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Safe for democracy?Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) war “illegal”; >60 nations signLeague of Nations fails to prevent aggressions & war…
Failure of the League *Economic sanctions *Ethiopia asks for assistance*Sanctions eventually lifted*Italy remains in Ethiopia; withdraws from L of N (1937)
Failure of the League (again)Franco wins; remains neutral in WWII (civil war devastated Spain)
New weapons tested; bolsters German & Italian economy & morale
1936:Germany invades Rhineland (violates Versailles Treaty); L of N takes no action
Rome-Berlin AxisAnti-Comintern Treaty (anti-communist); Germany & Japan (Italy joins later)
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Germany
1938: Anschluss - German troops march into Austria unopposed;
L of N takes no actionSudeten Crisis
• Sudetenland (3 mil. Germans) – fortified, mountainous region given to Czech. after WWI
• Nazi propaganda cause riots; Hitler invade to “protect” Germans
Unchecked Aggression (1939)March - Czechoslovakia, Lithuania
April - Italy invades AlbaniaAugust - Nazi-Soviet Pact Sept. 1 –
Germany invades Poland (Hitler – Danzig had been“… torn from the fatherland”) (click once for 2nd 10 minutes)
WWII BeginsThe “Phony” War
GB & Fr declare war on Germany (Poland)Countries mobilize Soviets & Nazis expand (Eastern Europe)
USSR Gains in 1939
“Phony” War ends (1940) (5 clicks)
Apr - Germany invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg
May - invasion of France
Germans follow new invasion plan (avoid Maginot Line)
Evacuation at DunkirkBlitzkrieg (“lighting war”); Allies surrounded @ Dunkirk (French seaport)GB evacuates civilians & >300,000 troops
Fall of FranceJun, ‘40 - German offensive; Italy invades southern FranceJune 22 - armisticeVichy Fr. (South) - Pétain (French WWI hero) forms a “dictatorial” gov’t
Occupied Fr. (North) – under German control
By September of 1940 Hitler controlled
all of the European mainland.
Battle of Britain (Aug-Nov, ’40)
Luftwaffe hits civilian centers, railroads, industry,…R.A.F. (Royal Air Force) – radarOperation Sea Lion (German invasion of Britain) cancelled Churchill Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few
USSR & USAA) Operation Barbarossa
June, ’41 - Germany invades USSR (GB & USA ally); Moscow & Leningrad under siegeSoviets use scorched earth (see Napoleon); extend German supply linesRussian Winter – Stalingrad
B) US Involvement1937 - Neutrality Act1939 - Cash and Carry1941 - Lend-Lease Act (credit)
C) Atlantic Charter (1941)
Signed by Churchill & FDR (similar to 14 points)8 points - freedom to choose own gov’t, free trade, freedom of seas, a new international organizationFDR - “all aid short of war”
D) Japan attacks USADec 7, ’41 - Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; >2,400 deadUS Congress declares war; Japanese expandBataan Death MarchJapanese capture Guam, begin bombing the Philippines Gen. Douglas MacArthur forced to leave Philippines – “I shall return”
~78,000 Allied troops begin 68-mile march, ~54,000 make it to camp
“A date which will live in infamy
”
Allies Gain the EdgeA) North Africa (1942-’43)
Gen. Erwin Rommel – the “Desert Fox”; leads German forces “Afrika Corps Allies stop Nazi advance in Egypt; protect Suez Canal (key Allied possession for oil & troop movement)British push west (from Egypt)Americans push east (into Tunisia)Rommel surrenders
B) Italy (1943)Allies invade “soft underbelly” through Sicily; 2nd frontMussolini resigns; arrested Italians surrender; declare war on Germany
C) Stalingrad (1943-’44)Nazis seek Caucasus oilfields; head south surround StalingradNazis trapped by Soviets; urban warfareNazis surrender (>300,000 casualties); Kursk-largest tankbattle until Ramadan War
War at SeaAllies improve radar & sonar“Enigma” codes broken; Allied codetalkers’ encryptions never brokenCoral Sea & Midway (1942) - US victories; Japanese navy crippled“Island hopping” - capture strategic islands, set up air fields; bomb key targets
VI) The End of WWIIA) Operation Overlord
Tehran- “Big Three” agree on a third front June 6, ’44 - D-Day InvasionCross-channel assaultGermans unable to discover exact location of landing (Normandy, France)Aug 1944: Allies enter Paris
B) Defeat of the NazisAllies advance (from: East – US; West – USSR; South – US, GB,…)Battle of the Bulge (1944) - last Nazi counteroffensive (Belgium); Allies’ lines bend, but don’t breakGermans surrender in Italy (1945); Mussolini captured & killedV-E Day – May 8, 1945Hitler commits suicide (Apr.)
Soviets capture Berlin; Germany surrenders
C) Allied Victories in the PacificGen. MacArthur returns to the PhilippinesIwo Jima-B-29s within range of Japan, Okinawa–staging area for amphibious assault upon Japan; Allies take islands w/ terrible losses – close to mainland JapanKamikazes - “Divine Wind”; 55 ships sunk, first time pilots, unrelenting Japanese fanaticism3/9- B-29s bomb Tokyo & other largest citie
D) Yalta Conference–Feb, ’45 –USSR, “Big Three” Agree to temporarily divide GermanyLiberated areas of Europe-democratic electionsSoviet Union should enter the warDiscussed war trials
E) Japan’s Last Stand (1945)
Manhattan Project – J Robert Oppenheimer, $2 billion; atomic bombPotsdam Conference (July) – Allies send ultimatum to Japan: surrender or face “utter and complete destruction”Aug 6 - Enola Gay drops “Little Boy” on Hiroshima (180,000 casualties)Aug 8 – USSR declares war on Japan; Aug 9-“Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki (80,000 casualties)Sept 2, ‘45 - V-J Day, Japanese officially surrender aboard USS Missouri (end of WWII)
F) Costs of the War1) >22 million dead; >34 million wounded2) Medical advances (e.g. penicillin, plasma) prevented more deaths3) Desensitization - people grew accustomed to massive destruction