of bonds
Important structures in DNA and proteins.
Properties of Hydrogen Bonds
Properties of Hydrogen Bonds
Weakest of the bondsHigh specific heat= water resists
changes in temperature, therefore water must absorb more heat energy to increase temperature. Very important with cells because our
cells release a lot of heat and water absorbs that heat which allows us to regulate cell temperatures.
Weakest of the bondsHigh specific heat= water resists
changes in temperature, therefore water must absorb more heat energy to increase temperature. Very important with cells because our
cells release a lot of heat and water absorbs that heat which allows us to regulate cell temperatures.
Properties ContinueProperties ContinueCohesion->
attraction among molecules of a substance.
Makes water molecules stick together.
Ex- beads on a car when it is washed
Spider walking on top of the water (surface tension).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O8PuMkiimg
Cohesion-> attraction among molecules of a substance.
Makes water molecules stick together.
Ex- beads on a car when it is washed
Spider walking on top of the water (surface tension).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O8PuMkiimg
Properties Cont. Properties Cont. Adhesion-> attraction
among molecules of different substances.
Water molecules stick to other things.
Ex- upward curve of the surface of the water-> graduated cylinder
Ex- plants transport water up their roots to their leaves.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45yabrnryXk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpXHpXKZtws
Adhesion-> attraction among molecules of different substances.
Water molecules stick to other things.
Ex- upward curve of the surface of the water-> graduated cylinder
Ex- plants transport water up their roots to their leaves.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45yabrnryXk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpXHpXKZtws
Many compounds dissolve in water- Universal SolventMany compounds dissolve in water- Universal Solvent
Molecules and ions can’t take part in chemical processes inside cells unless they dissolve in water.
Materials such as sugar and oxygen cannot be transported from one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or water based fluids.
Molecules and ions can’t take part in chemical processes inside cells unless they dissolve in water.
Materials such as sugar and oxygen cannot be transported from one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or water based fluids.
Solution= mixture of substances that is the same throughout=
homogeneous mixture
Solution= mixture of substances that is the same throughout=
homogeneous mixture
Solvent-> substance that is present in the greatest amount, and is the substance that dissolves solutes.
Example= Water
Solvent-> substance that is present in the greatest amount, and is the substance that dissolves solutes.
Example= Water
Solute-> substance that dissolves. Example= kool aid powder
Solute-> substance that dissolves. Example= kool aid powder
SolubilitySolubilityThe ability of the solute to dissolve
into the solvent.Typically measured by how fast or
the rate. Temperature increases the rate at
which the solute dissolves.Pressure increases the rateThe nature of the solute and
solvent (what its made up of).
The ability of the solute to dissolve into the solvent.
Typically measured by how fast or the rate.
Temperature increases the rate at which the solute dissolves.
Pressure increases the rateThe nature of the solute and
solvent (what its made up of).
Your plasma (liquid part of your blood) is 95% water. Which is the solvent and
solute?
Your plasma (liquid part of your blood) is 95% water. Which is the solvent and
solute?Solvent= water; Solute is the other
5% which is made up of proteins, sugars, minerals, platelets, etc
Solvent= water; Solute is the other 5% which is made up of proteins, sugars, minerals, platelets, etc
Why do the solutes such as proteins and sugars dissolve in the water of
blood plasma?
Why do the solutes such as proteins and sugars dissolve in the water of
blood plasma?Answer-> polar= because the
attraction between the water molecules and the solute molecules is greater than the attraction among the molecules of the solutes.
Answer-> polar= because the attraction between the water molecules and the solute molecules is greater than the attraction among the molecules of the solutes.
Sum it up! Properties of Water:Sum it up! Properties of Water:
Hydrogen Bonding- strong cohesion (insects walking on water)
Capillary Action- water moves upward (Roots to leaves)
Strong Adhesion- attraction between two unlike substances
Universal Solvent- dissolves everything High Specific Heat- cools / heats up
slowly to allow temperatures in organisms to maintain homeostasis
Expands when freezes making it less dense
Hydrogen Bonding- strong cohesion (insects walking on water)
Capillary Action- water moves upward (Roots to leaves)
Strong Adhesion- attraction between two unlike substances
Universal Solvent- dissolves everything High Specific Heat- cools / heats up
slowly to allow temperatures in organisms to maintain homeostasis
Expands when freezes making it less dense
1. What is the most comment solvent in everyday life?
1. A. carbon containing chemicals
2. B. ethanol3. C. water4. D. All of the above
1. What is the most comment solvent in everyday life?
1. A. carbon containing chemicals
2. B. ethanol3. C. water4. D. All of the above
2. In a solution (which is a mixture of a solute and a solvent) which do you typically have more of?
a. Soluteb. Solventc. Same amount of both
3. What is solubility?a. The ability of a given
substance(solute) to dissolve into a solvent.
b. The ability of a given substance(solvent) to dissolve into a solute.
4. How does temperature affect solubility?
a. Solubility is not affected by temperature.
b. Solubility decreases with an increase in temperature.
c. Solubility increases with an increase in temperature.
5. How does a solute dissolve into a solvent?a. Polar solvent molecules separate the
molecules of other polar substances.b. Polar solvent molecules separate the
molecules of other non-polar substances.c. Non-polar solvent molecules separate the
molecules of other non-polar substances.
6. What are the main factors that affect solubility?a. Temperatureb. Pressurec. Nature of solute and solventd. All of the above
AnswersAnswers1. C- Water2. B3. A4. C5. A6. D
1. C- Water2. B3. A4. C5. A6. D
Acids and BasesAcids and Bases
AcidsReleases a hydrogen ion (H+) when it
dissolves in water.0 to 7= acids
AcidsReleases a hydrogen ion (H+) when it
dissolves in water.0 to 7= acids
BasesRemoves H+ ions from a solution7-14= basic
BasesRemoves H+ ions from a solution7-14= basic
pH of 7=Neutral-> neither acidic or basic
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
Weak base Strong
Base
pH Scale (Potential Hydrogen)
pH Scale (Potential Hydrogen)
How is Ph regulated in our bodies?
How is Ph regulated in our bodies?
Through buffers-> compounds that can bind to H+ ion when the H+ concentration increases and can release an H+ ion when the H+ ion decreases.
Buffer “locks up or stops” the H+ ions in order for our bodies to maintain homeostasis.
Example-> normal Ph of blood is 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic), therefore a small change in this could really disrupt your cells and can be fatal.
Through buffers-> compounds that can bind to H+ ion when the H+ concentration increases and can release an H+ ion when the H+ ion decreases.
Buffer “locks up or stops” the H+ ions in order for our bodies to maintain homeostasis.
Example-> normal Ph of blood is 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic), therefore a small change in this could really disrupt your cells and can be fatal.
Carbon Based
Molecules
Carbon Based
Molecules
Carbons unique bonding properties
Carbons unique bonding properties
Building blocks of life because they are the basis of most molecules that make up living things.
Organisms obtain energy (food) and turn it into ATP (cells power source for all life processes).
Unique atomic structure because it has four unpaired electrons on the outer energy level and can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms!!!!!!
Building blocks of life because they are the basis of most molecules that make up living things.
Organisms obtain energy (food) and turn it into ATP (cells power source for all life processes).
Unique atomic structure because it has four unpaired electrons on the outer energy level and can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms!!!!!!
Three types of molecular structures
Three types of molecular structures
Straight ChainBranched
ChainRing
Straight ChainBranched
ChainRing
Monomer / PolymerMonomer / Polymer
Monomer= small molecular subunit
Polymer= molecule that contains manyMonomers bonded together.
How many monomers are above?
Four Carbon Based Molecules in Living
Things / Macromolecules
Four Carbon Based Molecules in Living
Things / Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFruits, grains, sugars, starchesMonosaccharides, Disaccharides,
PolysaccharidesMade up of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen in a 1:2:1 ratioWhen broken down they provide a
source of usable chemical energy for cells
Major part of plant cell structure too!!!
Fruits, grains, sugars, starchesMonosaccharides, Disaccharides,
PolysaccharidesMade up of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen in a 1:2:1 ratioWhen broken down they provide a
source of usable chemical energy for cells
Major part of plant cell structure too!!!
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
MonomersSimple sugars -> glucose=
C6H12O6
MonomersSimple sugars -> glucose=
C6H12O6
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked togetherTransport forms= organisms use it to
move glucose from place to placeEx- Sucrose= common table sugar
(made from glucose and fructose)Ex- Lactose= milk sugar (made from
glucose and galactose)
Two monosaccharides linked togetherTransport forms= organisms use it to
move glucose from place to placeEx- Sucrose= common table sugar
(made from glucose and fructose)Ex- Lactose= milk sugar (made from
glucose and galactose)
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesMany monosaccharides linked
together to form long branches or chains.
PolymersEx- starch and glycogen -> energy
storage in plants and animalsEx- Cellulose- cell walls in plants
Many monosaccharides linked together to form long branches or chains.
PolymersEx- starch and glycogen -> energy
storage in plants and animalsEx- Cellulose- cell walls in plants
LipidsLipids Nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in
water (they don’t dissolve) Examples such as fats, oils (coconut, olive,
corn), waxes, cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids, glycerol,
Function- Some are broken down for cell use, some are stored for later energy use, and others are parts of cell structures.
Monomer- glycerol Polymer- fatty acids
Nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in water (they don’t dissolve)
Examples such as fats, oils (coconut, olive, corn), waxes, cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids, glycerol,
Function- Some are broken down for cell use, some are stored for later energy use, and others are parts of cell structures.
Monomer- glycerol Polymer- fatty acids
3 Main Lipids3 Main Lipids
1. Fats or Triglycerides= energy storage moleculesThree fatty acids bonded to glycerol
1. Fats or Triglycerides= energy storage moleculesThree fatty acids bonded to glycerol
2a. Saturated fatty acids= held together by a single covalent bond and is solid at room temperature.
Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
2b. Unsaturated fatty acids= one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.
Not saturated with hydrogen atoms
2a. Saturated fatty acids= held together by a single covalent bond and is solid at room temperature.
Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
2b. Unsaturated fatty acids= one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.
Not saturated with hydrogen atoms
2c. Polyunsaturated- two or more double covalent bonds
Good fatty acids
2c. Polyunsaturated- two or more double covalent bonds
Good fatty acids
3. Phospholipids3. Phospholipids
Form the bilayer of the cell membrane
One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate
Hydrophobic tails- afraid of water (non-polar)
Hydrophilic heads- love water (polar)
Form the bilayer of the cell membrane
One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate
Hydrophobic tails- afraid of water (non-polar)
Hydrophilic heads- love water (polar)
ProteinsProteins Most varied- a part of everything from
moving your leg to digesting your pizza. Protein is the polymer made up of monomers
called amino acids. Amino acids are referred to as the “building
blocks” of proteins and are thought to be the first molecules on Earth. We use 20 different amino acids to build proteins
in our bodies. Your body makes 12 and the others need to be
ingested through meat, beans, and nuts.
Most varied- a part of everything from moving your leg to digesting your pizza.
Protein is the polymer made up of monomers called amino acids.
Amino acids are referred to as the “building blocks” of proteins and are thought to be the first molecules on Earth. We use 20 different amino acids to build proteins
in our bodies. Your body makes 12 and the others need to be
ingested through meat, beans, and nuts.
Amino AcidsAmino Acids All have similar structures:
hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), and a carboxyl group (COOH).
NH2 and COOH are always present.
The R group (side group) is different for each group
Central carbon is covalently bonded to four atoms (functional group) with one always being a hydrogen.
All have similar structures: hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), and a carboxyl group (COOH).
NH2 and COOH are always present.
The R group (side group) is different for each group
Central carbon is covalently bonded to four atoms (functional group) with one always being a hydrogen.
Proteins Cont. Proteins Cont. Held together by covalent bonds called peptide
bonds. The bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
Held together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds. The bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
• Polypeptide forms between two amino acids• They are a single chain of three or more amino acids linked
together by peptide bonds.
Peptide bond
Functions of ProteinsFunctions of Proteins1. Catalyzing enzymes- speed
up the rates of reactionsActivate metabolic reactionsLowers activation energy-> the
amount of energy to get a reaction started
On-goingNeeds certain factors-> pH,
temperature, and concentrationEx- Human enzymes work best at
98.6, above 104 they fall apart.
1. Catalyzing enzymes- speed up the rates of reactionsActivate metabolic reactionsLowers activation energy-> the
amount of energy to get a reaction started
On-goingNeeds certain factors-> pH,
temperature, and concentrationEx- Human enzymes work best at
98.6, above 104 they fall apart.
2. Defensive proteins- basis of the bodies endocrine and immune systems. They attack invading microbes and cancer cells. Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteriaEx- fibrinogen = protein that causes your
blood to clot3. Storage proteins / Nutrient - bind
with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.
4. Transport proteins- allows larger molecules to move in and out of cells.Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygenEx- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles
2. Defensive proteins- basis of the bodies endocrine and immune systems. They attack invading microbes and cancer cells. Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteriaEx- fibrinogen = protein that causes your
blood to clot3. Storage proteins / Nutrient - bind
with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.
4. Transport proteins- allows larger molecules to move in and out of cells.Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygenEx- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles
5. Support Proteins- provide structural support and protection.Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nailsEx- Fibrin- allows your blood to clotEx- Collagen and elastin- major components
of connective tissue6. Motion Proteins such as myosin and
actin cause muscles to contract or change shape.
7. Messenger proteins- allow different cells to communicate.
Ex- Hormones- regulate body functionsEx- Insulin- regulates glucose levelsEx- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to
reabsorb water
5. Support Proteins- provide structural support and protection.Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nailsEx- Fibrin- allows your blood to clotEx- Collagen and elastin- major components
of connective tissue6. Motion Proteins such as myosin and
actin cause muscles to contract or change shape.
7. Messenger proteins- allow different cells to communicate.
Ex- Hormones- regulate body functionsEx- Insulin- regulates glucose levelsEx- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to
reabsorb water
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Detailed instructions that build proteins and
are stored in extremely long carbon based molecules.
Nucleic acid = polymer Nucleotides = monomer Nucleotides are made up of: sugar,
phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Two types= DNA and RNA ONE FUNCTION!!!!!-> DNA and RNA work
together to make proteins. DNA passes on genetic instructions to RNA. RNA decodes and turns the genetic information into a protein.
Detailed instructions that build proteins and are stored in extremely long carbon based molecules.
Nucleic acid = polymer Nucleotides = monomer Nucleotides are made up of: sugar,
phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Two types= DNA and RNA ONE FUNCTION!!!!!-> DNA and RNA work
together to make proteins. DNA passes on genetic instructions to RNA. RNA decodes and turns the genetic information into a protein.
DNA is the basis of genes and heredity.
DNA is the basis of genes and heredity.
Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsWhen substances are changed into
different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds.
When substances are changed into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds.
Reactants vs. ProductsReactants vs. Products
Reactants ProductsLabel Them!!!!
What causes bonds in oxygen and glucose molecules to break?
What causes bonds in oxygen and glucose molecules to break?
Energy is added that causes the bonds to break into oxygen and glucose.
Each bond requires a different amount of energy= Bond Energy
Energy is added that causes the bonds to break into oxygen and glucose.
Each bond requires a different amount of energy= Bond Energy
What happens when new bonds form in carbon dioxide and water?
What happens when new bonds form in carbon dioxide and water?
When new bonds form, energy is released and this energy that is released is equal to the amount of energy that breaks the same bond.
Sometimes bonds can form a chemical equilibrium, meaning they are reversible and the same on both sides of the equation.
When new bonds form, energy is released and this energy that is released is equal to the amount of energy that breaks the same bond.
Sometimes bonds can form a chemical equilibrium, meaning they are reversible and the same on both sides of the equation.
Example of EquilibriumExample of Equilibrium
Blood cells and plasma transport materials throughout the body. Carbonic acid dissolves in the blood so that carbon dioxide can be transported to the lungs.
Blood cells and plasma transport materials throughout the body. Carbonic acid dissolves in the blood so that carbon dioxide can be transported to the lungs.
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy
Energy added = breaks chemical bonds
Energy released= new bonds formEnergy is released or absorbed and
in different amounts.
Energy added = breaks chemical bonds
Energy released= new bonds formEnergy is released or absorbed and
in different amounts.
Activation energyActivation energy
Amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.
Ex.- the energy you would need to push a rock up a hill.
Amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.
Ex.- the energy you would need to push a rock up a hill.
ExothermicExothermicReleases more energy than it
absorbsExcess energy is typically given off
in heat or lightReactants have more energy than
productsEx- firefly squid, fireflies, cellular
respiration (releases usable energy as well as keep your body warm).
Releases more energy than it absorbs
Excess energy is typically given off in heat or light
Reactants have more energy than products
Ex- firefly squid, fireflies, cellular respiration (releases usable energy as well as keep your body warm).
EndothermicEndothermicAbsorbs more energy than it
releasesProducts have more energy
than reactantsExample- photosynthesis->
plants absorb energy from the sun and use that energy to make simple and complex carbs.
Absorbs more energy than it releases
Products have more energy than reactants
Example- photosynthesis-> plants absorb energy from the sun and use that energy to make simple and complex carbs.
EnzymesEnzymes
How did the Venus Flytrap digest the frog?
How did the Venus Flytrap digest the frog?
Enzymes-> type of protein that helps start and run chemical reactions in living things.
Break down food into smaller molecules that the body can use.
Enzymes-> type of protein that helps start and run chemical reactions in living things.
Break down food into smaller molecules that the body can use.
What is activation energy?What is activation energy?
The energy needed to get things started
The energy needed to get things started
Most of the time the activation energy for a chemical reaction comes from an increase in temperature-> sometimes the process is very slow.
In order to speed the process up substances called catalysts decrease the activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction -> in the end it increases the chemical reaction.
When a catalyst (ex- enzymes) is present less energy is needed and products form a lot faster.
Most of the time the activation energy for a chemical reaction comes from an increase in temperature-> sometimes the process is very slow.
In order to speed the process up substances called catalysts decrease the activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction -> in the end it increases the chemical reaction.
When a catalyst (ex- enzymes) is present less energy is needed and products form a lot faster.
What are two functions of catalysts in chemical
reactions?
What are two functions of catalysts in chemical
reactions?1. Decrease activation energy
2. Increase reaction time.
1. Decrease activation energy
2. Increase reaction time.
EnzymesEnzymes Definition= catalysts for chemical reactions in
living things (made by proteins) Reactants are usually found at very low
concentrations in the body, but really need to occur quickly.
Almost all are proteins= long chains of amino acids
Each one depends on its structure to function Temperature, concentration, and pH can affect
the shape, function, rate, and activity of the enzyme.
Work best at normal body temperature
Definition= catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (made by proteins)
Reactants are usually found at very low concentrations in the body, but really need to occur quickly.
Almost all are proteins= long chains of amino acids
Each one depends on its structure to function Temperature, concentration, and pH can affect
the shape, function, rate, and activity of the enzyme.
Work best at normal body temperature
If temperature is a little elevated then the hydrogen bonds will fall apart, the enzymes structure will change, and its ability to function will be lost.
This is the reason why a high temperature / fever is very dangerous to a person.
If temperature is a little elevated then the hydrogen bonds will fall apart, the enzymes structure will change, and its ability to function will be lost.
This is the reason why a high temperature / fever is very dangerous to a person.
Examples of enzymes in action
Examples of enzymes in action
Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into simpler sugars. Without amylase it would take a million times slower for you to chew, swallow, and digest your food.
Blood cell engulfing a pathogen
Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into simpler sugars. Without amylase it would take a million times slower for you to chew, swallow, and digest your food.
Blood cell engulfing a pathogen
ENZYME CHEMICAL
ACTED UPON PRODUCTS
Lipase Fats & oils Glycerol & fatty
acids
Amylase Starch Maltose
Maltase Maltose Glucose
Pepsin Protein Polypeptides
Protease Polypeptides Amino acids
Catalase Hydrogen peroxide
Water and oxygen
The structure is so important because each enzyme’s shape is specific to a certain reactant= allows them to fit perfectly together just like a key fits into a lock
Specific reactant an enzyme acts on are called substrates
The sites where substrates bind to enzymes are called active sites.
Enzymes bring substrate molecules close together, then they decrease activation energy, substrates attach together and their bonds are weakened, and then the catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.
The structure is so important because each enzyme’s shape is specific to a certain reactant= allows them to fit perfectly together just like a key fits into a lock
Specific reactant an enzyme acts on are called substrates
The sites where substrates bind to enzymes are called active sites.
Enzymes bring substrate molecules close together, then they decrease activation energy, substrates attach together and their bonds are weakened, and then the catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.
VideosVideos
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdMVRL4oaUo
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdMVRL4oaUo
ReflectionReflectionOn a sheet of paper, review the three
parts of the lock and key model and write a paragraph (3-5 sentences) describing the analogy. Consider why the model is described as a lock and key. Also identify the different parts and what happens to each part after the reaction is complete. You may use your notes
On a sheet of paper, review the three parts of the lock and key model and write a paragraph (3-5 sentences) describing the analogy. Consider why the model is described as a lock and key. Also identify the different parts and what happens to each part after the reaction is complete. You may use your notes
