Unit 3The Atom &

Light

Today…• Turn in:– Complete Unit 1 Goal Sheet

• Write 2 things you would do differently if you did not meet your goal

– When you turn in your Goal Sheet pick up a calendar & notebooklet

• Our Plan:– New Calendar– Symbols Video– Review – BINGO– Symbols Quiz #1– Build an Atom Online – due today– Begin Stop the Process Ch. 4 in your booklet– Wrap Up – Inside-Outside Circle

• Homework (Write in Planner):– Build an Atom Online due

Element Song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFIvXVMbII0

Why can’t you remember the symbols if they can?

Why can’t you remember the symbols if they can?

Why can’t you remember the symbols if they can?

Review• BINGO

– Fill out a bingo card with the symbols of any of the elements that you were to memorize (use the handout you were given last class if you aren’t sure).

– The instructor will call out an element; mark off the symbol if you have it. The first student to get a BINGO wins! Play will continue until there are 3 winners.

– The prize – you can ask for 2 FREE ANSWERS on the quiz if you are one of the 3 winners!

Ready for the Symbols Quiz?

• Fe• Ag• H• He• O• Ar• K• Xe• I• U

• Magnesium• Aluminum• Zinc• Gold• Phosphorus• Carbon• Francium• Calcium• Boron• Lithium

Iron

SilverHydrogen

HeliumOxygen

ArgonPotassiumXenonIodine

Uranium

Mg

AlZnAu

PC

Fr

Ca

BLi

Wrap Up

• Inside-Outside Circle– Each student will get 1 or 2 element

flashcards.– Find a partner. Form a circle in the classroom

with one partner on the inside and one on the outside. Face each other.

– Quiz your partner and they will quiz you. The instructor will tell you when and how to rotate (inside move 2 people left, outside move 1 person right, etc.)

Today…• Turn in:

– Build Your Own Atom Online - basket• Our Plan:

– Review – Quiz, Quiz, Trade– Symbols Quiz #2– Atoms Family Song– Finish Stop the Process – due today– Timeline Activity– Wrap Up – Group Draw

• Homework (Write in Planner):– Timeline Activity due MONDAY

Review

• Quiz, Quiz, Trade–Every student will get 2 or 3

element flashcards. Move around the classroom finding partners. Quiz them, they will quiz you, and then trade cards. Continue finding new partners and learning the symbols.

The Atoms Family Song!

Activity Time

• Complete the History of the Atom Timeline individually.

• DUE MONDAY!

Wrap Up - Group Draw• Number off 1 – 4 in your group and obtain

a whiteboard or piece of construction paper.

• As a group you are to draw a Sulfur atom with the correct number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the correct location.– Person 1 – Energy Levels– Person 2 – Protons– Person 3 – Neutrons– Person 4 – Electrons

Today…• Turn in:–Timeline Activity

• Our Plan:–Review – Find Someone Who–Isotopes POGIL–Wrap Up – Word Wall Password

• Homework (Write in Planner):–Nothing – Can finish POGIL next

class

Find Someone Who

• Move around the classroom and find students who can answer the questions on p. 7 of your notebooklet. Be sure to get their signature or initials.

POGIL Jobs• Leader – In charge of the group, reads the

questions, summarizes what should be written

• Task Master – Makes sure the group is on task and keeps track of time

• Quality Control – Makes sure that everyone has close to the same answers recorded

• Motivator – encourages the group and makes sure that everyone is participating and that all ideas are heard

Wrap Up

• $100,000 Pyramid Game

Ion

Protons Nucleus

Atomic

NumberCompound

Chemical

Symbol

•Wrap Up Time

Element

Mass

NumberNeutron

Electron

CloudPositive Quarks

•Wrap Up Time

Today…• Turn in:

–Nothing• Our Plan:

–Review - Clicker Review–Finish POGIL–Hog Hilton–Notes – orbitals & electron configurations–Worksheet #1–Wrap Up - Battleship

• Homework (Write in Planner):–Worksheet #1

Review Activity

• Atom Clicker Review

Bohr

•He said that electrons travel around the atom in defined orbits or energy levels

•The energy levels are like rungs of a ladder

Bohr’s Model

Schrödinger

• He developed the modern theory of the atom

• Came up with mathematical equations to predict the locations of electrons

• Quantum mechanical model – based on probability

Analogy – p.130• Similar to the motion of a rotating

propeller blade.–Cannot tell its precise location

at any instant–The cloud is more dense where

the probability of finding an electron is high

Atomic Orbitals

•Electrons are found in energy sublevels (atomic orbitals)

•The sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape

Atomic Orbitals

• Orbitals are located inside energy levels just like subdivisions are located inside cities.

Orbitals•Region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron

SublevelsEnergy Level Names of sublevels that

exist in the energy level

1st Energy Level s

2nd Energy Level s and p

3rd Energy Level s, p, and d

4th & 5th Energy Level s, p, d, and f

Label Your PT

Sublevel # of Types of Orbitals Possible

Types

s 1

p 3

d 5

f 7

Orbitals• Only 2 electrons can fit in each

orbital.• That means that any s orbital can

only hold 2 electrons, and any d orbital can only hold 2 electrons

• Since there are 5 d orbitals, it can hold 10 electrons total

ElectronsSublevel # of Electrons

s 2

p 6

d 10

f 14

Label Your PT

Quantum Number• Indicates the probable location of an electron in an atom

•LIKE AN ADDRESS!

Principle Quantum Number

•Symbol = n• Indicates – energy level•Possible Values – 1-7 (K-Q)

•STATE

Angular/Orbital Quantum #

• Symbol = l• Indicates – sublevel• Possible Values – s, p, d, f• CITY

Magnetic Quantum Number

• Symbol = ml

• Indicates – orbital orientation

• Possible Values – x, y, or z• STREET

Spin Quantum Number

• Symbol = ms

• Indicates – 2 possible spin states

• Possible Values – +1/2 (CW) or -1/2 (CCW)

• HOUSE NUMBER

EXAMPLE•n= 4•l = p•ml = z

•ms = -1/2

• 4th energy level

•p orbital

•z axis

• Counterclockwise spin

Break Time!• Do the front of WS#1.

Challenge

• This is the electron configuration for potassium. What do you think each number and letter means?

1s22s22p63s23p64s1

The Blocks of the PT

The Blocks of the PT• Whichever block an element is in

corresponds to the orbital that it’s valence electrons are located.

• Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom

Electron Configuration

•Shows how many electrons an atom has in each of its sublevels.

Remember•s holds 2 electrons•p holds 6 electrons•d holds 10 electrons• f holds 14 electrons

Aufbau Principle• An electron occupies the

lowest energy level that is available

• Additional electrons keep “building up” to new levels

Hund’s Rule

• Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.

• http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~thi/lecture3/aufbau4.gif

Hund’s Rule

•

library.tedankara.k12.tr/ carey/ch1-1depth.html

Visual representation of electrons

• http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/elementary_interactive.html

Electron Configurations

• All of these principles allow us to write an electron configuration for each element

• Electron configurations show the location of each of an atoms’ electrons.

Examples

•Oxygen

Examples

•Potassium

Examples•Bromine

Try it Out!• Lithium

–1s22s1

• Sulfur–1s22s22p63s23p4

• Cobalt–1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7

Want to try the f orbital?

• The first f orbital is the 4f, the second is the 5f (one number behind the d orbital)

• You say the f before you say the d orbital (just like it fits in on the periodic table).

Example

• Bismuth

• Uranium

•Do you feel smart yet?

Noble Gas Notation

• Instead of writing the whole electron configuration, you can just write the ones since the nearest noble gas.

Examples1. Magnesium

2. Iodine

Try it Out!

1.Carbon• [He]2s22p2

2.Iron• [Ar] 4s23d6

STOP!• Complete Worksheet #1 by

next class• Worksheets are…

–A completion grade (i.e. You do not get a grade until it is 100% finished)

–10 points on time– -2.5 points each day it’s late

Wrap Up – Battleship

• Obtain a Battleship board and a dry erase marker. On the bottom section, mark where you want to put your ships by blocking out boxes on the Periodic Table.– Destroyer – 4 Blocks– Carrier – 5 Blocks– Submarine – 3 Blocks– Patrol Boat - 2 Blocks– Battleship - 3 Blocks

• Try to guess where your partner has placed their boats by asking them energy level, orbital, and how many electrons. For example, you might say 5s2. Your partner will say hit or miss. Play alternates and you continue until all ships are sunk.

Today…• Turn in:–Get out WS#1 to Check–Get your Battleship Board Ready

• Our Plan:–Battleship–Review/Quiz WS#1–Notes – Light–Worksheet #2–Wrap Up – Light Activities

• Homework (Write in Planner):–Worksheet #2 – due next class

Review – Which element?

1. 1s22s22p63s2

2. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8

3. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9

4. [Ar]4s23d4

5. Write Lead (noble gas notation)

6. Write Krypton (long form)

Daily Challenge

•What are the 6 types of radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum?

Properties of Light

•Light behaves as both a PARTICLE and a WAVE.

Parts of a Wave

Amplitude – height of a wave

Parts of a Wave

Wavelength – distance between waves from peak to peak or trough to trough

Parts of a Wave

Frequency – number of waves in a given unit of time

Formula

• The wavelength and frequency of light are inversely proportional to each other (oppositives).

• c = λν• c = 2.998 x 108 m/s

Important Note

• All wavelengths must be in m to use the constant, so you may have to convert.

• Hz and s-1 are the SAME THING

Practice Problem

• Calculate the wavelength of the yellow light emitted by a sodium lamp if the frequency of the radiation is 5.10 x 1014Hz.

5.88 x 10-7 m

Try It Out!

•What is the frequency of radiation with a wavelength of 5.00 x 10-8 m?

• (6.00 x 1015 s-1)

Properties of Light

•Electromagnetic Spectrum - made up of all the forms of electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic Spectrum• 7 types of Electromagnetic Radiation1. Gamma Rays 2. X-Rays3. Ultraviolet Light4. Visible Light 5. Infrared Radiation6. Microwaves7. Radio Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible Light

Frequency vs. Wavelength

geography.uoregon.edu/.../geog101/ lectures/lec01/lec01.htm

Visible Light• Visible light is the part of

Ultraviolet Radiation that we can SEE!

• To remember the colors in order of increasing frequency, remember ROYGBIV!

E = hνE=Energy

ν= frequencyh= Planck’s Constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s

Energy and Frequency

E = hν

High ν = High ELow ν = Low E

High E = dangerous!

Challenge

Which waves are most dangerous?

Sample Problem

• Find the amount of energy given off by a wave whose frequency is 1.6 x 1012 Hz. (Remember h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s)

• 1.1 x 10-21 J

Try It Out!

• Find the amount of energy given off by a wave whose frequency is 3.9 x 1018 Hz.

• 2.6 x 10-15 J

Light as Particles• Quantum – minimum

amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom

• Each particle of light carries a quantum of energy. The particles are called PHOTONS.

Light Emission• Ground State – Lowest

energy state of an electron• Excited State – When an

electron has more energy than in it’s ground state

Light Emission• When an excited electron moves

to its ground state it GIVES OFF ENERGY (IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION).

• When an electron moves from its ground state to an excited state it REQUIRES ENERGY.

Think of it like this..• The energy levels are like rungs

of a ladder• When you climb up or down a

ladder, you must step on a rung (you can’t be between rungs)

• It requires energy to go up the ladder and gives off energy when you go down

Light Emission• The more energy levels the electron

moves, the more energy it emits (quantum leap)

• The amount of energy is consistent with the frequency (color) of light that is given off.

• That’s why different elements give off different colors of light.

Bohr’s Model of the Atom

www.astrosociety.org/.../publications/ tnl/35/light3.html

Continuous Spectrum

•Continuous Spectrum – emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiationExample: Rainbows and White Light

Continuous Spectrum

Did you know?

• White light is a mixture of all colors of visible light

• When sunlight passes through raindrops, it is broken into the colors of the rainbow

Line Emission Spectra• Line-emission Spectrum –

bands of light emitted by an atomEach element has its own

distinct spectrum Emission spectrum can be

used to identify unknown samples

Line Emission Spectrum

Absorption Spectrum

•Bands of light absorbed by an atomEach element has its own

distinct spectrum Absorption spectrum can be

used to identify unknown samples

Absorption Spectrum

STOP!

• Complete Worksheet #2 – due next class

Wrap Up

• Light Activities– Obtain a lifesaver individually, and as a group of 4 get

a roll of tape and 2 sugar cubes.– The lights will be off and the room will be made

completely dark. Allow your eyes to adjust to the darkness for several minutes. When your instructor tells you, go ahead and try the activities.

– Bite on the lifesaver, pull the tape quickly, and rub the sugar cubes together. You should see light emitted!

Wrap Up

•Light Activities Rules– No moving throughout the room, no rude or

inappropriate noises, do not touch anyone, etc.

– BE MATURE AND USE COMMON SENSE OR THIS FUN ACTIVITY WILL BE STOPPED AND YOU WILL RUIN IT FOR EVERYONE!

Today…• Turn in:–Get out WS#2 to Check

• Our Plan:–Clicker Review–Review Problems/Quiz WS#2–Flame Test Lab–Wrap Up – Problems with Flame Test Lab

• Homework (Write in Planner):–Lab Due Next Class

Review

• Clicker Review

Review Formulas & ConstantsE = hν

h= Planck’s Constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s

c = λν

c = 2.998 x 108 m/s

Review1. Find the amount of energy given off

by a wave whose frequency is 3.4 x 1016 s-1. (Remember h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s) 2.3 x 10-17 J

2. Calculate the wavelength of the yellow light emitted by a sodium lamp if the frequency of the radiation is 8.10 x 1012s-1 3.70 x 10-5 m

Wrap Up

What are some problems with using a flame test as your only method for identifying a substance?

Today…• Turn in:

– Flame Test Lab• Our Plan:

– Review – Find Someone Who– Spectroscopy Activity– Test Review– Wrap Up – Scavenger Hunt

• Homework (Write in Planner):– Test Review due next class– TEST NEXT CLASS PERIOD

Find Someone Who

• Move around the classroom and find students who can answer the questions on p. 18 of your notebooklet. Be sure to get their signature or initials.

Wrap Up

• Scavenger Hunt

Today…• Turn in:–Get out Test Review to Check

• Our Plan:–Board Game Review–Test Review Questions–Test–You Choose Article

• Homework (Write in Planner):–Article Due next class