UNIT 2 PRODUCTION AND OPERATION

A. STARTING UP.1. What does production refer to?2. What does operation refer to?3. What does production and operation management involve?

B. READ AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TEXT BY INSERTING THE WORDS BELOW.

a. requireb. monitorc. offering

d. helde. assetsf. utilizing

g. specifich. decisioni. fundamentalj. companies

Manufacturing companies (1)……………………….. three basic functions: finance, production and operation, and marketing. Finance raises the capital to buy the equipment to start a business, production and operation makes the product, and marketing sells and distributes it.

The objectives of production department are producing (2) a………. product at minimum cost, concentrating on quality and product reliability, producing the maximum possible volume of output, fully (3) ………..the plant or the work force, reducing lead time, generating the maximum return on (4) ………and ensuring flexibility for product or volume changes. Some of these objectives are clearly incompatible, and most (5)…………have to choose among price, quality, and flexibility. There is an elementary trade-off- between low cost and quality, and between low cost and the flexibility to customize products or deliver in a very short led time.

Production and operation management obviously involves production, planning and control system, and people. Production includes production plants and factories or service branches, and the equipment such as parts (raw material or supplies), and process (the steps by which production or services are (6)……….). Planning and control system deal with the procedures used by the management to operate and (7)………….the system. People covers the personnel or human resources, who will always be necessary in production and operation, despite increasing automation. People are particularly important in organization (8)………..a service rather than making a product.

Manufacturing companies all have to decide how much research and development ( R & D) to do. Should they do (9)………….or applied research themselves, or use research institutes, universities, and independent research laboratories, or simple license product or service designs from other organizations as necessary?. Companies are faced with a ‘make or buy’ (10) ………..for every item, process or service. Decision relates with what products

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to make or what services to offer have to take into account a company’s operational capability, and labor, capital and equipment requirements.

C. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON THE TEXT.

1. What are the basic functions of manufacturing company? 2. Mention some objectives of production department ?3. What does production and operation management involve?4. What does planning and control system deal with ?5. What does decision relate with?

GRAMMAR FOCUS: SIMPLE PRESENT

(+) I / You / They / We write He / She writes some letters to new customers in a formal style.

(-) I / You / They / We do not writeHe / She does not write any letters

(?) Do I / you / they / we write to new customers in a formal style?Does he / she write

Spelling rules: For he, she and it, we add s with most verbs, e.g.:

a. She has no money to pay her debts.b. He writes a contract.

When the verbs ends with a consonant + y, the ending becomes -ies, e.g.:a. Study - studies

She studies economics.b. Classify - classifies

He classifies the activities, the organization and relations among them. When the verbs in –ch, -sh, -x, -z, the ending becomes –es, e.g.:

a. Fax – faxes She faxes the invoice to us.

b. Watch – watchesThe manager watches the labor’s strike.

We use the simple present tense: to express everyday activities or routines, and habits e.g.:

a. Compaq produces computers.b. She often sends her reports in late.

to express general statement of facts, e.g.:a. A majority shareholder has a majority or controlling interest in the

company.b. Reuters provides information to financial organizations and companies

around the world.Frequency adverbs

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Always (100%), usually (99. 90%), often (90 – 75 %), sometimes* (75 – 25 %), seldom (25 – 10 %). Rarely (10% – 1 %), never (0%).

Pattern: Subject + frequency adverb + simple present verb.a. The manager always comes on timeb. The employers usually work at eight o’clock.

Frequency adverbs “sometimes” usually can also come in the beginning or at the end of the sentence.a. Sometimes the main director comes at the office.b. The supervisors sometimes give some suggestion to their labors.c. I get up at seven o’clock sometimes.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

(+) I ambuying the product.You / They / We are

He / She is(-) I am not

buying the product.You / They / We are notHe / She is not

(?) Am Ibuying the product ?

Are you / they / weIs he / she

Spelling rules: Most verbs add –ing, e.g.: She is sending a package. For verbs ending in ‘e’ take away ‘e’ and add –ing, e.g.: The prices are

increasing. For verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonant double the consonant

and add –ing, e.g.: They are stopping to give the health allowance.We use the present continuous: to express actions in progress at the time of speaking, e.g.:

a. John is sending a package now. b. Betty is trying to improve her report.

to express actions and current projects that are not necessarily in progress at the time of speakinga. I am still writing the report.b. At the moment we are calculating the budget.

to express temporary situationsa. At the moment she is working on a new production.b. We are staying at the Hilton for the next few days.

D. USE EITHER THE SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS OF THE VERB.

1. The price (increase) is increasing. The price (increase) increases every year.

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2. Production management (include) …………………………...................production, control system and workers.

3. The production department (produce) …………… ………………..a new type of products.

4. The labor (strike)………………………………………… Should I call the boss now?

5. Many people (keep)……..……………….their money in banks in checking and saving accounts right now.

6. This year we (try) …………………………………to develop a brand with personality.

7. We usually (develop) …………………………………brand that say something.

8. Powerful brand names (create) …………………………………….. strong consumer loyalty.

9. At the moment we (look) ……………………………………………….. for a new brand name that suggests something about product’s benefits and qualities.

10. L’Oreal (sell) ………………………………………………cosmetics and toiletries to consumers around the world.

11. This year L’Oreal (invest) ………………………………………….over £180m in R & D.

12. The marketing department always (keep) …………………………………within its budget.

13. Because the company made a loss last year, the marketing department (try) ……………………………………………….to reduce costs this year.

E. COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE WORDS IN THE BRACKETS. CHANGE THE WORDS IN THE BRACKETS INTO THE PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

Our company was founded fifteen years ago, and we manufacture 1

(manufacture) and ……………………………………….2 (supply) clothing to large organization such as the police, hospital, and so on. We always …………….……………………..3 (spend) a long time talking to the customers to find out their needs. At the moment we …………………………………………. 4 (produce) an order for 1,200 shirts for the hospital. The next order is for a local electronic factory, and our head designer …………………………………………….. 5 (have) discussions with them to find out what sort of clothes they ………………………………….6

(require).

F. COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE BY PUTTING APPROPRIATE VERB IN SIMPLE PRESENT OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

A : How do you usually organize 1 (you / usually organize) the delivery of milk to the factory. ………………………….……….2 (the farmers / bring) it here themselves?

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B : No, …………………………………3 (we / always collect) the milk ourselves, and the tankers ……………………………….4 (deliver) it to the pasteurization plant twice a day.

A : What sort of safety procedures ………………………………….5. (you/have)?B : As a rule we ………………………6 (test) samples of every consignment, and

then the milk……………………………7 (pass) down insulated pipes to the bottling plant, which ……………………………..8 (operate) 24 hours a day. I’ll show you round a bit later, but the production line…………………………9 (not work) at the moment because the employees……………………………………….10 (change) shifts.

G. COMPLETE THE TEXT BELOW WITH THE PRESENT SIMPLE OR THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORMS OF THE VERBS IN THE BRACKETS.

At the moment I ………………..1(work) for a cosmetics company. We offer a full range of cosmetic products and ………………………2(sell) cosmetics and toiletries around the world. Our main cosmetics brand …………………………………3(dominate) the French market and it ………………………..4(do) well in the rest of Europe at the moment, too. In fact, the brand ………………………………5(become) more and more popular throughout the world and our market share ………………………………6(grow) every day.We usually …………………...........7(develop) and …………………8(extend) products under our existing brand name. The brand is distinctive and ……………………………..9(stand) out from the competition. However, this year we ………………………………10(create) a complete new brand of cosmetics.

H. GO TO A PLACE WHERE THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE. DESCRIBE THE ACTIVITIES YOU ARE OBSERVING. USE PRESENT TENSE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE. BEGIN YOUR WRITING WITH A DESCRIPTION OF YOUR OWN IMMEDIATE ACTIVITIES AS FOLLOW:

I am sitting on a bench at the ………….... ………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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