Unit 4: Clauses and Sentence Structure

LESSON 23Main and Subordinate Clauses

Main clause • Main clause contains a subject and a predicate. Also called

independent because it can stand alone as a sentence.• The baby cried.

• Subordinate clause, or dependent clause, contains a subject and predicate but cannot stand alone. This type of clause must be used with a main clause in order to make sense. It usually begins with • a subordinate conjunction(lesson 10- see next slide); • a relative pronoun such as who, whom, whose, whoever,

whomever, which, whichever, that, what, whosoever, whatever; • Maya is the student who wrote the article.

• or a relative adverb, such as when, where, or why. • The baby cried when the dog barked loudly.• When the dog barked loudly, the baby cried.

Subordinating Conjunctions• Subordinating

conjunctions join two ideas, or clauses, so that one is grammatically dependent on the other. • Example: He listened

to the music until he fell asleep.

• Example: Whenever I see a mountain, I want to climb it.

• After• Although • As• As far as• As if• As long as • As soon as• As though• Because• Before• If• In order that

• Since

• So • So that• Than• Thought• Unless• Until• When• Whenever• Where• Whereas• Wherever• While

Practice• Directions: Draw one line under the subordinate

clause or clauses in each sentence. • Example: While I hem the skirt, will you finish

the blouse?1. After the storm cleared, the flight took off.2. You will learn to speak Spanish if you practice. 3. I know a girl who sings in the chorus. 4. Although English is my favorite subject, I also

like algebra. 5. We can go to the mall unless you are too busy.

Practice: Answers• Directions: Draw one line under the subordinate

clause or clauses in each sentence. • Example: While I hem the skirt, will you finish

the blouse?1. After the storm cleared, the flight took off.2. You will learn to speak Spanish if you practice. 3. I know a girl who sings in the chorus. 4. Although English is my favorite subject, I also

like algebra. 5. We can go to the mall unless you are too busy.

LESSON 24Simple and Compound Sentences

Simple and Compound Sentences

• Simple sentence contains one main clause and no subordinate clauses. The simple sentence may not appear to be simple. It may have a compound subject or a compound predicate. It may also contain modifiers. As long as it has only one main clause, it is a simple sentence. • Sally and Maria sang a beautiful duet.

• Compound sentence contains two or more main clauses that are usually joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (lesson 10 –see next slide), • Maria sang one of her own songs, and Robert danced. • Maria sang, Robert danced, and Sally played the piano.

Conjunctions• A word that joins single words or groups of words• Coordinating Conjunction joins words or groups of words that

have equal grammatical weight in a sentence.• For• And• Nor• But• Or • Yet• So

• Example: Germaine washed the dishes and dried them.• Example: The squirrel buried the nut, but

the dog dug it up.

Practice• Directions: write s if the sentence is simple or c if it is compound. • Example: __S___ Marcus and Wolfgang, brothers from Germany,

toured the United States and Canada last Spring. 1. _____ The polio vaccine was developed by Jonal Salk and

Albert Sabin. 2. _____ My little bother Jake got a toy in his breakfast-cereal

box. 3. _____ We watched the baseball game, and we went for ice

cream afterward. 4. _____ A red car pulled up to the house, and a girl climbed out. 5. _____ One of the remotes controlled the stereo and another

controlled the television.

Practice• Directions: write s if the sentence is simple or c if it is compound. • Example: __S___ Marcus and Wolfgang, brothers from Germany,

toured the United States and Canada last Spring. 1. __S___ The polio vaccine was developed by Jonal Salk and

Albert Sabin. 2. __S___ My little bother Jake got a toy in his breakfast-cereal

box. 3. __C___ We watched the baseball game, and we went for ice

cream afterward. 4. __C___ A red car pulled up to the house, and a girl climbed

out. 5. __C___ One of the remotes controlled the stereo and another

controlled the television.

LESSON 25

Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences

Compound and Compound-Complex Sentences

• Complex sentence contains one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. • When she heard the applause, Beth felt proud.

• Compound-Complex Sentence has more than one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. • Although we had difficulty deciding, we finally chose a

destination, and Dad bought the airline tickets.

Practice• Directions: draw one line under each main clause and two lines

under each subordinate clause. Then write c if the sentence is complex or cc if the sentence is compound-complex.

• Example: __C___ As we neared the hot-air balloon festival, the sky looked like a fairyland.

1. _____ Until they were called home, the children played happily.

2. _____ When we went to the opera, we saw Luciano Pavarotti, but we didn’t get to see Placido Domingo.

3. _____ Although I didn’t brew it long, the coffee tastes bitter, and I will not drink it.

4. _____ As the morning bell rang, the students rushed quickly into class.

5. _____ I have always volunteered at the hospital because I enjoy helping others.

Practice• Directions: draw one line under each main clause and two lines

under each subordinate clause. Then write c if the sentence is complex or cc if the sentence is compound-complex.

• Example: __C___ As we neared the hot-air balloon festival, the sky looked like a fairyland.

1. __C___ Until they were called home, the children played happily.

2. __CC___ When we went to the opera, we saw Luciano Pavarotti, but we didn’t get to see Placido Domingo.

3. __CC___ Although I didn’t brew it long, the coffee tastes bitter, and I will not drink it.

4. __C___ As the morning bell rang, the students rushed quickly into class.

5. __C___ I have always volunteered at the hospital because I enjoy helping others.

LESSON 26Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clauses• An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or

pronoun. Remember that a subordinate clause contains a subject and verb but cannot stand alone. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, such as who, whom, whose, that, and which or a subordinating conjunction, such as where or when. • The book that I lent him is now overdue. (The adjective clause

modifies the noun book.)• Sometimes the relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction is

left out. • The book I lent him is now overdue.

• An adjective clause can be essential or non-essential to the meaning of a sentence. An essential adjective clause is an adjective clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence without changing its meaning. A nonessential adjective clause can be omitted from a sentence, and the meaning of the sentence will remain the same.

Practice• Directions: Underline the adjective clause, and circle the noun or

pronoun it modifies. • Example: The lamb that Dena showed at the fair placed second in

its division. 1. The basketball player whom I admired most retired last year. 2. The company that I worked for last summer went out of

business. 3. The Battle of Gettysburg, which lasted three days, ended in

victory for the Union soldiers. 4. The chair that we bought at the garage sale looks great in the

living room. 5. The telegraph, which was the forerunner of the telephone,

transmits signals over a wire.

Practice• Directions: Underline the adjective clause, and circle the noun or

pronoun it modifies. • Example: The lamb that Dena showed at the fair placed second in

its division. 1. The basketball player whom I admired most retired last year. 2. The company that I worked for last summer went out of

business. 3. The Battle of Gettysburg, which lasted three days, ended in

victory for the Union soldiers. 4. The chair that we bought at the garage sale looks great in the

living room. 5. The telegraph, which was the forerunner of the telephone,

transmits signals over a wire.

LESSON 27Adverb Clauses

Adverb Clauses

• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It is used to tell when, where, why, how, to what extent, or under what conditions. An adverb clause is usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction. • I cry whenever I see a sad movie. (The adverb clause

modifies the verb cry. It tells when.)• An adverb clause that seems to have missing words is

called elliptical. The words that are left our are understood in the clause. • Steve runs faster than I [run].

Practice• Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each

sentence. • When they arrived at the space camp, the aspiring

astronauts grew nervous. 1. After I finished doing the dishes, I helped my dad mow

the lawn. 2. The little girl was upset because her puppy was lost. 3. That old house looked spookier than any other house

in the neighborhood. 4. Jeremy left for the football game before I could offer

him a ride. 5. Jennifer will go on the retreat unless it rains.

Practice• Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each

sentence. • When they arrived at the space camp, the aspiring

astronauts grew nervous. 1. After I finished doing the dishes, I helped my dad mow

the lawn. 2. The little girl was upset because her puppy was lost. 3. That old house looked spookier than any other house

in the neighborhood. 4. Jeremy left for the football game before I could offer

him a ride. 5. Jennifer will go on the retreat unless it rains.

LESSON 28Noun Clauses

Noun Clauses• A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun.

A noun clause may be sued as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, an appositive, or a predicate nominative. • A noun clause usually begins with one of these words: how,

that what, whatever, when, where, which, whichever, who, whom, whoever, whose, why.

direct object (what?)• Cindy did not know where the beakers were kept.

Subject• What makes them different is their ability to change colors

to blend with their environment.

Practice• Directions: Underline the noun clause in each sentence.

• I do not care which route we take to the cabin.1. Sam did not know where the art exhibit was. 2. I do not know why Tonya chose to go with them

instead of us. 3. I dreamed that I was the president of the United

States. 4. What makes them so special is their ability to see

the good in everyone. 5. Whoever was in charge of the experiment made it

easy to understand.

Practice• Directions: Underline the noun clause in each sentence.

• I do not care which route we take to the cabin. 1. Sam did not know where the art exhibit was. (direct object-

what?)2. I do not know why Tonya chose to go with them instead of

us. (direct object- what?)3. I dreamed that I was the president of the United States.

(direct object- what?)4. What makes them so special is their ability to see the good

in everyone. (subject)5. Whoever was in charge of the experiment made it easy to

understand. (subject)

LESSON 29

Kinds of Sentences: Declarative and Imperative

Declarative and Imperative

• A declarative sentence makes a statement and usually ends with a period. • Diet soda is my favorite drink. • An imperative sentence gives a command

or makes a requests. The subject “you” is understood. • (You) Report any safety violations to the

supervisor. - command

Practice• Directions: label each sentence dec for declarative sentence

or imp for imperative sentence.

• _IMP_ Always wear eye protection in the laboratory. 1. _____ The backyard was flooded after the strong

rains. 2. _____ Come to my house after band practice. 3. _____ Slowly pour the solution into the beaker. 4. _____ The spaghetti was cold by the time we sat

down to eat. 5. _____ My glasses were bent after my little sister sat

on them.

Practice• Directions: label each sentence dec for declarative sentence

or imp for imperative sentence.

• _IMP_ Always wear eye protection in the laboratory. 1. _DEC_ The backyard was flooded after the strong

rains. 2. _IMP_ Come to my house after band practice. 3. _IMP_ Slowly pour the solution into the beaker. 4. _DEC_ The spaghetti was cold by the time we sat

down to eat. 5. _DEC_ My glasses were bent after my little sister

sat on them.

LESSON 30

Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative and Exclamatory

Interrogative and Exclamatory

• Interrogative sentences asks a question and ends with a question mark. •Are your allergies bothering you?•An exclamatory sentence shows

strong or sudden feeling. It ends with an exclamation point. •We won the game!

Practice• Directions: Insert a question mark if the

sentence is interrogative, or an exclamation point if the sentence is exclamatory. • Don’t drop that fragile vase?1. How did you find out about the surprise party2. Watch out for the falling rocks3. Is this the place where Lee surrendered4. Were you frightened by the loud noises5. When will the train be leaving

Practice• Directions: Insert a question mark if the sentence

is interrogative, or an exclamation point if the sentence is exclamatory. • Don’t drop that fragile vase?1. How did you find out about the surprise party ?2. Watch out for the falling rocks!3. Is this the place where Lee surrendered ?4. Were you frightened by the loud noises ?5. When will the train be leaving ?

LESSON 31Sentence Fragments

Sentence Fragments

• A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. It may lack a subject, a verb, or both. Alternatively, it may be a subordinate clause that cannot stand alone. Correct it by adding the missing phrase or words. • Although he bought the tie for his brother

(fragment).• Although he bought the tie for his brother, he

kept it for himself. (complete sentence)

Practice• Directions: Write frag next to each sentence fragment.

Write s next to each complete sentence. • _FRAG_ In the event of a disaster. 1. _____ Georgia O’Keeffe became one of the best-loved

American artists. 2. _____ Because she had an innovative style. 3. _____ Works from charcoals and watercolors to

pastels. 4. _____ O’Keeffe, feeling that her creations were

personal, kept to herself. 5. _____ By distancing herself from historians,

biographers, and critics.

Practice• Directions: Write frag next to each sentence fragment.

Write s next to each complete sentence. • _FRAG_ In the event of a disaster. 1. __S__ Georgia O’Keeffe became one of the best-loved

American artists. 2. _FRAG_ Because she had an innovative style. 3. _FRAG_ Works from charcoals and watercolors to

pastels. 4. __S__ O’Keeffe, feeling that her creations were

personal, kept to herself. 5. _FRAG_ By distancing herself from historians,

biographers, and critics.

LESSON 32Run-On Sentences

Run-On Sentences• A run-on sentence contains two or more complete sentences

written as one. • Comma Splice- two main clauses separated by a comma • Incorrect: There was a mistake on our bill, the server took

care of it. • Correct: There was a mistake on our bill. the server took

care of it. • Fused Sentence- two main clauses with no punctuation

between them. • Incorrect: I ran into Margaret she is leaving for Florida

tomorrow. • Correct: I ran into Margaret; she is leaving for Florida

tomorrow.

Run-On Sentences• Incorrect: Pulitzer left money to Columbia University the awards

were established in 1917. • 4 Ways to correct a run-on• Add a period

• Correct: Pulitzer left money to Columbia University. The awards were established in 1917.

• Add a semi-colon (only if the two complete sentences relate)• Correct: Pulitzer left money to Columbia University; the awards were

established in 1917. • Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction

• Correct: Pulitzer left money to Columbia University, and the awards were established in 1917.

• Add a subordinating conjunction• Correct: Because Pulitzer left money to Columbia University, the awards

were established in 1917.

Practice• Directions: write run-on next to each run-on sentence. • _Run-On_ Prizes encouraged excellence one particular

prize is the Pulitzer Prize. 1. _____The Pulitzer Prize is awarded each year, it awards

excellence in journalism, letters, and music. 2. _____ The awards were established by the powerful

publisher Joseph Pulitzer. 3. _____ Pulitzer owned the St. Louis Post-Dispatch he

purchased the New York World in 1883. 4. _____ Pulitzer helped to shape the modern newspaper. 5. _____ He added many features to his newspapers,

including sports, comics, fashions, and illustrations.

Practice• Directions: write run-on next to each run-on sentence. • _Run-On_ Prizes encouraged excellence one particular

prize is the Pulitzer Prize. 1. _Run-On_ The Pulitzer Prize is awarded each year, it

awards excellence in journalism, letters, and music. 2. _____ The awards were established by the powerful

publisher Joseph Pulitzer. 3. _Run-On_ Pulitzer owned the St. Louis Post-Dispatch he

purchased the New York World in 1883. 4. _____ Pulitzer helped to shape the modern newspaper. 5. _____ He added many features to his newspapers,

including sports, comics, fashions, and illustrations.