Unit 7 Ch 13 and 20Unit 7 Ch 13 and 20

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1. Three countries that use most of 1. Three countries that use most of the water from the Nile are Ethiopia, the water from the Nile are Ethiopia, Sudan, and EgyptSudan, and Egypt

2. 2. a. cut population growth b. go to a. cut population growth b. go to war with Sudan c. reduce irrigation war with Sudan c. reduce irrigation water waste d. import grain e. make water waste d. import grain e. make water sharing agreementswater sharing agreements

3. lack of sufficient water to meet people’s 3. lack of sufficient water to meet people’s needsneeds

4. 71%4. 71% 5. lack of clean drinking water is the world’s 5. lack of clean drinking water is the world’s

largest cause of illnesslargest cause of illness 6. .024%6. .024% 7. Movement of water between seas, air, 7. Movement of water between seas, air,

and on land- ***and on land- ***driven by the sun and driven by the sun and gravitygravity

8. groundwater- water that is in soil, 8. groundwater- water that is in soil, gravel and rockgravel and rock

Zone of saturation- spaces below the Zone of saturation- spaces below the surface that are completely filled with surface that are completely filled with waterwater

Water table- top of the groundwater Water table- top of the groundwater zonezone

Aquifers- underground caverns and Aquifers- underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel or porous layers of sand, gravel or bedrock through which water flowsbedrock through which water flows

9. precipitation percolates down 9. precipitation percolates down through rock and soilthrough rock and soil

10. 10. surface water- from precipitation surface water- from precipitation and snow melt in rivers, streams, lakes and snow melt in rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands that flows into the oceanand wetlands that flows into the ocean

Surface runoff- if surface water doesn’t Surface runoff- if surface water doesn’t evaporate or become groundwaterevaporate or become groundwater

Water shed- all the area drained by a Water shed- all the area drained by a riverriver

11. amount of surface water runoff 11. amount of surface water runoff that we can count on as a source of that we can count on as a source of freshwater from year to yearfreshwater from year to year

12. 70% for irrigation, 20% industry, 12. 70% for irrigation, 20% industry, 10% cities and residences10% cities and residences

13. 450,000L or 120,000 gallons13. 450,000L or 120,000 gallons 14. prolonged period in which 14. prolonged period in which

precipitation is 70% lower than normalprecipitation is 70% lower than normal

15. dry climate, drought, over use and 15. dry climate, drought, over use and wastewaste

16. 2/316. 2/3 17. dries out soil, reduced stream 17. dries out soil, reduced stream

flow, decrease tree growth and flow, decrease tree growth and biomass, lowers NPP, reduced crop biomass, lowers NPP, reduced crop yields, shifts biomes, yields, shifts biomes,

***3 billion people will lack access to ***3 billion people will lack access to drinking water by 2050drinking water by 2050

18. Governments18. Governments 19. a. too important to be in private 19. a. too important to be in private

hands b. no incentive to sell less or hands b. no incentive to sell less or conserve c. poor people continue to be conserve c. poor people continue to be left outleft out

20. nearly half20. nearly half 21. India, China, and U.S.21. India, China, and U.S. 22. ½ billion22. ½ billion

23. 23.

AdvantagesAdvantages Available year Available year

roundround No loss to No loss to

evaporationevaporation Exists almost Exists almost

everywhereeverywhere cheapercheaper

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Depleted by Depleted by

overpumpingoverpumping SubsidenceSubsidence Pollution for Pollution for

decadesdecades Saltwater intrusionSaltwater intrusion

24. four times faster24. four times faster 25. supplies 1/3 of all groundwater in 25. supplies 1/3 of all groundwater in

the U.S. world’s largest known the U.S. world’s largest known aquiferaquifer

26. 1. capture and store runoff and 26. 1. capture and store runoff and release as needed 2. flood control 3. release as needed 2. flood control 3. generation of electricity, supply generation of electricity, supply irrigation water 4. recreationirrigation water 4. recreation

27. 27. displaces people(40-80million), displaces people(40-80million), flood land to make reserviors, flood land to make reserviors, destroy free flow of rivers, fill with destroy free flow of rivers, fill with sediment, mud siltsediment, mud silt

28. includes driest land in the U.S, 28. includes driest land in the U.S, only modest water flow, allocates only modest water flow, allocates more water for use than the river more water for use than the river has, the amount of water flowing to has, the amount of water flowing to the mouth of the river has decreasedthe mouth of the river has decreased

29. world’s largest dam and reservoir 29. world’s largest dam and reservoir systemsystem

30. flooded cultural sites, release 30. flooded cultural sites, release sediment, seismic fault, rotting sediment, seismic fault, rotting plants give off methane, sewageplants give off methane, sewage

31. 31. caused by large scale water caused by large scale water diversion projects, fell 22 meters, diversion projects, fell 22 meters, sand and salt blow at least 300km sand and salt blow at least 300km per day, altered local climatesper day, altered local climates

32. 32. remove salts from marine or remove salts from marine or brackish water for domestic usebrackish water for domestic use

33. distillation- heat water, capture 33. distillation- heat water, capture steam leaving behind impuritiessteam leaving behind impurities

Osmosis- membrane filter with high Osmosis- membrane filter with high pressure to remove saltpressure to remove salt

34. high cost and energy use, kills 34. high cost and energy use, kills marine organisms, produces briny marine organisms, produces briny waste water, reduces important ions, waste water, reduces important ions, for plant growthfor plant growth

35. low cost(underpricing)35. low cost(underpricing) 36. drip irrigation, microirrigation36. drip irrigation, microirrigation 37. line canals, irrigate at night, 37. line canals, irrigate at night,

irrigate with treated urban waste irrigate with treated urban waste water, avoid growing water thirsty water, avoid growing water thirsty cropscrops

38. 38. rainwater harvesting, polyculture rainwater harvesting, polyculture farming, fog catcher nets, plant deep farming, fog catcher nets, plant deep rooted perrenialsrooted perrenials

39. 39. flushing toiletsflushing toilets 40. 40. area adjacent to a riverarea adjacent to a river 41. remove vegetation, draining 41. remove vegetation, draining

wetland to buildwetland to build

Ch 20 pg. 531Ch 20 pg. 531 1. 1. cyanobacteriacyanobacteria (blue green algae), (blue green algae),

phosphorousphosphorous 2. Divert sewage treatment effluent 2. Divert sewage treatment effluent

into Puget soundinto Puget sound 3. any chemical, biological or physical 3. any chemical, biological or physical

change in water quality that harms change in water quality that harms living organismsliving organisms

4. 4. point source- from a specific point source- from a specific locationlocation

nonpoint- broad, diffuse areasnonpoint- broad, diffuse areas

5. point- 5. point- examples-offshore oil wellsexamples-offshore oil wells, , factories, minesfactories, mines

6. 6. agricultural activitiesagricultural activities 7. 7. 1.2 billion or 1 out of 61.2 billion or 1 out of 6 8. 8.

Type and Type and effecteffect

ExamplesExamples Major sourcesMajor sources

Infectious agentsInfectious agents Bacteria, viruses, Bacteria, viruses, parasitesparasites

Human and animal Human and animal wastewaste

Oxygen demanding Oxygen demanding wasteswastes

Animal wastesAnimal wastes Sewage, feedlotsSewage, feedlots

Plant nutrientsPlant nutrients NO3 and PO4NO3 and PO4 Sewage, animal waste, Sewage, animal waste, fertilizerfertilizer

Organic chemicalsOrganic chemicals Oil, gas, plasticsOil, gas, plastics Industry, farmsIndustry, farms

Inorganic chemicalsInorganic chemicals Acids, bases, saltsAcids, bases, salts Industry, housesIndustry, houses

SedimentsSediments Soil, siltSoil, silt Land erosionLand erosion

Heavy metalsHeavy metals Lead, mercury, arsenicLead, mercury, arsenic Landfills, household Landfills, household chemicals, miningchemicals, mining

ThermalThermal HeatHeat Electric power and Electric power and industryindustry

9. occurs when oxygen demanding wastes 9. occurs when oxygen demanding wastes are added to waterare added to water

10. accidental deliberate release of toxic 10. accidental deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals, malfunctioning industrial chemicals, malfunctioning sewage plants, pesticides and plant sewage plants, pesticides and plant nutrients from agriculturenutrients from agriculture

11. 80-90%11. 80-90% 12. little vertical mixing, little or no flow12. little vertical mixing, little or no flow 13. natural nutrient enrichment of a 13. natural nutrient enrichment of a

shallow lake, estuary or slow moving shallow lake, estuary or slow moving streamstream

14. human activities accelerate nutrient 14. human activities accelerate nutrient runoff- fish die from a decrease of solar runoff- fish die from a decrease of solar energy used in photosynthesisenergy used in photosynthesis

15. advanced waste treatment, ban 15. advanced waste treatment, ban phosphate detergents, employ soil phosphate detergents, employ soil conservation and land use control, conservation and land use control, reduce runoff of fertilizerreduce runoff of fertilizer

16. remove excess weeds, 16. remove excess weeds, herbicides, algaecides, pump oxygen herbicides, algaecides, pump oxygen through reserviorsthrough reserviors

17. 95%17. 95% 18. 418. 4 19. native species at the base of the 19. native species at the base of the

food chain continue to decline, native food chain continue to decline, native carnivorous carnivorous

20. 50%, 95%20. 50%, 95% 21. contaminants are not dispersed 21. contaminants are not dispersed

effectivley, cold temperatures slow effectivley, cold temperatures slow down reactions, lower concentrations down reactions, lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen, contaminants of dissolved oxygen, contaminants are not diluted easilyare not diluted easily

22. gasoline additive, suspected 22. gasoline additive, suspected carcingogen, leaked into aquifers, carcingogen, leaked into aquifers, being phased out of usebeing phased out of use

23. Nitrates in tap water23. Nitrates in tap water 24. nanofilters, carbon nanotubules, 24. nanofilters, carbon nanotubules,

protecting watersheds, exposing bottled protecting watersheds, exposing bottled water to intense sunlightwater to intense sunlight

25. 40%25. 40% 26. 40%26. 40% Urban and industrial runoff from landUrban and industrial runoff from land 28. exposure, loss of heat, loss of 28. exposure, loss of heat, loss of

buoyancy and insulationbuoyancy and insulation 29. Exxon29. Exxon 30. keep cropland covered with 30. keep cropland covered with

vegetation, slow release fertilizer, no vegetation, slow release fertilizer, no fertilizer on steep slopes, plant buffer fertilizer on steep slopes, plant buffer zones between cropszones between crops

31. allow citizens to bring law suits, 31. allow citizens to bring law suits, more funding and authority for more funding and authority for integrated watershed/airshed integrated watershed/airshed management, increased monitoring for management, increased monitoring for compliance, prevent and control toxic compliance, prevent and control toxic water pollutantswater pollutants

32. wastewater is pumped into a 32. wastewater is pumped into a settling tank, grease and oil rise, solids settling tank, grease and oil rise, solids are treated by bacteria, treated waste are treated by bacteria, treated waste is dischaged to an absorption fieldis dischaged to an absorption field

33. cheaper to install and maintain, 33. cheaper to install and maintain, saves water, converts fecal material to saves water, converts fecal material to fertilizer, decreases amount of energy fertilizer, decreases amount of energy used to pump and purify waterused to pump and purify water