Unit 8 Notes

Protest and Hope in a New Century

The Big Picture

• Progressivism - A collection of various reform movements that sought to improve unsafe working conditions, fight corruption, limit the influence of big business, and better the lives of working people.

• Most Progressive reformers were white, middle class, women whose efforts tended to focus on the Northern cities with the exception of the NAACP.

• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded by African Americans and white Progressives in 1910 and became a major force in the struggle for equal rights.

• 1914 WWI began in Europe • 1917 The United States entered on the side of the Allies• About 370,000 African Americans served in the army.

• 3 out of 4 served in labor battalions• About 100,000 saw combat

• One whole regiment, the 369th Infantry, received the French Croix de Guerre award for bravery in the Meuse-Argonne campaign.

• Great Migration – About 1.3 million African Americans left the South for the Industrial cities of the Northeast and Midwest.

• The communist takeover in Russia in 1917 led to the “Red Scare” in the United States.

• People became suspicious of immigrants and minorities which led to a rebirth of the KKK, race riots, and lynchings.

• The Roaring Twenties – Industry was growing, wages were going up, the stock market was rising, and people focused on making money and having a good time.

• Harlem Renaissance – An outburst of African American creativity among writers, artists, and musicians.

• The Great Depression - Stock Market Crash of October 1929• 1 out of 4 Americans become unemployed• 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt – Elected

president and begins New Deal program to deal with the nation’s economic problems.

Chapter 23 Notes

The Civil Rights Struggle

• William Edward Burghardt Du Bois – Born in 1868 in Massachusetts and raised in a single parent family. He was the first African American to get a doctoral degree from Harvard University.

He taught for 10 years at Atlanta University. At 35 years old in 1903, he wrote The Souls of Black Folk that attacked Booker T. Washington and advanced the theory the African Americans should focus on civil rights to challenge racism.

• The Talented Tenth – The belief of W.E.B. Du Bois that the well-educated top 10 percent of the African American population had a duty to become teachers, lawyers, doctors, politicians, and other professionals

• W.E.B. Du Bois urged African Americans to look to Africa for their heritage and to see the beauty in their blackness.

• T. Thomas Fortune – Organized the Afro-American League of the United States in 1890 to promote civil rights and economic opportunity.

• Mary Church Terrell – Organized the National Association of Colored Women to work for voting rights, health, and education programs for African American women

• Niagara Movement – 1905 to 1908 founded by W.E.B Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others. They demanded an immediate end to racial discrimination, equal justice, fair housing, and full voting rights.

• In August of 1908 a race riot broke out in Springfield Illinois in which three African Americans and four whites were killed and over seventy were wounded.

• In response to the race riot in Springfield, a meeting was called in New York City for May of 1909.• W.E.B. Dubois, Ida B. Wells, Francis

Grimké, Jane Addams, and Oswald Garrison Villard the grandson of William Lloyd Garrison attended.• Booker T. Washington was not invited.

• From that meeting arose the Committee of Forty which grew into the NAACP in 1910.• By 1920 there were over 400 branches

and 91,000 members.

Major NAACP Victories• 1912 Desegregated New York Theaters• 1915 Supreme Court ruled the grandfather

clause unconstitutional• 1923 Supreme Court ruled that African

Americans must be permitted to serve on juries• 1935 Forced the University of Maryland to

admit its first African American student • 1936 Filed first suit to end differences in

African American and white teacher salaries

Chapter 24 Notes

The Great Migration

• 1915-1930 Great MigrationCauses: 1. Boll Weevil - By 1922 this

insect had ruined 85% of cotton fields in the South.2. WWI brought opportunity in the North because of reduced immigration from Europe.3. Resurgence of the KKK and the fear of Lynching.

• Northern Cities - African American Communities

Chicago - South sideNew York - HarlemPhiladelphia - 7th WardWashington D.C. - North East

• Race Riots 1917 - Riots by whites in 26 major US cities1919 “Red Summer”

Washington D.C. - 6 dead and 150 injuredChicago - 38 dead and 537 injured.

1921 - Tulsa Oklahoma - 36 dead and 800 injured as 35 square blocks burned to the ground.

1923 - Rosewood Florida - Wiped off the map

Chicago 1919

Tulsa 1921

Tulsa 1921

• President Woodrow Wilson - Racist who ordered all federal offices to be segregated.

• 1920’s KKK grows and becomes more powerful.

• Marcus Garvey - Pan Africanism - Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

• 1920’s Harlem RenaissanceBurst of African American creativity - Art, poetry, literature, and music. African Americans expressed their individuality and exchanged ideas. Jazz music gains a huge following among African Americans and whites.

• 1929 Stock Market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression.

• 1932 - Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

• New Deal - Did little to help African Americans at first.

• Roosevelt named many African Americans in various government positions which became know as the “Black Cabinet”• The best known and

most influential was Mary McLeod Bethune.

• Works Progress Administration became the largest employer of African Americans.

• 1935 - New Union - Congress of Industrial Organizations - Allowed African Americans to join as members.

• Roosevelt issued Executive order 8802 ending discrimination in the defense industry.