United Nations United Nations & World Peace& World Peace

Peacekeeping & PeacemakingPeacekeeping & Peacemaking

Origins of U. N. PeacekeepingOrigins of U. N. PeacekeepingOne of the U. N.'s primary One of the U. N.'s primary goals was to preserve peacegoals was to preserve peace

When it was created in 1945, When it was created in 1945, no formal procedure for no formal procedure for peacekeeping existedpeacekeeping existed

A mid-1950s crisis in Egypt A mid-1950s crisis in Egypt was the catalyst for the was the catalyst for the development of such a development of such a procedureprocedure

The framework was first The framework was first proposed by Lester B. proposed by Lester B. Pearson, Canada's Minister of Pearson, Canada's Minister of External AffairsExternal Affairs

Peacekeeping vs. PeacemakingPeacekeeping vs. PeacemakingPeacemakingPeacemaking usually usually involves UN troops involves UN troops directly in armed combatdirectly in armed combat

It is designed to bring It is designed to bring peace to the affected area peace to the affected area by pushing the conflicting by pushing the conflicting parties to the negotiating parties to the negotiating tabletable

The UN played The UN played peacemaking roles in peacemaking roles in Korea (1950-53) and the Korea (1950-53) and the Persian Gulf (1991)Persian Gulf (1991)

Peacekeeping vs. PeacemakingPeacekeeping vs. PeacemakingPeacekeepingPeacekeeping involves the involves the use of UN troops after a truce use of UN troops after a truce or ceasefire agreement has or ceasefire agreement has been reached between nations been reached between nations or groups at war with each or groups at war with each otherother

UN troops monitor the UN troops monitor the ceasefire and ensure that new ceasefire and ensure that new fighting does not break out fighting does not break out until a lasting peace agreement until a lasting peace agreement is reachedis reached

The Suez Crisis (1956) and The Suez Crisis (1956) and Yugoslavia (1992) are Yugoslavia (1992) are examples of UN peacekeeping examples of UN peacekeeping missionsmissions

Origins of UN Peacekeeping: Suez (1956)Origins of UN Peacekeeping: Suez (1956)Egypt was the location of the Suez Egypt was the location of the Suez Canal, built by in the 1860s to Canal, built by in the 1860s to connect the Mediterranean and Red connect the Mediterranean and Red SeasSeas

While never officially a colony, While never officially a colony, Egypt was controlled by Britain from Egypt was controlled by Britain from 1882 to 1922, but British troops were 1882 to 1922, but British troops were not withdrawn from Egypt until 1952not withdrawn from Egypt until 1952

At the height of the British Empire, At the height of the British Empire, the canal was an important route in the canal was an important route in maintaining control of the British maintaining control of the British Empire and conducting tradeEmpire and conducting trade

Egypt won its independence in but Egypt won its independence in but Britain and France maintained Britain and France maintained control of the canal as an control of the canal as an "international waterway""international waterway"

The Suez Crisis (1956)The Suez Crisis (1956)1954: Gamal Nasser, an Egyptian 1954: Gamal Nasser, an Egyptian army colonel, seizes power in Egypt, army colonel, seizes power in Egypt, a poor and undeveloped countrya poor and undeveloped country

Nasser undertakes ambitious plan to Nasser undertakes ambitious plan to build a prosperous Egyptian economybuild a prosperous Egyptian economy

One project involves a huge dam (the One project involves a huge dam (the Aswan Dam) on the Nile River, to Aswan Dam) on the Nile River, to produce electricity and water for produce electricity and water for irrigationirrigation

Britain and the US promise financial Britain and the US promise financial aid but withdraw the offer in July aid but withdraw the offer in July 1956, when Nasser purchases military 1956, when Nasser purchases military equipment from Czechoslovakia, a equipment from Czechoslovakia, a member of the Warsaw Pact member of the Warsaw Pact (Communist) (Communist)

Desperate for money, Nasser seizes Desperate for money, Nasser seizes control of the Suez Canal and control of the Suez Canal and declares that it is now owned by declares that it is now owned by EgyptEgypt

The Suez Crisis (1956)The Suez Crisis (1956)USSR promises to provide Egypt with USSR promises to provide Egypt with funds for construction of Aswan Damfunds for construction of Aswan Dam

Israel, feeling threatened by the Israel, feeling threatened by the situation, invades Egypt's Sinai situation, invades Egypt's Sinai PeninsulaPeninsula

Britain & France drop paratroopers into Britain & France drop paratroopers into the Suez Canal zone, seizing control the Suez Canal zone, seizing control from the Egyptiansfrom the Egyptians

Both the US and USSR are angered by Both the US and USSR are angered by these actionsthese actions

The USSR threatens nuclear strikes on The USSR threatens nuclear strikes on both London and Paris in retaliationboth London and Paris in retaliation

Possibility of war leads to need for a Possibility of war leads to need for a peaceful solutionpeaceful solution

The Suez Crisis (1956)The Suez Crisis (1956)Lester Pearson, president of General Lester Pearson, president of General Assembly, pressures the UN to Assembly, pressures the UN to interveneintervene

Pearson suggests a two part solutionPearson suggests a two part solution 1) An immediate ceasefire be 1) An immediate ceasefire be arrangedarranged

2) A contingent of UN troops from 2) A contingent of UN troops from several member nations would take up several member nations would take up positions between the two warring positions between the two warring sides until a permanent peaceful sides until a permanent peaceful resolution could be achievedresolution could be achieved

The parties accepted Pearson's The parties accepted Pearson's proposal and a dangerous crisis was proposal and a dangerous crisis was resolvedresolved

Suez Crisis became precedent for Suez Crisis became precedent for future UN peacekeeping missionsfuture UN peacekeeping missions

The United Nations Emergency ForceThe United Nations Emergency ForceAfter the crisis had After the crisis had passed, the United passed, the United Nations Emergency Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was Force (UNEF) was formed, with its formed, with its distinctive blue beretsdistinctive blue berets

UNEF is made up of UNEF is made up of soldiers from soldiers from countries not directly countries not directly involved in the disputeinvolved in the dispute

Pearson is awarded Pearson is awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in Prize for his work in resolving the Suez resolving the Suez CrisisCrisis

Cyprus (1964)Cyprus (1964)Cyprus was a British colony until 1960Cyprus was a British colony until 196078 % of its population was Greek, the 78 % of its population was Greek, the remainder a Turkish minority living on the remainder a Turkish minority living on the northern part of the islandnorthern part of the island

Tensions between the two groups led to the Tensions between the two groups led to the outbreak of fighting in 1963outbreak of fighting in 1963

Both Greece & Turkey, two NATO allies, Both Greece & Turkey, two NATO allies, threatened to intervene in defense of their threatened to intervene in defense of their each sideeach side

UN steps in to enforce a ceasefire and patrol UN steps in to enforce a ceasefire and patrol a buffer zone (the "Green line") between the a buffer zone (the "Green line") between the Greek and Turkish areas of the islandGreek and Turkish areas of the island

Recent UN plan to resolve the differences Recent UN plan to resolve the differences between the two communities was accepted between the two communities was accepted by the Greek community but rejected by the by the Greek community but rejected by the Turkish minorityTurkish minority

Kuwait-Iraq (1991)Kuwait-Iraq (1991)Iraq & Kuwait had argued for Iraq & Kuwait had argued for over 50 years over the over 50 years over the location of their borderlocation of their border

Attempts at negotiated Attempts at negotiated settlement collapse in mid-settlement collapse in mid-19901990

August 1, 1990: Iraq invades August 1, 1990: Iraq invades neighboring Kuwaitneighboring Kuwait

UN Security Council UN Security Council condemns invasion and condemns invasion and orders Iraq to withdraw its orders Iraq to withdraw its forcesforces

When Saddam Hussein When Saddam Hussein refuses to do so, the UN refuses to do so, the UN issues Resolution 678, issues Resolution 678, authorizing the use of :all authorizing the use of :all means necessary" to force means necessary" to force Iraq out of KuwaitIraq out of Kuwait

The UN organizes a multi-The UN organizes a multi-national force (MNF), national force (MNF), dominated by the USdominated by the US

In a 6-week war, the MNF drives In a 6-week war, the MNF drives Iraqi forces from Kuwait and Iraqi forces from Kuwait and pursues them into Iraqpursues them into Iraq

Feb. 27, 1991: President George Feb. 27, 1991: President George Bush calls for ceasefire as MNF Bush calls for ceasefire as MNF allows the remaining parts of allows the remaining parts of Iraqi army to retreat to BaghdadIraqi army to retreat to Baghdad

Iraq forced to pay war damages Iraq forced to pay war damages and destroy its stockpiles of and destroy its stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons chemical and biological weapons as punishmentas punishment

Canada sent three naval vessels Canada sent three naval vessels and one squadron of CF-18 and one squadron of CF-18 fighter planes to the Persian Gulf fighter planes to the Persian Gulf as part of "Operation Desert as part of "Operation Desert Storm"Storm"

Kuwait-Iraq (1991)Kuwait-Iraq (1991)

Somalia (1991)Somalia (1991)1990: Local clans overthrow 1990: Local clans overthrow corrupt central government of corrupt central government of SomaliaSomalia

Country torn by civil war among Country torn by civil war among numerous "war lords" numerous "war lords"

Over 30 000 killed, large numbers Over 30 000 killed, large numbers of civilians facing starvation of civilians facing starvation

International agencies unable to International agencies unable to provide relief due to violenceprovide relief due to violence

UN intervenes for the first time UN intervenes for the first time without the consent of country without the consent of country involvedinvolved

Operation Restore Hope involves Operation Restore Hope involves 30 000 troops from 20 countries, 30 000 troops from 20 countries, mainly USmainly US

Somalia (1991)Somalia (1991)April 1992: First UN troops arriveApril 1992: First UN troops arriveWhen UN supports General When UN supports General Mohammed Aideed, one of the Mohammed Aideed, one of the most powerful clan leaders, other most powerful clan leaders, other war lords are angeredwar lords are angered

When the UN orders Aideed to When the UN orders Aideed to disarm his own soldiers, he also disarm his own soldiers, he also turns against the UN forcesturns against the UN forces

Somalis turn against UN Somalis turn against UN presence and its troops are presence and its troops are attackedattacked

February 1995: UN withdraws the February 1995: UN withdraws the last of its forces from Mogadishulast of its forces from Mogadishu

Clan warfare has continued to Clan warfare has continued to this day and Somalia it still this day and Somalia it still without a central governmentwithout a central government

Somalia (1991): Canada's RoleSomalia (1991): Canada's RoleCanadian Airborne Regiment sent to Canadian Airborne Regiment sent to Somalia as part of Operation Restore HopeSomalia as part of Operation Restore Hope

In village of Belet Huen, Airborne endures In village of Belet Huen, Airborne endures harsh conditions, poor food, and constant harsh conditions, poor food, and constant pilfering of supplies by young Somalispilfering of supplies by young Somalis

March 16, 1993: a young Somali, Shidane March 16, 1993: a young Somali, Shidane Arone, is caught inside the Canadian Arone, is caught inside the Canadian compound by Canadian soldierscompound by Canadian soldiers

Arone is taken to a holding area where he Arone is taken to a holding area where he is tortured, beaten, and dies three hours is tortured, beaten, and dies three hours laterlater

Two Canadian soldiers charged with his Two Canadian soldiers charged with his deathdeath

In aftermath of Somalia scandal, Canadian In aftermath of Somalia scandal, Canadian government disbands the Airborne government disbands the Airborne RegimentRegiment

Yugoslavia (1992):Yugoslavia (1992):A united country consisting of six different A united country consisting of six different nationalities, dominated by Serbsnationalities, dominated by Serbs

Yugoslavia ruled by Josef Tito until his Yugoslavia ruled by Josef Tito until his death in 1980death in 1980

After Tito's death, old ethnic tensions After Tito's death, old ethnic tensions emerge and the country begins to fall emerge and the country begins to fall apartapart

Conflict greatest between Serbia and the Conflict greatest between Serbia and the states of Croatia and Bosniastates of Croatia and Bosnia

Croatians are Catholic, Serbs are Croatians are Catholic, Serbs are Orthodox Christians, and Bosnians are Orthodox Christians, and Bosnians are MuslimMuslim

1990 & 1991: Serbian forces attack Croatia 1990 & 1991: Serbian forces attack Croatia and Bosnia in an effort to keep Yugoslavia and Bosnia in an effort to keep Yugoslavia togethertogether

UN intervenes in effort to preserve peace UN intervenes in effort to preserve peace and establish negotiated settlementand establish negotiated settlement

Yugoslavia (1992):Yugoslavia (1992):While UN has 20 000 soldiers in While UN has 20 000 soldiers in Yugoslavia, they cannot bring hostilities Yugoslavia, they cannot bring hostilities to an endto an end

Serbian forces unwilling to accept Serbian forces unwilling to accept ceasefire, conducting "ethnic cleansing" ceasefire, conducting "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnian areas of Serbiain Bosnian areas of Serbia

1995: NATO finally intervenes with a 1995: NATO finally intervenes with a series of air attacks on Serbian series of air attacks on Serbian positionspositions

A ceasefire is arranged and negotiations A ceasefire is arranged and negotiations imposed by the US between leaders of imposed by the US between leaders of Serbia, Bosnia and CroatiaSerbia, Bosnia and Croatia

December 1995: Dayton Accords result December 1995: Dayton Accords result in a peace agreementin a peace agreement

60 000 NATO troops sent to Bosnia to 60 000 NATO troops sent to Bosnia to enforce the terms of the agreementenforce the terms of the agreement

Rwanda (1995)Rwanda (1995)Colonized by Germany in 1898, it Colonized by Germany in 1898, it became a Belgian colony in 1923became a Belgian colony in 1923

Area plagued by tribal rivalries Area plagued by tribal rivalries between Hutu and Tutsi tribesbetween Hutu and Tutsi tribes

Rwanda became independent in Rwanda became independent in 1962, with a Hutu-dominated 1962, with a Hutu-dominated governmentgovernment

Tutsis fled to neighboring Tutsis fled to neighboring Uganda, where they organized the Uganda, where they organized the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF)Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF)

Conflict between Rwandan Hutus Conflict between Rwandan Hutus and Tutsi-dominated RPF and Tutsi-dominated RPF continued until 1993, when a continued until 1993, when a peace agreement (the Arusha peace agreement (the Arusha Declaration) was finally signedDeclaration) was finally signed

Rwanda (1995)Rwanda (1995)UN sends in peacekeeping UN sends in peacekeeping force to supervise force to supervise ceasefire and implement ceasefire and implement terms of Arusha terms of Arusha DeclarationDeclaration

Peacekeeping mission led Peacekeeping mission led by Canadian General by Canadian General Romeo DallaireRomeo Dallaire

Hutus embark on Hutus embark on widespread genocide of widespread genocide of Tutsis and moderate Tutsis and moderate Hutus (supporters of RPF)Hutus (supporters of RPF)

Dallaire and UN, lacking Dallaire and UN, lacking manpower and weapons, manpower and weapons, are powerless to stop the are powerless to stop the slaughterslaughter

Rwanda (1995)Rwanda (1995)In 4 months, 1 million Tutsis and In 4 months, 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus killed by Hutu moderate Hutus killed by Hutu extremists before the RPF succeeds extremists before the RPF succeeds in driving the extremist Hutu in driving the extremist Hutu government from powergovernment from power

2 million Hutus flee to neighboring 2 million Hutus flee to neighboring countries, fearing for their livescountries, fearing for their lives

UN eventually negotiates their UN eventually negotiates their peaceful return but Rwanda faces peaceful return but Rwanda faces serious food shortages and major serious food shortages and major problemsproblems

One-third of population suffering One-third of population suffering from malnutrition, many children are from malnutrition, many children are orphans as a result of the genocide, orphans as a result of the genocide, and AIDS is widespreadand AIDS is widespread