Warm Up – Page 200

What do you know about the universe?

Planets do not twinkle because they are closer and not a single point of light.

We only see the visible range.But stars give off energy in all the wavelengths!

Using light to discover information about the universe.

There are two kinds:

Uses lens to collect the light.

Today’s refracting telescopes!

Uses mirrors to collect light

Reflecting scopeReflecting telescope

Spotting scope - A small refractor to line up the big scope.

Eyepiece for viewing

Today’s reflector

Mount Palomar Observatory Hale Telescope

Inside Mt. Palomar Observatory

                                                                                  

Large telescopes are put in observatories to protect them.

                                                                                        

  

Other scopes at Palomar

Look across the mountain tops!

1. Mountain tops above atmospheric haze. Reduces the twinkle effect and distortion.2. Far from city lights ( light pollution).

3. If our atmosphere blocks the wavelength needed to study, then the scope goes into orbit!

Notice which wavelengths are blocked!

The USA at night – notice the light pollution.Where would you put a telescope?

Atlanta

Notice the Great Lakes

Mauna Kea, Hawaii – elevation 13,796 ft

High to “look through” less atmosphere

Multi-mirror reflector in Hawaii

Infrared scope in Hawaii

Infrared scopes “look for” heat and are best at locating new stars just forming.

COBE -An Infrared scope that is in orbit.

Cosmic Background Explorer

It has located very important data about the formation of the universe.

Infrared = heat

The constellation of Orion in visible light energy and infrared energy.These two views see very different things in the same area of the sky!

Radio Telescopes

Records radio waves

Sees to the edges of the universe

VLANewMexico

Very Large Array uses multiple radio telescopes.

VLA from above. They work as a unit kind of like a fly’s eye.

Largest radio scope in the world in the top of an extinct volcano! Puerto Rico

Records UV radiation. Astronomers use this wave length mostly to look at and track what the sun is doing.

Solar & Heliospheric Observatory

This spacecraft has an ultraviolet scope.

The sun in different UV wavelengths.

Records x ray emissions from objects in “deep” space

Best for “looking” for black holes, dying stars, and other strange objects.

Must be above the atmosphere!

ChandraX-Ray scope

X Rays from twoBlack holes in oneGalaxy.

These telescopes are looking for high energy events: black holes, neutron stars and quasars.

Due to their high energy content, Gamma rays are able to cause serious damage when absorbed by living cells. Gamma rays are also able to penetrate dense materials. Aren’t we glad our atmosphere blocks them!

The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory orbits the Earth, detecting high-energy photons – GAMMA RAYS

Takes light from stars and analyzes it.

Light from a star or other source goes through the slit.

Every element has a different set of spectrum lines.

Much like people having different fingerprints.

Krypton’s spectrum

Neon’s spectrum

Emission spectrum

Notice that emission and absorption are the same.

Warm Up – Page 200

• Why are large Earth based telescopes placed on high mountain tops.

                

They seem to form a picture in the sky.

People use them to find their way around the sky like someone using objects to get from place to place.

The constellation looks flat but all the stars are at different distances from us.

Can you see the drawing?

                                

             

The Zodiac is a special group of constellations that extend out from Earth’s equator.

From here on earth, they all look the same distance. In fact, ancient people thought they were all “stuck” on a glass sphere.

To measure the distances in space, astronomers use a light year.

A light year is the DISTANCE light travels in one year. One light year is equal to a little under 6 trillion miles! (6,000,000,000,000)

Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our solar system. It is about 4 light years away. Going the speed of light it would take us 4 years to get there.

Traveling as fast as the average spaceship, it would take between 70,000 and 100,000 years to get there!

Video clip on a light year

Video clip on galaxies

Pictures by the Hubble Space Telescope

Notice the individual stars in the picture. They are not part of the galaxy in the picture but part of our own Milky Way Galaxy.

So why are they in the pictures?

If you look out a window with wood trim, it is hard to get a view without them in the way. These stars are in our view as we are looking out of our galaxy!

We think!

This is not really a picture of our galaxy – just one that looks like what we think our galaxy is like!

If you were inside Lanier Middle and had never been out of the building your entire life, would you be able to know what the school looked like from a distance?

Of course not. All you could do is look out the windows and get some view of part of the building. If you looked out enough windows you might get a general idea but you could never know for sure if you were right about all its features.

Top view

Side view

Video clip on our location in the galaxy

Milky Way using a “fish eye” lens

Notice the comet

In the night sky, a band of stars can be seen across the sky as a blurry image. When you see this, you are looking into the part of the galaxy with more stars.

Our view of the Milky Way

Every star we see in the night sky is in our own galaxy. We cannot see stars in other galaxies because they are too far away.

The Milky Way is estimated to have 200 billion stars.

Witch head nebula

Veil nebula

Horse head nebula

They provide the material for new stars to form.

North American nebula Cat’s eye nebula

ring nebulaant nebula

Current estimate of the age of the universe is 13.7 billion years.

The solar system is 4.6 billion years old.

The solar system is not the same age as the entire universe.

Hubble deep fieldClick on the picture and watch as the Hubble telescope zooms in to an area just above the Big Dipper!

Prove that the following wff is valid by means of resolution:

xp(x)v xq(x)xp(x)vq(x)Why can’t you do this problem?

You cannot do these problems because you do not know the math between what you now know and what you would need to know to do the problem!

You will have the same problem with understanding the process that scientists call the big bang.

Just because you cannot understand some of what scientists say about the big bang does not mean that scientists do not understand it clearly!They know the science between what you know and what is needed to be known to understand the big bang!

Did the detectives see the explosion?No! They have to figure it out from evidence!

They take evidence from space to figure out the science!

Some sort of “event” occurred to cause the change that formed the universe we have today.

This event is what scientists call the

Instead, it was the

expansion of space and time itself,

and thereforeoccurred everywhereat the same time.

Any galaxies fartherthan ~ 13.7 billion ly away we cannot see!

Why: because the light hasn’t had time to get here!!!

Are there galaxies beyond what we can see?

Astronomers think that answer is yes. We just can’t see them.

is the evidence for this expansion.

Universal red shift

Sound shows Doppler effect too! Clip on this picture to experience the Doppler effect.

red shift

What you just heard was the Doppler effect with sound. Red shift is the Doppler effect with light.

Notice that the line groupings are the same – only shifted red.

From our position in the universe, it looks like we are the center because everything appears to be moving away from us.

As a balloon gets larger every point moves away from every other point.

If your galaxy was a raisin, notice that every raisin is moving away from every other raisin. In fact, a raisin far away from you is moving away faster than those that are closer. Our expanding universe acts the same way.

The second evidence is

CosmicMicrowaveBackgroundRadiation!

This is energy “leftover” from theBig Bang.

-discovered in theearly 1960’s.

This is like an oven that was used to make cookies. The cookies are not visible but the smell is there (evidence) and when you open the oven door there is just a little bit of heat still there (another piece of evidence).

What are the two What are the two pieces of evidence that pieces of evidence that

support eh Big Bang support eh Big Bang Theory that we Theory that we

discussed?discussed?

Video clip of the big bang