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Unit3TheBipolarJunc3onTransistor
Bipolarjunc-ontransistors(BJTs)
Contents• BasicBipolarJunc3onTransistor,• TransistorStructures(NPNandPNP)• ModesofOpera3on• SymbolandConven3ons• CurrentVoltageCharacteris3cs• NonidealTransistor• Leakagecurrent• Breakdown• DCanalysisoftransistorcircuit• CE,CB,CCConfigura3ons• BasicTransistorac3onasaswitch,asanamplifier• TransistorBiasing• BiasStability• DifferentBiasingCircuits• UnderstandingManufacturersSpecifica3on
BasicBipolarJunc3onTransistorTransistorStructures
Construc-onofBipolarjunc-ontransistors
Baseregion(verynarrow)
Emi=erregion
Collectorregion
Collector
Base
Emi=er
EmiMer-basejunc3on
Collector-basejunc3on
NPNBJTshown•3terminals:emiMer,base,andcollector•2junc3ons:emiMer-basejunc3on(EBJ)andcollector-basejunc3on(CBJ)
Construc-onofBipolarjunc-ontransistors
UnbiasednpnTransistor
BJT
StandardTransistorSymbols
Q:Explainthesatura1on,cutoffandac1vemodesoftransistor
Biasedtransistor• Inordertooperatethetransistorasanamplifierorswitch,
thetwopnjunc3onshastobebiasedproperlywithexternalvoltages.
• Dependingontheexternalvoltagepolarityused,thetransistorworksinoneofthethreeregions.
• TransistorasAmplifier–Ac3veRegion
• TransistorasONswitch–Satura3onRegion
• TransistorasOFFswitch–CutoffRegion
TransistorBiasing
WorkingofanpntransistorinAc3vemode
Circuitconnec3onsforac-veregionfornpnandpnptransistor
BiasedTransistor
Workingofanpntransistor
Workingofapnptransistor
TransistorCurrentRela3on
TransistorCurrentRela3on
IC=αdcIE
αdciscalledemiMertocollectorcurrentgainInmanycircuits,Ic≈IE,αdc=1
Typicalvalueofαdc=0.96to0.995
TransistorCurrentRela3on(Cont.)IC=αdcIE+ICBO
ICBOiscalledthereverseleakagecurrentwhichflowsastheCBjunc3onisreversebiased.
TransistorCurrentDirec3ons
TransistorVoltageSourceConnec3onsandTerminalVoltages
Ac3veCBjunc3on:ForwardBiasedEBjunc3on:Reversebiased
Vcc>Vbb:Ac3veModeVcc<Vbb:Satura3onmode
TransistorVoltageSourceConnec3onsandTerminalVoltages
TransistorVoltageSourceConnec3onsandTerminalVoltages
VCC>VBB(ACTIVE)
-VCB-VBE+VCE=0
VCB=VCE-VBE
VBE>0.7V
VCE>0.7V,CBjunc3onisReversebiased,ACTIVEMODE
VCE<0.7V,CBjunc3onisForwardbiased,SATURATION
TransistorConfigura3ons
TransistorConfigura3ons
TransistorCharacteris3c
Characteris3cofCB
InputCharacteris3c
OutputCharacteris3c
Opera3ngRegions
• Ac3veRegion• CutoffRegion• BreakdownRegion• Satura3onRegion
Parameters
• DynamicInputResistant(ri)• DynamicOutputResistance(ro)• Dccurrentgain(αdc)• ShortCircuitCurrentGain(αorhi)
COMMONBASECONFIGURATION
CBcurrentgainorcurrenttransferra-o:
For example, α = 0.99, indicates that 99%of the electrons from the emitter arrive at the collector to form Ic while only 1% combined with the hole in the base to form IB
The relationship between the output and the input can be found as:
The base current is:
Summary :
CommonBaseConfigura3on
Characteris3cofCE
37
Common-EmiMerNPNTransistor
ForwardbiastheBEJ
ReversebiastheCBJ
InputCharacteris3cofCE• PlotIBasf(VBE,VCE)• AsVCEincreases,moreVBErequiredtoturntheBEonsothatIB>0.
• Lookslikeapnjunc3onvolt-amperecharacteris3c.
OutputCharacteris3cofCE
OutputCharacteris3cs
• PlotICasf(VCE,IB)• Cutoffregion(off)
– bothBEandBCreversebiased
• Ac3veregion– BEForwardbiased– BCReversebiased
• Satura3onregion(on)– bothBEandBCforwardbiased
Q:Explainthethreeregionsofopera1onofCEBJT
CEConfigura3on
Q:Derivetherela1onbetweenαandβhencefindthevalueofβifα=0.95
Q:Findthevalueofαifβofthetransistoris49.FindthevalueofIcofthetransistorusingbothαandβra1ngofthetransistor
Q:Acertaintransistorhasα=.98,Ico=5μA,IB=100μA.FindthevaluesofcollectorcurrentandemiQercurrent.
CommonCollector(CC)Configura3on
Q:Derivetherela1onbetweenαandβhencefindthevalueofβifα=0.95
Comparisonoftheconfigura3ons
CEConfigura-onwidelyusedinamplifiercircuit?
CEConfigura3onismostlyuseddueto:• HighVoltageGain• HighCurrentGain• HighPowerGain
Q:Withthehelpofneatdiagram,explaintheconstruc1on,characteris1csandworkingoftypicalBJTusedforvoltageamplifica1on
Ans:(points)Construc1onofTransistor.Transistorasanamplifierusesac1vemodeofbiasing.Ac1vemodeofbiasing–EmiQerBasejunc1onisForwardBiasedandCollectorBasejunc1onisReverseBiased.Transistorconfigura1onusedforamplifierisCommonEmiQerconfigura1on.Drawthecircuitdiagram.Drawtheoutputcharacteris1cofTransistorinCEmodeandexplaintheworking
Transistorasanamplifier
AsignalsourceVsisconnectedininputcircuit.
Inputimpedanceofthetransistoris1KΩ,outputimpedanceis10KΩ.
Q:DrawandExplaintheTransistorasanamplifier
VBEvarieswith3me.IBvarieswith3measaresultcollectorcurrentIcandemiMercurrentIEvarieswith3me.
Thisvarying,collectorcurrentIcpassesthroughRLandavaryingoutputvoltageisdevelopedacrossit.
SignalVsissuperimposedondcvoltageVBB
Q:DrawandExplaintheTransistorasanamplifier
Example:Tounderstandhowasignalvoltageismagnified
InputsignalvoltageVs=20mV(rms)
Inputimpedanceofthetransistoris1KΩ,outputimpedanceis10KΩ.
Dccurrentgainoftransistor(β)ofCEtransistoris100
Outputresistanceoftransistorisveryhigh,thereforeoutputvoltageVoisapproximately:
Q:DrawandExplaintheTransistorasanamplifier
VoltageAmplifica3on:
Thus,TransistorAmplifyingac-onisbasicallyduetoitscapabilityoftransferringitssignalcurrentfromlowresistance
circuittoahighresistancecircuit
Transfer+Resistor=TRANSISTOR
Q:DrawandExplaintheTransistorasanamplifier
Graphicalmethod
TransistorasaSwitch
Opera3ngPointValuesofVCEandIcintheabsenceofacinputsignal(Vs)iscalledOPERATINGPOINT
OPERATINGPOINT=(Ic,VCE)valuesofthegivencircuitwiththeappliedDCbiasfornoinputsignal
Example:Tofindopera3ngpointforthegivencircuit.
ApplyingKVLtotheinputsec3onandneglec3ngVBE
Contd:
ApplyingKVLtotheoutputsec3on:
Vcc–IcRc–VcE=0
Opera3ngpointdefinedby:Ic=20mAandVcE=6V
Q:ExplaintheDCloadlineanalysisofatransistor,DependencyofQpoint,temperature,β
DCLoadLine• Itisastraightlinedrawnontheoutputcharacteris3cofthetransistor.
• DCLoadLineisusedforanalyzingtheperformanceofanAMPLIFIER,
• ItisagraphofCollectorcurrent(Ic)versusCollectorEmiMervoltage(Vce)foragivenvalueofRcandVcc.
• Itisagraphicalrepresenta3onofallthepossibleopera3ngpointsforthegivencircuitwiththegivenDCbiasing.
HowtoplotaDCloadline?
HowtoplotaDCloadline?
TofindtheQpointforpreviousproblem?
ApplyingKVLtotheinputsec3onandneglec3ngVBE
ApplyingKVLtotheoutputsec3on:
STABILIZATION
OPERATINGPOINTisthezerosignalvaluesof(Ic,VCE).
Ifeitherofthetwochanges,theopera3ngpointisshised.
Q:DependencyofQpointontemperatureandβ
Causesofunstabiliza3on?
• Atransistorissaidtobeunstabilizedwhenitsopera3ngpointisshised,duetochangesincollectorcurrent.
• TheCollectorcurrentinatransistorchangesrapidlyduetofollowingreasons:
1. Inherentvaria1onsoftransistorparameters:Ifthetransistorisreplacedbyanotheroneofthesametype.(Becausenotwotransistorcanhavesametransistor
parameters(i.e.β)
2.ThetemperaturechangesaffectsIc.
HowdoesTemperaturechangeaffectIc.
• LeakagecurrentIcoincreasesduetoincreaseintemperature.
• IncreaseinIcoincreasesIc.
• RiseinIcincreasestemperature.• RiseinTemp.furtherincreasesIc.
• RiseinIcfurtherincreasesTemp.,Temp.risefurtherincreasesIco,increaseinIcofutherincreasesIcandhencetempandsoon.
Cumula-veEffect:THERMALRUNAWAY
Selfdestruc1onoftransistor
Ic=βIB+ICEO
Opera3onpointstabiliza3on
Theprocessofmakingopera3ngpointindependentoftemperaturechangesorinherentvaria3onintransistorparametersiscalledSTABILIZATION
TRANSISTORBIASING
WhatistransistorDCbiasing?Biasingisselec3onofopera3ngpoint(Quiescentpoint)tooperateatransistorinadesiredregion(Ac3ve,cutoff,satura3on)
BiasingCircuit:Thecircuitrywhichprovidesthenecessarycondi3onsoftransistorbiasingisknownasbiasingcircuit.
NeedofTransistorBiasingForTransistorasanamplifier:
AserapplyinginputACsignalOpera3ngpointshouldalwaysremaininACTIVEREGION
Opera3ngPointinACTIVEREGION?
Opera3ngPointinACTIVEREGION?
Opera3ngPointinACTIVEREGION?
RequirementsofTransistorBiasingCircuit?
1.ItshouldensureproperzerosignalIcandVcE
2.Itshouldmaketheopera3ngpointindependentoftransistorparameters.
Sothatitdoesnotshi[whenthetransistorisreplacedwithanotherofthesametypeinthecircuit.
i.e.opera-ngpointshouldbeestablishedinthecenteroftheac1veregionofthecharacteris-cs,sothatsignalmaynotcutoffatanypart.
3.Stabilizethecollectorcurrentagainsttemperaturevaria3on.
DifferentBiasingCircuits
1. FixedBiasingorBaseResistorBias.2. CollectortobaseBiasing.3. EmiMerresistorbiasing4. Poten3aldividerbiasing
Analysisoffixedbiascircuit
Opera3ngPoint:
TofindIcandVCE
TofindIc?
ApplyKVLtotheinputsideandfindIB
FindICbyequa3on:Ic=βIB
FindVCEbyapplyingKVLtotheouterloop
FixedBias(BaseResistorBiasing)1. Inthisbiasingahighvaluedresistorisconnectedbetween
thesupplyandbaseofthetransistor.
2.TheBaseemiMerjunc3onisforwardbiasedandthebasecollectorjunc3onisreversebiasedbythesupplyvoltageVcc.
3.Forapnptransistorthenega3veendofthesupplyistobeconnectedtotheRcandRb.
Q:DrawandExplainBaseresistormethodofbiasing
Ic=βIB+ICEO
Neglec3ng,ICEO
Ic=βIB
TocalculateIc:
TocalculateVcE:ApplyKVLtoouterloop:
Vcc=IcRc+VcEVcE=VcE-IcRc
Opera1ngpoint:(Ic,VCE)
AdvantagesofFixedBias:
• Calcula3onsaresimple• Simpleinconstruc3onOnlytworesistorsandabaKeryisneeded• Easytofixtheopera3onpointanywhereintheac3veregionofthecharacteris3c.
BysimplychangingthevalueofRb.
Q:DrawandExplainBaseresistormethodofbiasing
DisadvantagesofFixedBias:
• Opera3ngpointcanbefixedinthecenteroftheac3veregion.
Butitmiserablyfailsintheothertworequirementsofthebiasingcircuit.
• Opera3ngpointisnotstablew.r.ttemperatureriseandtransistorparameterβ
Q:DrawandExplainBaseresistormethodofbiasing
CollectortoBaseBiasing1. InthisbiasingaveryhighvalueresistanceRbisconnected
betweenthecollectorandbase,andRcisconnectedbetweenSupplyvoltageandcollectoroftransistor.
2.ThebasecurrentIbfeedbacksfromtheoutput.
ThebasecurrentIbdependsuponthecollectorvoltage.
ThiscircuitisalsocalledasVOLTAGEFEEDBACKBIASINGCIRCUIT.
AnalysisofCollectortobasebias
ApplyKVLtoinnerloop:
TocalculateIc:
TocalculateVcE:
ApplyKVLtoouterloop:
Vcc=(Ic+IB)Rc+VcE
CollectortoBaseBiasing
Advantagesofcollectortobasebias
Tendencyofthecircuittostabilizetheopera1ngpointagainsttemperaturevaria1onsandtransistorparametervaria1ons
• Ifthereisanincreaseinβduetopiecevaria3on.OR
• IfthereisaincreaseinβandIcoduetothechangeintemperature.
Ic=βIB+ICEO Icincreases
VcE=Vcc-IcRc VcEdecreasesIBdecreases
Icdecreases
Advantagesofcollectortobasebias
RisingtendencyinIcischecked
Advantagesofcollectortobasebias
• IcdependsonIb.• DecreaseinIbreducestheoriginalincreaseinIc(Nega3vefeedback).
• Thereforethecircuitmaintainsastablevalueofcollectorcurrent,keepingQpointfixed.
Advantagesofcollectortobasebias
CollectortoBasebiasisseldomused?
• TheresistorRBalsoprovidesacfeedback.
Thisreducesthevoltagegainoftheamplifier.
EmiMerResistorBiasing• Itisjustamodifica3ontotheBaseResistorBiasingcircuit.• Inthisbiasinganaddi3onalresistorREisconnectedintheemiMer.• Hence,thiscircuitcontainsthreeresistorsRB,RCandRE.
Analysisofopera3ngpoint
Analysisofopera3ngpoint
Stabiliza3on
• Hence,thestablilityoftheopera1ngpointisimprovedtolargeextentbyinser1ngaresistorinemiQercircuit.
• Thus,anincreaseincollectorcurrentisbroughtbacktoitspreviousvaluebythesequenceofevents.
Advantages• Thestabilityfactorofthisbiasingisquitehigh.• Hence,theopera3ngpointdoeschange,althoughtolowerextent,duetotemperatureriseorinherentvaria3onsinparameters.• TheDCfeedbackhelpsinthestabiliza3onofopera3ngpoint.• Butatthesame3meACfeedbackreducesthevoltagegainoftheamplifier.• Thisisanundesirablefeature.• However,thisdrawbackcanberemediedbypuWngacapacitorCEacrosstheresistorRE.ThecapacitorCEoffersverylowimpedancetotheACcurrentanddoesnotallowittopassthroughREandhenceACfeedbackisrestricted.Thus,theprocessofamplifica3onremainsunaffected
DrawbackofEmiMerbias
Thisbiasingcircuitisalsonotprac-callyusedbecauseofthefollowingreason:
Forstability,Icshouldbeindependentofβi.edenominatorshouldbeindependentofβ
• Thiscondi3oncanonlybeobtainedeitherusingREofverylargevalueorbyusingRBofverysmallvalue.
• Now,alargevalueofREwillcausealargevoltagedropacrossitandtoobtainarequiredopera3ngpoint,wehavetoapplyavoltagesourceVCCofhighvalue.
• Ontheotherhand,ifRBisofverylowvalue,aseparatelowvoltagesupplyhastobeusedforbasecircuit.
• Boththesealterna1vesarequiteimprac1cal.Hence,thisbiasingcircuitisnotusedprac1cally.
VoltageDividerBias
• Mostwidelyusedbiasingcircuit.
Q:DrawandExplainVoltageDividermethodofbiasing
AnalysisofOpera3ngPoint:(IcandVCE)InputCircuit
OutputCircuit
VoltageDividerBias
Opera1ngpoint:(Ic,VCE)
Problems
1.ForthecircuitshownplottheDCloadline
2.
3.
4.
DCLoadLine
4.
Opera-ngPoint
5.
5.
6.
6.
6.
QuiscentPoint=(1.228mA,2.326V)
7.
7.