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UNIT 5 SLIDES
MAGNA CARTA, 1215
¡ Magna Carta, meaning ‘The Great Charter’, is one of the most famous documents in the world.
¡ Originally issued by King John of England, the Magna Carta established for the first time the principle that everybody, including the king, was subject to the law.
ANGLICAN CHURCH
¡ Anglo = English
¡ Founded by Henry VII during the Protestant Reformation with the Act of Supremacy
¡ Written in 1534
¡ English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England.”
ELIZABETHAN AGE, 1558–1603
¡ The Elizabethan era is the golden age in English history.
¡ Kickstarted English imperialism
GUNPOWDER PLOT
¡ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4y2XFhh6VA
LONG PARLIAMENT, 1640-1660
¡ Sat through the English Civil War
ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH
¡ The Commonwealth refers to the period in the post-Civil War period when England was ruled without a King.
¡ Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth did try and export the power of English Protestantism in Ireland and Scotland, as well as its overseas colonies.
ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH, 1653
¡ The Commonwealth refers to the period in the post-Civil War period when England was ruled without a King.
¡ Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth did try and export the power of English Protestantism in Ireland and Scotland, as well as its overseas colonies.
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION, 1688
¡ The Glorious Revolution was when William of Orange took the English throne from James II (a CATHOLIC)
¡ Brought a permanent realignment of power within the English constitution.
FINANCIAL WOES
¡ France had years of deficit spending
¡ Louis XIV (a good friend of the USA) had left France in debt because of his spending on the Seven Years’ War and the American Revolution
¡ Poor Harvests caused a massive food shortage, hunger, and skyrocketing food prices
¡ Successors, like Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI put their own pleasure before fixing the economy, making the problem worse.
¡ This was one of the most diverse social classes OF ALL TIME
¡ The Proletariat was made up of the poor and landless
¡ The Bourgeoisie was made up of the wealthy merchants and wage-earners, most of whom could afford to own land and could therefore vote
¡ This divide caused conflict within the third estate, particularly when it came to representation
THE THIRD ESTATE
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
¡ On the verge of bankruptcy, King Louis XVI called the Estates General to Convene in 1789, for the first time since 1614.
¡ All three estates were to create a list of grievances to present at the Estates General.
¡ When voting on reform, each Estate had one vote, and only the propertied men, or proletariat, of the Third Estate could vote, leaving a majority of France without a voice.
ESTATES GENERAL
TASK:
¡ Roles:
¡ Peasants
¡ Bourgeoisie
¡ Nobility
¡ Royal Family
¡ Review your options together as an assembly
¡ Vote on on option in your assembly, and be ready to share your reasoning
SHORT-TERM CAUSES
• The third estate awakens during the Estates General in 1789, breaking away from the group and forming their own National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath: The National Assembly swore “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until until we have established a sound and just constitution.”
• Storming of the Bastille
• More than 800 Parisians stormed the bastille on July 14, 1789 after hearing rumors of royal troops occupying the capital
• Louis XVI was told by a noble that this was not the beginning of a revolt, but a revolution
SHORT-TERM CAUSES
DO NOW
¡ http://www.economist.com/news/essays/21596796-democracy-was-most-successful-political-idea-20th-century-why-has-it-run-trouble-and-what-can-be-do
¡ Grab the excerpt from The Economist essay, “What’s gone wrong with democracy”
¡ Grab 3 sticky notes
¡ Read the excerpt and write 3 reasons for the failure/decline of democracy drawn from the article on our sticky notes (1 reason on each note)
TASK
¡ Roles:
¡ 2 Focus on Napoleon’s words
¡ 2 Focus on Napoleon’s actions
¡ STEP 1| Read and answer the questions on p. 12-16. Underline information relevant to your role.
¡ STEP 2| Identify corroborating sources to offer needed insight on Napoleon’s rule (p. 17)
¡ STEP 3| Compare Napoleon’s words and actions together as a group (p. 17)
¡ STEP 4| Analyze Napoleon’s fall and answer the question on p. 18
GOALS
¡ The intent of the Congress
was to undo everything that
Napoléon had done:
¡ Reduce France to its old boundaries--her frontiers were pushed back to 1792 boundaries.
¡ Restore as many of the old monarchs as possible who had lost their thrones during the Revolutionary period.
¡ Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.
¡ France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
KLEMENS VON METTERNICH
¡ Influential Austrian foreign
minister
¡ Distrusted democracy
¡ Plan to restore Europe
METTERNICH’S 3 GOALS
¡ Containment of France
¡ surround with stronger countries
¡ Balance of Power
¡ weaken France, but not too severely
¡ no one country too powerful
¡ Legitimacy
¡ former monarchs restored
§ France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.
DECISIONS MADE IN VIENNA
¡A Germanic
Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian supervision.
1848
¡ Defined nearly 50 republican revolts against European monarchies in France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire.
¡ They all ended in failure and repression; this created a deeper divide between conservatives and liberals
¡ Causes included:
¡ food shortages
¡ Unemployment and economic depression
¡ Nationalism (anti-empire, pro-people movements)
¡ discontent among the working classes during the Industrial Revolution
¡ the desire for more political power by middle class political liberals
CENTERS OFREVOLUTION
¡ The revolution that toppled the July monarchy in Paris in1848 soon spread to Austria and many of the German states.
¡ Uprisings in Sicily spread to other Italian states
FRANCE IN 1830 AND 1848
¡ http://www.timelineindex.com/content/view/3925
ENGLISH FACTORY SYSTEM
• First adopted in England in the 1750s, as a method for manufacturing
• Involved mass producing goods by machines usually run by water or steam
• Featured low and unskilled workers running machines, or moving materials
• Lowered costs of goods
Power Looms in English Cotton Mill (circa 1830)
FACTORY REFORM LEGISLATION
• Between 1800 and 1850, Parliament passed a series of laws to regulate factory work.
• Many of these laws focused on protecting children working in factories, and set limits on the amount of hours that children could work in factories.
• The Factory Act of 1850, for example, limited the weekly hours that children could work to 60 and daily hours to 10.5. Political Cartoon: “English Factory Slaves.”
Robert Cruikshank
FACTORY REFORM LEGISLATION
• Throughout this period, several commissions investigated working conditions in factories.
• Politicians, academics, doctors, and other public figures wrote books, pamphlets, speeches, and newspaper articles in support of or against regulating the country’s growing factory system.
I, PENCIL
¡ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYO3tOqDISE
CAPITALISM- BRAIN DUMP
1. Private Ownership
2. Profit Motive
3. Market Economy
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
¡ Abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market –allowing people and businesses to make their own purchasing decisions
¡ Adam Smith: an unregulated exchange of goods will help everyone, not just the rich, by producing more goods at lower prices
¡ Government help for the poor really isn’t helping anyone
¡ Thomas Malthus: feared that an increasing population would threaten this system, so he urged people to stop having children because we wouldn’t be able to produce enough food for so many more people
¡ David Ricardo: when wages are high, families had more children, which led to lower wages because of a growing work force – called the “iron law of wages”
CALLS FOR REFORM
¡ Mutual-aid societies were self-help groups to protect and support sick or injured workers
¡ Strikes by labor unions were illegal, so it took a long time for them to gain influence over big business owners
¡ The first unions were legalized in Germany in 1859, and members increased by the millions from that point
¡ Achievements:
¡ 1909- British coal miners win an 8-hour day
¡ Pensions for retirement and disability insurance for the injured or ill
¡ The Communist Manifesto of 1848 (crazy year for Europe)
LIBERALISM
¡ Being “liberated” from a higher, unconstitutional power
¡ For example: In France (1789-1815) the Revolutionary and Napoleonic governments pursued liberal goals in their abolition of feudal privileges and their modernization of the decrepit institutions inherited from the ancien régime. After the Bourbons were restored as monarchs in 1815, however, French liberals were faced with the decades-long task of securing constitutional liberties and enlarging popular participation in government under a reestablished monarchy, goals not substantially achieved until (after a few more Napoleons) the formation of the Third Republic in 1871.
UTILITARIANISM
¡ Jeremy Bentham’s “greatest good for the greatest number”
¡ All laws and actions should be judged by their utility, or their usefulness to the common people
¡ While individual freedom should prevail, the government needs to get involved in business to protect that freedom
UTOPIANISM
¡ Utopias were established to bring new socialist philosophy to lifeT
¡ he first utopian socialist was without the doubt the English philosopher and author Thomas Moore (1478-1535). His 1516 novel "Utopia" (which popularized word "utopia" in modern times) described the need for the creation of a state that practiced religious toleration, freedom of marriage, simpler communal life, free education and health care.
SOCIALISM
¡ Government owns the means of production and key infrastructure (controls all aspects of business)
¡ Principles:
¡ “Equality of all People”
¡ Cooperation is better than competition
¡ …at least in industry
¡ Utopianism: ideal society based on cooperation instead of competition
¡ Robert Owen: created the first Utopian societies
¡ campaigned for child labor laws and encouraged unions
¡ Set up model, self-sufficient community to show that it was possible to be nice to workers and still make a profit
¡ New Lanark, Scotland worked
¡ New Harmony in AMERICA failed
COMMUNISM
¡ Extreme form of socialism in which “all people” own the means of production as the state “withers away” and produces a classless society
¡ Communists follow an economy planned by the government
¡ The theory is that everybody pools their resources and labor to evenly distribute everything.
¡ This was seen as a solution to the capitalist problems caused by the Industrial Revolution
MARXISM IN THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
¡ More than an “ideal society,” but a scientific implementation of communism.
¡ Idea: that History is shaped by ECONOMIC FORCES (the way goods are produced and distributed)
¡ CLASS STRUGGLE has always existed between the “haves” and the “have nots”
¡ In industrial times the “haves” are the bourgeoisie/middle class capitalists; the “have nots” are the wage earning laborers
MARXISM
¡ The social class that holds the economic power also controls the government for its
own advantage… (class wealth = class power)
¡ Middle class shrinks (small businesses are ruined by capitalist giants)
¡ Working class GROWS as masses of poor labor at the mercy of a small, rich elite class
WHEN IS MARXISM ACHIEVED?
¡ After a bloody revolution to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat:
¡ All property and the means of production are owned by “the people”
¡ All goods and services are “shared equally”
¡ A “classless society” emerges
¡ the “state withers away”
¡ In the wake of a capitalist state, Marx saw this as inevitable
IMPERIALISM
¡ the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas
¡ broadly: the extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence
TECHNOLOGY
¡ Weapons
¡ Improved Medicine
¡ Improved Ships
INDUSTRIALIZATION
¡ Need for raw materials
¡ Need for new markets
¡ Evolution of mercantile expansion (beginning in 1450)
