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Unit III: 1450 – 1750
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What’s the single most momentous event of this time period – an event that truly changed the course of history all over the world?
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What’s the single most momentous event of this time period – an event that truly changed the course of history all over the world?
The arrival of Europeans in the Americas
Europe
Over roughly the century following the Black Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved increasingly to the cities and Europe began to take advantage of its newfound reengagement with the wider world, developing a rising middle class. What’s the name of the “rebirth” in the arts and learning that dovetailed with this European phenomenon?
Europe
Over roughly the century following the Black Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved increasingly to the cities and Europe began to take advantage of its newfound reengagement with the wider world, developing a rising middle class. What’s the name of the “rebirth” in the arts and learning that dovetailed with this European phenomenon?
The Renaissance (c. 1300s-1600)
EuropeAs Europeans became reacquainted with the
texts of classical Greece and Rome – which had been preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle Ages – they were reawakened to the idea that life could be focused not so much on preparing for the afterlife but for celebrating individual human accomplishment in the here and now. What’s the name for this focus on the individual?
Europe
As Europeans became reacquainted with the texts of classical Greece and Rome – which had been preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle Ages – they were reawakened to the idea that life could be focused not so much on preparing for the afterlife but for celebrating individual human accomplishment in the here and now. What’s the name for this focus on the individual?
Humanism
Europe
The intellectual revolution that was the Renaissance began in the large city-states in the northern regions of what country, which had grown far more urban than most other parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to trade?
Europe
The intellectual revolution that was the Renaissance began in the large city-states in the northern regions of what country, which had grown far more urban than most other parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to trade?
Italy
Europe
Why was the Medici family of Florence famous?
Europe
Why was the Medici family of Florence famous?
They turned their city into a showcase of art and architecture by being patrons for some of the greatest artists of all time, such as Michelangelo.
Europe
In contrast to the flat works of medieval artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic, worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other major difference distinguished Renaissance art from that of the Middle Ages?
Europe
In contrast to the flat works of medieval artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic, worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other major difference distinguished Renaissance art from that of the Middle Ages?
Medieval art was almost always focused on religion and found in cathedrals, whereas Renaissance art was both religious and secular, and could be found in public places and the private homes of patrons.
Europe
Who gets credit for inventing moveable type and the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even though printing processes were developed earlier in China during the Song dynasty)?
Europe
Who gets credit for inventing moveable type and the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even though printing processes were developed earlier in China during the Song dynasty)?
Johannes Gutenberg
Europe
Why is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by many scholars as the most important invention of the last millennium?
Europe
Why is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by many scholars as the most important invention of the last millennium?
It made books easier to produce and far more affordable … which led to greatly increased literacy rates. It also fundamentally underlay the exchange of ideas that accompanied the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, which found its ultimate political expression in the spread of democracy.
Europe
What other major event of the 16th century did the printing press play an enabling role in – an event launched by a German monk named Martin Luther?
Europe
What other major event of the 16th century did the printing press play an enabling role in – an event launched by a German monk named Martin Luther?
The Protestant Reformation, because now people could read the Bible for themselves in their own vernacular, or native language, rather than rely on Church officials for interpretation.
Europe
What was Martin Luther’s beef with the Catholic Church?
Europe
What was Martin Luther’s beef with the Catholic Church?
He took issue with the selling of indulgences (which supposedly reduced your time in purgatory and implied you could buy your way into heaven), thought church services should be conducted in local languages instead of Latin, and claimed salvation was given by God through grace directly to individuals – not through the authorization of the Catholic Church.
Europe
Another major figure responsible for the spread of Protestantism was a man who preached an ideology of predestination – that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved. Who was he?
Europe
Another major figure responsible for the spread of Protestantism was a man who preached an ideology of predestination – that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved. Who was he?
John Calvin, whose Calvinism influenced John Knox in Scotland and the minority Huguenots in largely Catholic France.
Europe
Who declared himself the head of the Church of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?
Europe
Who declared himself the head of the Church of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?
King Henry VIII, who renounced the Catholic Church in Rome after the pope refused to grant him a marriage annulment (he wanted to leave his wife, Catherine of Aragon, for failing to give him a son to be heir to the throne).
Scientific Revolution
Why did the Church put Galileo on trial before the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?
Scientific Revolution
Why did the Church put Galileo on trial before the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?
He published a book that showed scientifically how the model of the universe that the Church supported – that the Earth was the center of the universe – was incorrect.
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution further eroded the power of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its views as incompatible with the natural world they were now more fully understanding. Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?
Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution further eroded the power
of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its views as incompatible with the natural world they were now more fully understanding. Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?
A Deist believes that God exists but doesn’t answer prayers … that God created the universe but lets it run by its own natural laws without divine intervention.
Scientific Revolution
Advances in thinking associated with the Scientific Revolution spilled over into the realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in what major development of the 17th and 18th centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of the United States?
Scientific Revolution
Advances in thinking associated with the Scientific Revolution spilled over into the realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in what major development of the 17th and 18th centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of the United States?
The Enlightenment
Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly associated with each of the following: John Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?
Enlightenment
What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly associated with each of the following: John Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?
Locke = all men born equal, entitled to unalienable rights (life, liberty, property)
Voltaire = freedom of speech and religion
Montesquieu = separation of powers among branches of government
Enlightenment
Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia were examples of what type of leaders who tried to partially embrace the age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance and greater personal liberty while still ruling with absolute power?
Enlightenment
Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia were examples of what type of leaders who tried to partially embrace the age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance and greater personal liberty while still ruling with absolute power?
Enlightened Monarchs (or Enlightened Despots)
Exploration
What triggered the Age of Exploration?
Exploration
What triggered the Age of Exploration?
Improvements in sailing technology enabled it, but the real impetus was the European desire to find direct trade routes to the East that bypassed the Muslim and Italian middlemen, from whom many items had to be purchased.
Exploration
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
Exploration
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Portuguese royal who encouraged his country’s early lead in exploration. Because of its close proximity to Africa, Portugal had close trade ties with Muslim nations and was the first European power to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean (thanks to Vasco de Gama and his crew).
Exploration
After Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, Spain and Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and how they settled their dispute explains why Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled the disputes?
Exploration
After Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, Spain and Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and how they settled their dispute explains why Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled the disputes?
The Treaty of Tordesillas, which established a longitudinal line in the Western Atlantic Ocean: Spain got land to the west of the line, while Portugal got dibs on land to the east.
Americas
Hernan Cortes conquered what American empire with a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the early 16th century?
Americas
Hernan Cortes conquered what American empire with a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the early 16th century?
The Aztecs
Americas
What Spanish conquistador conquered the even larger Inca Empire in South America with an even smaller army?
Americas
What Spanish conquistador conquered the even larger Inca Empire in South America with an even smaller army?
Francisco Pizarro
Americas
Why were Cortes and Pizarro – and later Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer the indigenous people of the Americas?
Americas
Why were Cortes and Pizarro – and later Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer the indigenous people of the Americas?
They had superior technology (including ships and guns), horses and diseases to which the Amerindians were not immune.
Americas
Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 95 percent of the indigenous population in the Americas following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that lead to the African slave trade?
Americas
Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 95 percent of the indigenous population in the Americas following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that lead to the African slave trade?
When Europeans recognized the land as ideal for cash-crop plantations (especially for sugar in the Caribbean and Brazil), they needed a great deal of labor to plant and harvest … so they turned to Africa.
American Feudalism
What labor system in the Americas, used by the Spaniards to build their colonial empire, was in many ways similar to European serfdom?
American Feudalism
What labor system in the Americas, used by the Spaniard to build their colonial empire, was in many ways similar to European serfdom?
The encomienda system
Columbian Exchange
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Columbian Exchange
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer between the Americas and Europe (and eventually to the rest of the world) of foods, animals, diseases and other resources. To the Americas came such things as horses, cattle, pigs, goats, sugar cane and smallpox. From the Americas came corn, potatoes, squash, beans, cacao, manioc, peanuts, tomatoes, peppers and silver.
Financing Exploration
Along with the Church backing away from its ban on charging interest for loans, what financial innovation helped turn the Age of Exploration into a complete Commercial Revolution?
Financing Exploration
Along with the Church backing away from its ban on charging interest for loans, what financial innovation helped turn the Age of Exploration into a complete Commercial Revolution?
The creation of the joint-stock company, in which investors could pool their money and share risk, then split the profits.
Economics
What theory of economics underlay the desire among Europeans to colonize in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than import to grow wealthy)?
Economics
What theory of economics underlay the desire among Europeans to colonize in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than import to grow wealthy)?
Mercantilism
Spain
What major act of institutional intolerance did Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late 15th century, in which they persecuted and expelled those who practiced Judaism and Islam … and partly explains why Spain was unable to maintain its initial position as the strongest European power during the Age of Exploration?
Spain
What major act of institutional intolerance did Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late 15th century, in which they persecuted and expelled those who practiced Judaism and Islam … and partly explains why Spain was unable to maintain its initial position as the strongest European power during the Age of Exploration?
Spanish Inquisition
England
What daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen from 1558 to 1603 – a golden time during which the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East India Company got off the ground and the first English colony was established in North America (Roanoke in Virginia)?
England
What daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen from 1558 to 1603 – a golden time during which the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East India Company got off the ground and the first English colony was established in North America (Roanoke in Virginia)?
Elizabeth I
England
What happened to Charles I at the conclusion of the English Civil War (1642-1649), something that had never before happened to a reigning monarch anywhere?
England
What happened to Charles I at the conclusion of the English Civil War (1642-1649), something that had never before happened to a reigning monarch anywhere?
He was found guilty of treason and executed.
England
The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the bloodless overthrow of King James II by William and Mary. What form of government – in which the royal family explicitly recognized Parliament as a partner in governing and was codified by the English Bill of Rights (1689) – was established following the Glorious Revolution?
England
The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the bloodless overthrow of King James II by William and Mary. What form of government – in which the royal family explicitly recognized Parliament as a partner in governing and was codified by the English Bill of Rights (1689) – was established following the Glorious Revolution?
constitutional monarchy
France
Although Louis XIV was perhaps the most legendary of all the absolute monarchs of Europe, what was the ultimate legacy he left to France?
FranceAlthough Louis XIV was perhaps the most
legendary of all the absolute monarchs of Europe, what was the ultimate legacy he left to France?
France may have been the most cultured state in all of Europe with regard to such things as art and literature, but his costly wars and extravagant Palace of Versailles weakened the country financially and set it on course ultimately for the violent and radical French Revolution later in the 1700s.
Central Europe
What conflict during the first half of the 17th century strengthened France and Prussia but killed perhaps one-third of the people living in the Holy Roman Empire, and was concluded with the Peace of Westphalia?
Central Europe
What conflict during the first half of the 17th century strengthened France and Prussia but killed perhaps one-third of the people living in the Holy Roman Empire, and was concluded with the Peace of Westphalia?
Thirty Years’ War
Prussia
True or False: Prussia was the country formed by the combination of Poland and Russia?
Prussia
True or False: Prussia was the country formed by the combination of Poland and Russia?
False – Prussia was a city-state centered in Berlin, which was later a key part of the unification of Germany during the 19th century.
Russia
Why was Moscow called the “Third Rome?”
Russia
Why was Moscow called the “Third Rome?”
Rome, of course, was the “First Rome” … and Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the “Second Rome” … and after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, Moscow shrugged off the Mongols and became the center of Orthodox Christianity.
Russia
Who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built Russia’s first navy, founded on the Baltic Sea a new capital, and recruited western European engineers, architects and scientists in his effort to “westernize” Russia?
Russia
Who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built Russia’s first navy, founded on the Baltic Sea a new capital, and recruited western European engineers, architects and scientists in his effort to “westernize” Russia?
Peter the Great (the capital was St. Petersburg)
Gunpowder Empires
Which empire was founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell, was centered in what is now Turkey and eventually became known as the “Sick Man of Europe” as it weakened and finally fell after World War I?
Gunpowder Empires
Which empire was founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell, was centered in what is now Turkey and eventually became known as the “Sick Man of Europe” as it weakened and finally fell after World War I?
Ottoman Empire
Gunpowder Empires
The Ottomans enslaved the children of their Christian subjects and trained them to be an elite corps of warriors known as what?
Gunpowder Empires
The Ottomans enslaved the children of their Christian subjects and trained them to be an elite corps of warriors known as what?
Janissaries
Gunpowder Empires
Name the Mughal ruler who was a contemporary of England’s Queen Elizabeth I and unified much of India by governing with a policy of religious toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?
Gunpowder Empires
Name the Mughal ruler who was a contemporary of England’s Queen Elizabeth I and unified much of India by governing with a policy of religious toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?
Akbar
Africa
What kingdom had close economic ties with Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted many of its people to Catholicism but ultimately was weakened and destroyed by hostilities arising from Portuguese tactics and desire for slaves from the interior of Africa?
Africa
What kingdom had close economic ties with Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted many of its people to Catholicism but ultimately was weakened and destroyed by hostilities arising from Portuguese tactics and desire for slaves from the interior of Africa?
Kongo
China
Why did the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) weaken and fall to the Manchus, or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)?
The Ming were unable to deal with crises such as piracy and famine mainly because of inept, hedonistic emperors who neglected the affairs of state and allowed eunuch intermediaries to grow powerful and corrupt.
China
The Manchus preserved their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities (they outlawed intermarriage, for one thing), but how did they feel about China’s Confucian tradition?
China
The Manchus preserved their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities (they outlawed intermarriage, for one thing), but how did they feel about China’s Confucian tradition?
They embraced it. Kangxi (who ruled from 1661 to 1722), for example, studied Confucian classics and tried to apply their teachings during his “enlightened” rule.
Japan
Describe Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868).
Japan
Describe Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868).
The emperor and daimyo (feudal lords) were marginalized as the shogun seized power and ownership of all lands. A rigid social class not unlike a caste system was instituted (warrior, farmer, artisan and merchant), and trade and travel was severely restricted – which kept Japan secluded until the mid-1800s.
Technology
What three technological innovations did Europeans adopt from elsewhere and perfect in order to become the dominant global power during this time period?
Technology
What three technological innovations did Europeans adopt from elsewhere and perfect in order to become the dominant global power during this time period?
Gunpowder weapons, navigation and naval technologies, and the printing press
