United States History to 1877

Review

Which body of water was the gateway to the west?

Ohio River

Which body of water located in the Midwest would you find inland port

cities?

The Great Lakes

Which body of water provided the French and Spanish with

exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America?

Gulf of Mexico

Which body of water was a highway for explorers, early

settlers, and later immigrants?

Atlantic Ocean

Which body of water was explored by Lewis and Clark?

Columbia River

Which body of water forms the border between Mexico and the

United States?

Rio Grande

Which two bodies of water were transportation arteries for industrial

and farm products?

Mississippi and Missouri Rivers

Which bodies of water was have allowed the United States access to

other areas of the world?

Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

How do bodies of water create links to other areas?

Support trade, transportation, and

settlement

Which geographical region has broad lowlands and many excellent

harbors?

Coastal Plain

Which geographical region is located along the Atlantic Ocean

and Gulf of Mexico?

Coastal Plain

Which geographical region has rolling flat lands with many rivers?

Interior Lowlands

Which geographical region has broad river valleys and grassy hills?

Interior Lowlands

Which geographical region is located west of the Coastal Plain?

Appalachian Mountains

Which geographical region has the oldest mountain range in North

America?

Appalachian Mountains

Which geographical region extends from eastern Canada to western

Alabama?

Appalachian Mountains

Which geographical region has eroded mountains?

Appalachian Mountains

Which geographical region is wrapped around the Hudson Bay

and shaped like a horseshoe?

Canadian Shield

Which geographical region has hills worn by erosion and hundreds of

lakes carved by glaciers?

Canadian Shield

Which geographical region is located west the Appalachian

Mountains and east of the Great Plains?

Interior Lowlands

Which geographical region is located west of the Interior

Lowlands and east of the Rocky Mountains?

Great Plains

Which geographical region has flat land that gradually increases in

elevation westward?

Great Plains

Which geographical region consist of grasslands?

Great Plains

Which geographical region is located west of the Great Plains

and east of the Basin and Range?

Rocky Mountains

Which geographical region has rugged mountains stretching from

Alaska almost to Mexico?

Rocky Mountains

Which geographical region contains the Continental Divide?

Rocky Mountains

Which geographical region consist of high elevations?

Rocky Mountains

Which geographical region is located west of the Rocky

Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades?

Basin and Range

Which geographical region is consist of Death Valley?

Basin and Range

What is the lowest point in North America?

Death Valley

Which geographical region contains isolated mountain ranges?

Basin and Range

Which geographical region has rugged mountains along the Pacific

Coast?

Coastal Range

Which geographical region contains fertile valleys?

Coastal Range

Which geographical region stretches from California to

Canada?

Coastal Range

Which American Indian group inhabited present day Alaska and

Northern Canada?

Inuit

Which American Indian group lived in Arctic areas?

Inuit

Which American Indian group lived in freezing temperatures?

Inuit

Which American Indian group inhabited the Pacific Northwest

Coast?

Kwakiutl

Which American Indian group lived in a rainy mild climate?

Kwakiutl

Which American Indian group lived in the heavily forested Northeast?

Iroquois

How did geography and climate impact how American Indian groups

met their basic needs?

Shelter was made of resources found in their environment.

What are some examples of resources used by Native

Americans to build their shelter?

Sod, stones, animal skins, and wood.

Which American Indian group inhabited the Southwest?

Pueblo

Which American Indian group inhabited present-day New Mexico

and Arizona?

Pueblo

Which American Indian group inhabited desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains?

Pueblo

Which American Indian group inhabited the interior of the United

States characterized by dry grasslands?

Lakota

Which American Indian group inhabited the Eastern Woodlands?

Iroquois

Name the American Indian group for each location on the

map.

What economic reasons motivated explorers?

Gold, natural resources, and trade

What religious reason encouraged European exploration?

Spread of Christianity

How did competition encourage exploration?

Build an empire and belief in superiority

of own culture

Name four obstacles to exploration?

• poor maps and navigational tools

• fear of the unknown• disease/starvation,• lack of adequate supplies

What are three accomplishments of exploration?

• Exchanged goods and ideas• Improved navigational tools and ships• Claimed territories

Who claimed the Southwest for Spain?

Francisco Coronado

What settlement did Samuel Champlain establish?

Quebec

What area did Robert La Salle claim?

Mississippi River Valley

What area did John Cabot explore?

Eastern Canada

Which explorer settled each of these areas?

From which European country did these explorers travel?

What area did the Portuguese explore?

West Africa

What European group conquered and enslaved the American

Indians?

Spanish

What European country brought Christianity to the New World?

Spanish

Which European country brought diseases that destroyed Native

American population?

Spanish

Which European country established trading posts?

French

Which European country was most influential in spreading Christianity?

French

Which European country established settlements and claimed ownership of land?

English

Which European country learned farming techniques from the

American Indian?

English

Which European country traded with the First Americans?

English

Which interactions between Europeans and American Indians were examples of cooperation?

• Europeans brought weapons and metal tools

• Trade• Crops

Which interactions between Europeans and American Indians

were examples of conflict?

• Land• Competition for trade• Differences in cultures• Disease• Language difference

Which three west African societies became powerful by controlling

trade?

• Mali• Songhai• Ghana

From 300 to 1600 AD, which area did Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

dominate?

West Africa

What did the Portuguese trade with African societies to obtain gold?

Metals, cloth, and other manufactured goods from Europe

Which colony was established as an economic venture but was NOT

successful?

Roanoke Island

What was the first permanent English settlement in North

America?

Jamestown

Which colony was started in 1607 as an economic venture for

England?

Jamestown

Who financed the first permanent English settlement?

Virginia Company

Who settled the Plymouth Colony?

Separatists from the Church of England

Why was the Plymouth colony settled?

Separatists who wanted to avoid

religious persecution

What religious group settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Puritans

For what reason was the Massachusetts Bay Colony settled?

Puritans who wanted to avoid religious

persecution

What religious group settled Pennsylvania?

Quakers

Who settled Georgia?

People who had been in debtor’s

prisons in England

What did English debtors hope to do in the New World?

Experience a new life in the colony and

economic freedom

Which colonial region would have hilly terrain, rocky soil and a jagged

coastline?

New England

Which colonial region would you find many diverse religions?

Mid-Atlantic

Which colonial region would you find market towns?

Mid-Atlantic

Which colonial region contains the Boston Harbor?

New England

Which colonial region would laws have been in town meetings?

New England

Which colonial region would you find religious reformers?

New England

Which colonial region would the Church of England be the

center of life?

South

Which colonial region would people have made a living by fishing,

shipbuilding, and naval supplies?

New England

Which colonial region would you find the geographical features:

Piedmont and the Atlantic Coastal Plain?

South

Which colonial region would you find a humid climate?

South

Which colonial region would you find large plantations, cash crops

and slavery?

South

Which colonial region would there be counties with few cities, few

schools?

South

Livestock, grain, and fish are examples of specialization for

which colonial region?

Mid-Atlantic

Which colonial region would large land owners live in mansion on

plantations?

South

What were the capital resources for all colonial regions?

Tools and buildings

Unskilled and skilled workers were human resources for which colonial

region?

Mid-Atlantic

The New England colonies depended on the Southern colonies

for crops such as tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo, and for forest products such as lumber, tar, and pitch. They depended on the Mid-Atlantic colonies for livestock and

grains. Of what is this an example?

Mid-Atlantic

What is an indentured servants?

Men and women who did not have money for passage to the

colonies and agreed to work without pay for the person who

paid for their passage

Which colonial groups relied on family members for labor?

farmers

What colonial group worked as craftsmen?

artisans

What colonial group worked as caretakers, houseworkers, and

homemakers?

women

What colonial groups could not vote?

Women and free African

Americans

What colonial group were sold and treated as property?

Enslaved African Americans

Who controlled colonial trade?

England

Why did England need to tax the colonies?

To pay for the French and Indian War

What did colonies trade for manufactured goods?

Raw materials

Who enforced colonial laws?

Colonial governors

Who made colonial laws?

Colonial legislatures

Who appointed the colonial governors?

The King or the proprietor

What was the economical relationship between England and

the colonies?

England tried to establish and maintain control over

colonial trade

What was the political relationship between England and the colonies?

Colonists had to obey English laws

What were two reasons for Britain’s taxation of the colonies?

• finance the French and Indian War• Help maintain British troops in the

colonies

What were sources for colonial dissatisfaction?

• No representation in Parliament• Colonial resentment of the power of the

colonial governors• Opposition to taxes• Proclamation of 1763

What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?

Restricted the western movement

of settlers

What British law-making body did the colonists feel that they had no

representation?

Parliament

Why did Britain want to control the colonies?

• Britain wanted to remain a world power

• Raise revenue to pay for the French and Indian War

In what document is this excerpt? “People have certain unalienable

rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

Declaration of Independence

Whose ideas were used in the Declaration of Independence?

European Philosophers

Which document addresses the inalienable rights of life, liberty and

the pursuit of happiness?

Declaration of Independence

What are the key points of the Declaration of Independence ?

• People have certain inalienable rights• People establish governments to

protect those rights• People have a right and duty to

change a government that violates their rights

Which document proclaimed independence from England?

Declaration of Independence

From where did Thomas Jefferson believe government derived its

power?

The people

Why are governments established?

To protect the rights of the

people

What can people do when governments fails to protect their

rights?

Have the duty and right to change the

government

What inherent rights did the Declaration of Independence

emphasize?

Natural RightsLife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Who was the British king during the Revolutionary era?

King George III

Who was the British general who surrender to Yorktown?

Lord Cornwallis

Who was the commander of the continental army?

George Washington

What colonial leader championed the cause of independence?

John Adams

Who was the major author of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

What outspoken member of the House of Burgesses proclaimed,

“Give me liberty or give me death!”?

Patrick Henry

What prominent member of the Continental Congress help frame the Declaration of Independence?

Benjamin Franklin

What former slave wrote poems and plays supporting American

independence?

Phyllis Wheatley

What patriot warned the colonist, “The British are coming!”?

Paul Revere

In which event were colonist shot after taunting British soldiers?

Boston Massacre

In which event did Samuel Adams and Paul Revere lead patriots to

throw tea in a harbor?

Boston Tea Party

In which event did delegates meet to discuss problems with England

and promote independence?

First Continental Congress

In which event did the first armed conflict occur during the American

Revolution?

Battle of Lexington and Concord

When was the Declaration of Independence approved?

July 4, 1776

Which battle was the turning point of the American Revolution?

Battle of Saratoga

What was the final battle of the Revolutionary War?

Surrender at Yorktown

What did the battle at Yorktown signify?

Marked the end of the Revolutionary

War

Who was defeated at Yorktown?

Lord Cornwallis

What document recognized American independence?

Treaty of Paris

Why were the colonist able to defeat Great Britain?

• Colonist:–were defending their own land,

principles, and beliefs–Had support from France–Had strong leadership

What was the first written plan of government for the nation?

Articles of Confederation

Name the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

• Weak national government• Congress had no power to tax or regulate

commerce among states• No common currency• Each state had one vote regardless of size• No executive or judicial branch

The Articles of Confederation provided for what type of national

government?

Weak

The Articles of Confederation gave each state how many votes?

One

The Articles of Confederation did not provide for which two branches

of government?

Executive and Judicial

The Articles of Confederation did not give Congress the ability to do

what regarding trade?

regulate

The Articles of Confederation lead to the construction of which

document?

The Constitution of the United States

Why did state delegates met in Philadelphia?

To decide not to revise the Articles of Confederation but

to write a new constitution

Who was elected president of the Constitutional Convention?

George Washington

What did delegates debated?

how much power should be given to the new national

government and how large and small states should be

represented in the new government

What did the Great Compromise decided?

how many votes each state would have in the Senate and the

House of Representatives

What was signed at the end of the convention?

The Constitution

A minimum of how many of the thirteen states had to vote in

favor of the Constitution before it could become law.

Nine

What was based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious

Freedom?

The Bill of Rights

Who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights?

George Mason

Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

Thomas Jefferson

What were the first ten amendments to the Constitution

called?

The Bill of Rights

What are three specific written guarantees of individual rights in

the Bill of Rights?

Freedom of Speech, Freedom

of Religion

Under which of the first five presidents was the federal court

system established?

George Washington

Under which of the first five presidents did the Bill of Rights

become a part of the US Constitution?

George Washington

Under which of the first five presidents did plans for the national

capital develop?

George Washington

Under which of the first five presidents did Benjamin Banneker help complete the designs for the

national capital?

George Washington

Under which of the first five presidents did the two party system

emerge?

John Adams

Under which of the first five presidents was the Louisiana

territory purchased?

Thomas Jefferson

Under which of the first five presidents had Lewis and Clark

explore the land west of the Mississippi?

Thomas Jefferson

Under which of the first five presidents did the War of 1812

occur?

James Madison

What was the result of the War of 1812?

European nations gained respect for the United States

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

Warned European nations to not interfere in the Western Hemisphere

Which of the first five Presidents gave a warning to European

nations?

James Monroe

Who was the famous African American astronomer and surveyor who helped to design the national

city?

Benjamin Banneker

What new territories were added between 1801 and 1861?

• Louisiana Territory• Florida• Texas• Oregon• California

Which territory was purchased from France?

Louisiana Purchase

Which territory doubled the size of the United States?

Louisiana Territory

Which territory was gained through a treaty with Spain?

Florida

Which territory was added after it became an independent republic?

Texas

Which territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain?

Oregon

Which territory was gained as a result of war with Mexico?

California

How far did Lewis and Clark explore the Louisiana Purchase?

Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

Name the Territories on the map.

What two factors influenced westward expansion prior to the

Civil War?

Geography and Economy

How did population in the east influence westward movement?

Population grew in eastern states which forced people west

What economic factors encouraged westward movement?

• Gold (California Gold Rush),• logging, • farming, • freedom (runaway slaves)

What economic opportunities were available in areas like California?

Gold

What types of transportation made westward movement cheaper and

faster?

•Rivers and Canals•steamboats

What canal made it faster for steamboats to pass through?

Erie Canal

What overland trails allowed for westward movement?

Oregon and Santa Fe

What is Manifest Destiny?

The idea that expansion was for the good of the

country and was the right of the country

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney

How did the cotton gin impact the need for slave labor?

It increased the production of cotton

and more slaves

What invention did Jo Anderson and Cyrus McCormick

create?/Which of them was an entrepreneur?

ReaperCyrus McCormick

How did the reaper impact the farm production?

Increased the productivity of the American farmer

Who was Robert Fulton?

The entrepreneur who improved the steamboat

How did the steamboat help to connect?

Provided for faster river transportation connecting Southern plantations to

Northern industries

What impact did the steam locomotive have transportation?

Provided for faster land transportation

What did abolitionist believe?

Slavery was morally wrong, cruel and inhumane, and violated the principles of

democracy

What was the Suffrage movement?

The movement led by strong women who began their

campaign before the Civil War and continued after the war

ended

Who were three abolitionist and?

Harriet TubmanWilliam Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

In which movement would you most likely hear “All men and women

were created equal”?

Suffrage Movement

Three prominent leaders during the Suffrage Movement?

Isabel Sojourner TruthSusan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

Suffrage Movement leader

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

Suffrage Movement leader

What did the South begin to proclaim as a means of self-

protection from the North prior to the Civil War?

States’ rights

What was the North’s belief regarding the Nation prior to the

Civil War?

The nation was a union and could not

be divided

What type of issues divided the nation prior to the Civil War?

• Cultural• Economic• Constitutional• Slavery

How did the issue of slavery divide the nation?

The South relied on slave labor while the

North did not

How did the North and South differ in culture?

• North was mainly an urban/manufacturing society

• South was primarily agricultural

How did many people in the urban North earn a living?

People held jobs in factories

What characterized the culture of the South?

People lived in small villages and on farms

and plantations

How did the cultural issues make it difficult for the North and the

South?

It became very difficult for the two to agree on

social and political issues

What were some economic issues that divided the North and South?

The North was a manufacturing region while the South was agricultural

region

Why did the North favor tariffs?

Tariffs protected factory owners and workers from

foreign competition

Why did the South oppose tariffs?

Tariffs would cause prices of manufactured goods

to increase

How would tariffs impact Southern economy prior to the Civil War?

England may stop buying cotton from the South if

tariffs were added

What was the constitutional difference between the North and

South?

States’ rights versus a strong central

government

If the South did not agree with a federal law, what did they believe

they should have the power to do?

The South believed they had the power to declare any national law illegal

What did the North believe was the power of the national government?

The North believed the national government was supreme over that of the

states

How did the South feel about slavery?

South- abolition of slavery would

destroy the region

How did the North feel about slavery?

North- abolition of slavery for moral

reasons

What compromises did the nation attempt to resolve their issues prior

to the Civil War?

• Missouri Compromise (1820)• Compromise of 1850• Kansas-Nebraska Act

What was the Missouri Compromise in 1820?

Missouri would enter the union as a slave state, while Maine would enter as a free

state

What was the Compromise of 1850?

California was a free state, while the Southwest

territories would decide about slavery

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

People decided the slavery issue

The concept of having the people decide the slavery issue is an

example of what?

Popular sovereignty

What prompted Southern Secession?

Abraham Lincoln’s election

What began the Civil War?

Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter

in South Carolina

How did many Southerners view states and the formation of the

Union?

States freely created and joined the union and could

freely leave the union

How did Abraham Lincoln and many Northerners view states and

the formation of the Union?

United States was on nation that could not be

separated or divided

On which side did these states fight? Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,

Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia

The South-They seceded from the Union

Of the states that remained with the Union, which states were Border

states (slave states)?

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and

Missouri

Who issued the Emancipation Proclamation?

Abraham Lincoln

Who was president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

Who was general of the Union army that defeated Lee?

Ulysses S. Grant

Who was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia?

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Who was a former slaver who escaped to the North and became

an abolitionist?

Frederick Douglass

Who was offered the command of the Union forces, but chose to not

fight against Virginians?

Robert E. Lee

Who opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be

held together by force?

Robert E. Lee

Who urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and

reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight ?

Robert E. Lee

Who wrote the Gettysburg Address?

Abraham Lincoln

Who was determined to preserve the Union by force if necessary?

Abraham Lincoln

What was the Gettysburg Address?

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he said the Civil War was to preserve a

government “of the people, by the people, and for the

people.”

What battle began the Civil War?

Firing on Fort Sumter, S.C.

What battle was the first major battle?

Battle of Manassas

What is another name for the Battle of Manassas?

Bull Run

How did the Emancipation Proclamation impact the Civil War?

It made “freeing the slaves” the new focus

of the war

What was the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg?

It divided the South and the North controlled the Mississippi River

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

It was the turning point of the war. The North

repelled Lee’s invasion.

What was the significance of Appomattox Court House?

Lee surrender to Grant in 1865 which ended

the war.

What southern ports did the Union block?

Savannah, Charleston, and New Orleans.

Which locations were examples of each forces trying to capture capital

cities?

RichmondCapital of the Confederacy

Washington, D.C.

Which location was an attempt to move to higher ground during the

Civil War?

Gettysburg

How were families impacted by the Civil War?

Families were often pitted against one

another

How did Southern troops compare to Northern troops?

Southern troops were increasingly younger and poorly equipped

and clothed

How did the Civil War impact much of the South?

Much of the South was devastated - Atlanta and Richmond were

burned

Who was Clara Barton?

Civil War nurse and creator of the Red

Cross

How were women impacted by the Civil War?

Women were left to run businesses in the North

and farms and plantations in the South

When the Confederacy collapsed, what happened to Confederate

money?

It was worthless

How did the Civil War impact African Americans?

• fought for Union/Used ship workers, cooks, laborers and camp workers in the both the Confederacy

• Less pay• Discrimination• Served in segregated units

Who was Robert Smalls?

a sailor and later a Union naval captain

What was Robert Smalls honored for during the Civil War?

Bravery and heroism

What did Robert Smalls do after the Civil War?

He became a Congressman