Unit 3 Study Guide Part 1 Fall 2009

8/14/2019 Unit 3 Study Guide Part 1 Fall 2009

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Unit 3

Study Guide Part 1 Fall 2009

Microevolution and Speciation


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Microevolution

Learn the terms in the glossary. Questions 1- 26


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Question 1

1. ____?____ is genetic change in a lineof descent through successivegenerations


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Answer 1

1. Evolution is genetic change in a line of descent through successive generations.


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Question 2

2. _______ _______ practices yieldevidence that heritable changes do occur.


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Answer 2

2. Selective breeding practices yieldevidence that heritable changes do occur.


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Answer 3

3. Results of artificial selection show thatextremes in size and form are universallyattainable in a relatively short time period.


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Question 4

4. The selective breeding of dogs beganabout ______ years ago.


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Answer 4

4. The domestication of dogs began about14,000 years ago.


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Question 5

5. Which Greek philosopher developedthe concept, the great chain of being?


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Question 6

6. The notion that all aspects of naturecan be traced to their underlying causesis attributed to _______ ?


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Answer 6

6. The notion that all aspects of naturecan be traced to their underlying causesis attributed to Hippocrates ?


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Answer 7 7. Cite two types of confounding evidence that the

great chain of being does not explain.

Biogeography

Comparative anatomy

Geologic discoveries


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Question 8

8. _________ is the study of thegeographical patterns of plant and animalspecies.


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Answer 8

8. Biogeography is the study of thegeographical patterns of plant and animalspecies.


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Answer 9 9. Name two biorealms and state where they are

located. Palaeartic Europe - Siberia Nearctic North America Neotropical Central and South America Afrotropical . Africa Indomalayan S.E. Asia Oceanian .. Pacific oceanic islands Australian .. Australia Antarctic .. Antarctica


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Question10

10. Cite a puzzling problem fromcomparative anatomy.


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Answer 10

10. Cite a puzzling problem from comparative anatomy.

Animals as different as whales and bats have similar bonesin forelimbs

or

Some parts seem to have no function


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Question 11

11. Why is the Grand Canyon an excellentlaboratory for geologic studies?


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Answer 11

11. Why is the Grand Canyon an excellentlaboratory for geologic studies?

The mile deep canyon provides accessto many layers of rock representingabout a billion years of earth history.


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Question 12

12. ______ (shallow/deeper) layerscontain _______(simpler/more complex)fossils than shallow layers.


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Answer 12

12. Deeper layers contain simpler fossilsthan shallow layers.


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Question 13

13. Some fossils seem to be related toknown ________.


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Answer 13

13. Some fossils seem to be related toknown species .


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Question 14

14. Georges Cuvier posited the idea of ________ ________ to explain multipleextinction events (such as the Flood).


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Answer 14

14. Georges Cuvier posited the idea of ________ ________ to explain multipleextinction events (such as the Flood).

Georges Cuvier - multiple catastrophes


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Question 15

15. Lamarck was responsible for theconcept of the ______ of _______ characteristics.


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Answer 15

15. Lamarck was responsible for theconcept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.


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Answer 16

16. The English geologist, Lyell , positedthe theory of Uniformity.


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Question 17

17. What was the name of the ship on whichDarwin sailed? (On a recent Georgia State

wide test, this was the only questionconcerning Darwin!!!).


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Answer 17

17. What was the name of the ship on whichDarwin sailed? (On a recent Georgia State

wide test, this was the only questionconcerning Darwin!!!).

HMS Beagle


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Answer 18

18. What group of organisms most influencedDarwins shaping of his theory of naturalselection? Why?

Galapagos finches

They were well isolated from the mainland andseemed to be related through a line of commondescent.


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Question 19

19. What is the Malthusian catastrophe?


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Answer 19

19. what is the Malthusian catastrophe?

This occurs when a population exceeds itsavailable resources.


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Question 2020. Of the following which is an inference?

Potential exponential increase in populations(superfecundity)

Heritability of much of the individual variation

Differential survival and reproduction i.e. natural selection


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Answer 20

20. Of the following which is an inference?

Potential exponential increase in populations(superfecundity)

Heritability of much of the individual variation

Differential survival and reproduction i.e. natural selection


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Question 21

21. Biological evolution does not changeindividuals/populations.

It changes individuals/ populations.


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Answer 21

21. Biological evolution does not changeindividuals /populations.

It changes individuals/ populations.


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Question 22

22. Genetic resource that is shared (intheory) by all members of population is the

______ _____.


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Answer 22

22. Genetic resource that is shared (intheory) by all members of population is thegene pool .


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Question 23

23. What determines alleles in newindividual? (state three)


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Question 24

24. When is a population not evolving?


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Answer 24

24. When is a population not evolving? When it is in genetic equilibrium (that is

the gene frequencies are constant, notchanging).


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Question 25

25. What is the mathematical model thatmeasures genetic equilibrium?


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Answer 25

25. What is the mathematical model that measuresgenetic equilibrium?

Hardy-Weinburg Rule

p 2 AA + 2 pq Aa + q 2aa = 1

Frequency of allele A = pFrequency of allele a = q

p + q = 1


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Question 26

26. What are two types of natural selectionmodels? (there are three).


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Answer 26

26. What are two types of naturalselection models? (there are three).

Stabilizing Directional

Disruptive


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Speciation

Learn the terms Questions 1 - 17


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Q -1

1. The process by which species areformed is known as _______.


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A - 1

1. The process by which species areformed is known as

__ speciation_______.


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Q 2 and 3

__________ is an accumulation of differences in separated pools of alleles.

The evolution of reproductive _______ __________ pave the way for geneticdivergence and speciation.


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A 2 and 3

Genetic divergence ______ __________ is an accumulation of differences inseparated pools of alleles. The evolutionof reproductive ___ isolatingmechanisms_______ __________ pavethe way for genetic divergence and

speciation.


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Q 4

Be able to briefly define the major categories of prezygotic andpostzygotic isolating mechanisms.


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A 4 Be able to briefly define the major categories of prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms. Prezygotic mechanisms take effect before or during fertilization. a. Behavioral Isolation: patterns of courtship may

be altered to the extent that sexual union is not achieved (for example: albatross courtship rituals). b. Temporal Isolation: different groups may not

be reproductively mature at the same season, or month, or year (for example: periodical cicadas). c. Mechanical Isolation: two populations are

mechanically isolated when differences in reproductive organs prevent successful interbreeding (for example: floral arrangements in sage plants discriminate between different bee pollinators).

d. Ecological Isolation: potential mates may be inthe same general area by not in the same habitat where they are likely to meet (for example: differentspecies of manzanita shrubs live at different altitudes and habitats).

e. Gametic Mortality: incompatibilities betweenegg and sperm prevent fertilization (for example: signals to pollen grains to begin growing toward theegg).

Postzygotic mechanisms take effect after fertilization. a. Sometimes fertilization does occur between

different species, but the hybrid embryo is weak and dies. b. In some instances the hybrids are vigorous but

sterile (example: mule produced by a male donkey and a female horse).


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Q 5, 6, 7, and 8

_ _____ speciation occurs when daughter species formgradually by divergence in the absence of gene flowbetween geographically separate populations.

In _______ speciation, daughter species arise,

sometimes rapidly, from a small proportion of individuals within an existing population. There is evidence that polyploid animals are rare

because of a failed ________ compensation. When daughter species form from a small proportion

of individuals along a common border between twopopulations, it is called _________ speciation


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A 5, 6, 7, and 8

____ Allopatric_ _____ speciation occurs whendaughter species form gradually by divergence in theabsence of gene flow between geographically separatepopulations.

In ___ sympatric _______ speciation, daughter speciesarise, sometimes rapidly, from a small proportion of individuals within an existing population.

There is evidence that polyploid animals are rarebecause of a failed _ _dosage ________ compensation.

When daughter species form from a small proportionof individuals along a common border between twopopulations, it is called _ parapatric_________ speciation


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Q 9

Explain why sympatric speciation bypolyploidy is a rapid method of speciation.


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A 9

Explain why sympatric speciation bypolyploidy is a rapid method of speciation.

Polyploidy is theinheritance of three or more of each type of chromosome due to improper separation of chromosomes during meiosis or mitosis.

Speciation isinstantaneous for plants that are polyploidybecause they can only pair up their chromosomes with other identicalpolyploids (prophase I).


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Q 10, 11, 12, and 13

1. In some cases of parapatric speciation, gene exchangebetween two species is confined to a _________ zone.

Explain why branches on an evolutionary tree that haveslight angles indicate the ________ model of speciation.

Branches on an evolutionary tree that turn abruptly with 90-degree turns are consistent with the _ _______ model of speciation.

An adaptive radiation is a burst of ________ from a singlelineage that give rise to many new species, each adapted toan unoccupied or a new habitat or to using a novel resource.


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A 10, 11, 12, and 13

1. In some cases of parapatric speciation, geneexchange between two species is confined to a

_ hybrid _________ zone. Explain why branches on an evolutionary tree that

have slight angles indicate the __gradual________ model of speciation.

Branches on an evolutionary tree that turn abruptlywith 90-degree turns are consistent with the

__ punctuated_ _______ model of speciation. An adaptive radiation is a burst of

__ divergences________ from a single lineage thatgive rise to many new species, each adapted to anunoccupied or a new habitat or to using a novelresource.


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Q 14

Distinguish cladogenesis fromanagenesis.


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A 14

Distinguish cladogenesis fromanagenesis.

Cladogenesis applies

to populations that become isolatedfrom one another and subsequentlydiverge in different directions.

Anagenesis is apattern of descent in which speciesform within a single, unbranched line.


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A 15

Be able to explain the use of evolutionary treediagrams and the symbolism used.

Evolutionary trees summarizeinformation about the continuity of relationshipamong species.

The gradual model of speciation is represented by tree diagrams withbranches at slight angles to each other to show slowchange over time.

The punctuation model of speciation is drawn with short, horizontal branchesthat represent abrupt periods of speciation followedby stable periods.


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A 16

Cite examples of adaptive zones. An adaptive zone is a set of ecological

niches that may be occupied by agroup of species that exploits the sameresources in a similar manner.Examples: The sandy beach, the brook

bottom, etc


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Q 17

The fossil record shows twenty or more ________ extinctions.


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A 17

The fossil record shows twenty or more __ mass ________ extinctions.

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Unit 3 Study Guide Part 1 Fall 2009