UNIT 6: IMMIGRATION, PROGRESSIVISM, AND

IMPERIALISM

The New Immigrants

Main Idea – Immigration reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most immigrants during this time period came from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. These immigrants often faced hardships and hostility from native-born Americans.

Through the golden door

• Background: Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries• “push” factors (reasons

to leave their homeland) = famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution

• “pull” factors (reason to come to the U.S. ) = economic opportunity, freedom from persecution

Old Immigrants

• Immigrants who came to the U.S. prior to 1871, usually from countries in Northern and Western Europe• Ex: Great Britain,

Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden

• Many worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and Midwest

New Immigrants

• Immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1871 to 1921, usually from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe• Ex: Italy, Greece, Poland,

Russia, Austria-Hungary• Many worked in textile

or steel mills, or in coal mines in the Northeast

• Many worked in clothing industry in New York City

Asian immigration

• Smaller numbers of immigrants from China and Japan came to the West coast of the U.S. between 1851-1883• Ex: China, Japan• Many Chinese

immigrants helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad

Entering the United States

Ellis IslandAngel Island

Ellis Island

Immigration center in New York harbor (1892-1924) Located near the Statue

of Liberty = first view of U.S. for many immigrants

Immigrants had to pass inspection to gain entry to the U.S. Inspection = physical

exam, legal/document inspection, proof of no criminal record, proof of ability to work

Significance – 17 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rredHTyKaQ

Angel Island

• Immigration center in San Francisco (1910-1940)• Inspection process

was more difficult than at Ellis Island

• Significance – 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered U.S. through Angle Island

Assimilation

• Most immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods = areas with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and language• Made assimilation into

American society easier• Most immigrants worked

hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and become American citizens• Public schools = essential in

the process of assimilating children of immigrants

Melting Pot

A mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs

Nativism

• Favoritism of native-born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelings• Fear that immigrants would

take jobs for lower pay than American workers

• Resentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural identities

• Prejudice based on religious, cultural, and racial differences

Immigration Restriction Legislation

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – 10 year ban on all Chinese immigration

• Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 – aimed at severely restricting the immigration totals of Southern and Eastern European immigrants

Stop and Think!

How did immigrants cope after arriving in America?

What troubles did they face?

Three-Sentence Wrap-Up

Summarize what we have talked about in three sentences or less.

Partner up. Read summaries and refine. Turn in.

1890-1920

Progressive Era

Main Idea

Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms.

What is meant by “Gilded Age”

In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1865-1901). The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion.

Urbanization in the Gilded Age

Centers for manufacturing and transportation – created industrial jobs

Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements

Need for better public services Sewage and water systems were improved Public transportation systems were improved

Trolley, streetcar, and subways (NYC) were developed

Cities grew rapidly throughout the late 19th century as a result of industrial growth Ex: Chicago

(meatpacking), Detroit (automobile), Cleveland (automobile), Pittsburgh (steel), and New York (textiles)

Labor supply in cities increased- due to immigration and migration from rural farms

Problems at the Turn of the Century Politically: Political Machines Business practices: trusts, monopolies Working conditions: child labor, low pay,

long hours Other stuff: drugs, gangs, drinking,

women still can’t vote

The Progressive Movement

Progressivism: movement to improve American life in politics, society and the workplace.

Progressives were optimistic and forward looking and accepted the changes industrialization brought forth

Wanted to limit the power of big business, improve democracy and strengthen social justices

Working Conditions

Working conditions for laborers in factories

dangerous, low wages, long hours, no job security, no benefits

child labor common, discrimination against women

Dominance of big businesses and corporations

Government not being responsive to the needs of the people

SIGNIFICANCE – these issues led to the Progressive Movement

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2M9i1Wy6IU

Bumper Sticker

You are to create a bumper sticker that reflects the problems the Gilded Age.

Must be historically accurate. Must be faithful to the historical record of the

period, but can be based on contemporary models. May not be offensive in nature. Must be the approximate size of an actual bumper

sticker. Examples: “Manifest Destiny Happens”

“Proud Parent of a Factory Worker”

Goals of Progressive Reformers

Government controlled by the people

Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulation

Eliminate social injustices

Social Reform

Prohibition – the movement to ban the of manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol Based on the belief that

alcohol consumption was undermining American morality

18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol went into effect

Repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

Responses to: Bootlegging, Speakeasies, Organized Crime (Al Capone)

Women’s Suffrage

Women’s Suffrage – the movement to give women the right to vote National American Woman

Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Benefited from strong

leadership – Susan B. Anthony Encouraged women to enter

the workforce during World War One

19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)

Stop and think! What was the first state to grant women the right to vote?

WYOMING! Territory – 1869 State – 1890

By 1919, a total of 15 states allowed women to vote in all elections In VA, women were

still not allowed to vote

Economic Reform

Background: During the Gilded Age (late 1800s), government took a “hands-off” approach to the economy and did not get involved in regulating business = Laissez-faire capitalism Big businesses used

power to crush competition

Raking the Muck!

Muckrakers – journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines during the progressive era Ida Tarbell – “History of the Standard Oil

Company” attacked Rockefeller Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – exposed

horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago Read excerpts from “The Jungle”

Trust Busting

Clayton Anti-Trust Act – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Outlawed trusts,

monopolies, and price-fixing

Exempted unions from being prosecuted by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Political Reform

Local governments - need to reform city

governments with major problems that resulted from increased urbanization

Commissioners and city council managers – new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in the U.S.

Political Machines An illegal gang that

influences enough votes to control a local government.

Gained support by trading favors for votes. Bosses gave jobs,

cash, or food to supporters.

State Governments

Secret ballot – allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for

Initiative – a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot

Referendum – a vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative

Recall – enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term

Primary system – voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office through a special election

National Government

President Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive plan = “Square Deal” Involved trust-busting and conservation

projects President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive

plan = “New Freedom” Involved financial reform, increased

government regulation of business http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlOL

yMwnjU

Progressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt Became President in 1901, after William

McKinley’s assassination Member of the Bull Moose Party

Progressive political party Promised voters a “Square Deal”

Government will ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business

“Trustbuster”…broke up many Monopolies and Trusts

The first environmental President

Progressive Presidents

William Howard Taft Elected President in 1908 Supported safety standards for mines and

railroads Supported the 16th Amendment:

Federal income taxes Disappointed progressives in the areas of

tariffs and conservation

Progressive Presidents

Woodrow Wilson Elected President in 1912 Passed the Federal Reserve Act

Established the modern banking system Established the Federal Trade Commission

Tariff reform Clayton Antitrust Act:

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act “New Freedom”

promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Amendments of the Progressive Era

16th Amendment – established a federal income tax

17th Amendment – direct election of senators The people, not state legislatures, would vote

on candidates running for the U.S. Senate 18th Amendment – Prohibition on the

manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol

19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)

Main Idea: Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.

Jim Crow and Segregation

African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination Background – During Reconstruction, African

Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting rights.

Voting Restrictions – all Southern states passed voting restrictions on African Americans Literacy test – difficult reading test given to African-

Americans trying to register to vote Poll tax – an annual tax that had to be paid by African-

Americans before voting Grandfather clause – state laws that allowed people

to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 African Americans prevented from voting as a result

Jim Crow

Jim Crow Laws – segregation laws passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public SIGNIFICANCE -

applied to schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems

Vending machine in Jackson, Tennessee

Separate But (Un)Equal

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment Established “separate but

equal” doctrine – states could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service.

SIGNIFICANCE – segregation was legal for almost 60 years

African-American Responses

“Great Migration” (early 20th century) –movement of African-Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South Racial discrimination

still existed in the North and sometimes resulted in violence

African American Responses

Ida B. Wells – led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African-Americans

Booker T. Washington – believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success Did not openly challenge segregation Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

W.E.B. Du Bois – believed that education was meaningless without equality Supported political equality for African-Americans by

helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Imperialism: The Spanish-American War, Acquiring New Lands

Imperialism

Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

Reasons for Imperialism:

1. Access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, etc…

2. Outlet for a country’s growing population (send people to colonies)

3. Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to refuel (coal and supplies)

4. Spread Christianity5. Make the world like the West (Europe

and U.S.)6. Markets

Reasons for Success

1. Well-organized governments

2. Powerful armies and navies

3. Superior technology (medical and military)

Types of Imperialism:

Colonies – Territory settled and ruled by people from another land

Protectorates – Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power (Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)

Spheres of Influence – Areas in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges (many European countries claimed spheres of influence in China)

Stop and Think!

How did the U.S. abandon its traditional isolationist policy?

How did the U.S. expand its influence in the world?

Main Idea – The “global economy” caused the U.S. to compete by expanding. The U.S. went to war with Spain in order to help Cuba win its independence. As a result, the U.S. gained new territories but had conflicts in several territories.

Causes of Imperialism in U.S. Desire for military and naval strength “Global economy” – growth in international trade

– U.S. looking for new markets for raw materials and for finished goods

Belief in cultural superiority

Hawaii

The Hawaiian Islands had been economically important to the U.S. for a century. American merchants had stopped there on their way

to China and East India. In 1820, missionaries founded Christian schools and

churches and their children became sugar planters who sold crops to U.S.

By the mid -19th century, American owned sugar plantations accounted for about ¾ of the island’s wealth By 1900, foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered

native Hawaiians In 1875, the US agreed to import Hawaiian

sugar duty-free

American planters in Hawaii called for the U.S. to annex (take) the islands so they wouldn’t have to pay the duty

U.S. built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887

Business groups started a revolution and overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and set up a government

August 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed Hawaii a US territory Became a state in 1959 (50th US state)

Cuba

By end of 19th Century, Spain only had colonies of Philippines, Guam, a few outposts in Africa, Cuba, and Puerto Rico

The U.S. had an interest in Cuba It was only 90 miles away from FL

coast 1854, President Pierce tried to buy

Cuba and Spain responded by saying they’d rather see Cuba sink in the ocean

Cubans rebel again Spain between 1868-1878 and Americans sympathized with Cubans Revolt wasn’t successful but they did

get Spain to abolish slavery Americans begin investing in large

sugar cane plantations

Cuban Independence

U.S. sympathy grew as President William McKinley took office in 1897.

In 1898, the NY Journal published a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S. (The De Lome Letter) Criticized McKinley, calling him weak- angered

Americans

Cuba and the Spanish American War

Early in 1898, McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American property.

Feb. 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the Havana harbor killing more than 260 men.

No one knows why but American newspapers claimed the Spanish were to blame.

SIGNIFICANCE – U.S. declared war on Spain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVtkZ6Sv16M)

Spanish American War (1898)

U.S. navy defeated Spanish navy in the Philippines (where first battle took place)

U.S. army defeated Spanish army in Cuba San Juan Hill – U.S.

victory that featured a cavalry charge by Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”

Americans then moved on to Puerto Rico on July 25

Treaty of Paris (1899)

Cuba received independence from Spain

U.S. got territories of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico from Spain

Spain got $20 million from U.S.

SIGNIFICANCE – U.S. major world power

ANNEXATION DEBATE

Expansionists argue in favor based upon commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief that the U.S. would bring democratic government to the Philippines, and that European powers would be kept away

Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898 argues that U.S. should not become imperial power and annexation of Philippines would violate American principles

CUBA

1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard Wood as governor of Cuba

Changes are made such as construction of schools and a sanitation system

Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes cause yellow fever

Cubans want independence

PLATT AMENDMENT Limits Cuba’s right to

make treaties with other countries

Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary

Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. naval or fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay)

Made Cuba a protectorate

Influence in China

France, Germany, Britain, Japan and Russia had established settlements along the coast

The U.S. began to fear that China would be carved into colonies, shutting out American traders. To protect American interests, U.S. Secretary Of

State John Hay issued the Open Door notes (Open Door Policy) Letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations

proposing that they share their trading rights with the U.S.

Meaning no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China

Panama

US needed a canal cutting across Central America Reduce travel time for commercial

and military ships Late 1800s a French company

tried to build a canal there but gave up and the US bought its claims

US helped Panama rebel against Columbia in 1903 and bought the land in the canal zone

Building the canal was hard Disease, and volcanic rock made it

difficult

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGMBUzFyVl4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETgK3BkRm6

A

Panama Canal

U.S. paid Panama $10 million for the canal zone, and leased land for $250,000 each year for 99 years

U.S. paid Columbia $25 million for lost territory

SIGNIFICANCE – canal was a success, but it hurt U.S. relations with Latin American countries

Influential “Imperial” Presidents

Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt“Big Stick Diplomacy” – use

diplomacy when possible but have a strong military to back up your policies if needed

Roosevelt Corollary – added to the Monroe Doctrine, said that U.S. would be the police power in the Western Hemisphere in dealing with Latin American nations

SIGNFICANCE – hurt relations between Latin American countries and U.S.

• 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4 destroyers and 16 battleships on world cruise

• Roosevelt- “the Pacific was as much our home waters as the Atlantic”

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMycfi_xkvA)

William Howard Taft

“Dollar Diplomacy” – Taft urged American banks and businesses to invest in Latin AmericaPromised business interests

that the U.S. would intervene if investments were threatened

SIGNIFICANCE – hurt relations between Latin American countries and U.S.