Universidad Técnica del Norterepositorio.utn.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/1069/3... · north technical university faculty of engineering in applied sciences career of industrian engineering

NORTH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN APPLIED SCIENCES

CAREER OF INDUSTRIAN ENGINEERING

IBARRA - ECUADOR

ARTICLE ENGLISH

TOPIC:

"ANALYSIS OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION IN STORAGE AREAS AND TERMINAL

OFFICE PRODUCTS OF EP PETROECUADOR AMBATO CLEAN"

AUTHOR: Cristian Stalin Chuquín Angamarca

DIRECTOR: Ing. Macelo Puente MSc.

ADVISER: Ing. Raúl Baldeón MSc.

September, 2012

Universidad Técnica del Norte

Cristian Stalin Chuquín Angamarca 1

SUMMARY

Industrial safety is an obligation whichthe law imposes on employers andworkers and must also be within certaincanons organize and operate withincertain procedures.

As safety and industrial hygiene toprevent an entity related accidents, whichoccur as a result of production activities,therefore, a production that does notaddress the health and safety measures isnot a good production. A goodproduction must satisfy the conditions ofthe three essential elements, safety,productivity and product quality.

This study was performed in AmbatoTerminal EP Petroecuador CleanProducts is an operating unit oftransportation, storage and marketingunder the Northern District Municipalityterminals and depots, is located in theprovince of Tungurahua, Ambato, insector between the Quitus streets, theCondor, the Atis and Alfredo Jaramillo,basically consists of three major areas ofwork, spread over about ten acres of land.

This research presents a methodology forapplication of Fire and ExplosionAnalysis which uses the techniques ofthese estates such as the EnvironmentalProtection Agency's (EPA), AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)and Federal Management AgencyEmergency (FEMA) designed to

the improving industrial safety in theareas of storage and dispatch of products.The storage area has vertical stationarytanks, properly identified according to theproduct containing these tanks havevalves installed also have bunds or dikesdesigned to contain the product from thetank in case of a spill.

The storage remains an essential activityin the transportation and handling of

hydrocarbons. The type and size of tankis governed by the production-consumption, environmental conditions,tank location and type of fluid to bestored. Storage can be done in three typesof facilities: surface, ground and tankers.The capacity of these facilities variesfrom a few cubic meters to thousands.

The Terminal Ambato, with two fuelloading Islands. The main island has fourloading arms 4 inch High Island and fourloading arms with similar characteristics,both islands have smithmetersmeasurement systems, such Acculoadelectronic counters are of type F - 4, andcapabilities flow are between 400 and480 gallons per minute.

CHAPTER I

1 TERMINAL CLEANPRODUCTS AMBATO EPPETROECUADOR.

Terminal clean products Ambato EPPETROECUADOR is an operating unitof transportation, storage and marketingunder the Northern District Municipalityterminals and depots, is located in theprovince of Tungurahua, Ambato, in thearea between the streets Quitus Condor,the Atis and Alfredo Jaramillo, basicallyconsists of three major areas of work,spread over about ten acres of land.

This terminal receipt clean hydrocarbons,stores, quality control, marketing anddispatches to the authorized distributionnetwork and activities meet the sameenvironmental and safety regulations inforce in the country for the properfunctioning, which have been obtained byan ISO 14001: 2004.

1.1 STRUCTURE OF TERMINALCLEAN PRODUCTS.



These areas are:

1.1.1 RECEPTION AREA.

The Terminal Ambato, cleanhydrocarbons receives envoys fromBeaterio facilities located in the city ofQuito via pipeline, this product receivingprocess is performed in the pressurereducing station, the same which consistsof several components that are critical forthe purpose of this unit. The productstarts with receipt of an input pressure of300 to 360 psi, passes through pressurereducing valves where it is reduced to 30psi, then the product passes through afilter element, then through a measuringsystem and this is sent to a distributionmanifold, which distributes the same toproduct storage tanks.

1.1.2 STORAGE AREA.

The storage area of the terminal, withvertical stationary tanks, properlyidentified according to the productcontaining these tanks have valvesinstalled also have bunds or dikesdesigned to contain the product from thetank in case of a spill.

1.1.2.1 Storage tanks.

The storage remains an essential activityin the transportation and handling ofhydrocarbons, and selecting the type oftank size is governed by the production-consumption, environmental conditions,the location of the tank and the type offluid stored.

Storage can be done in three types offacilities: surface, ground and tankers.Tanks can be manufactured andtransported to their place of installationor armed in the same place where theywill stay. One way is by tanksclassification features of your roof, it's

based on fixed and floating roof. Theselatter have gained acceptance due to theadditional advantage of automaticallycontrolling the vapor space.

1.1.2.2 Types of storage tanks.

Exist several types of storage tanks whichare classified as follows.

- Atmospheric and low pressure:p <= 2.5 psig

Hardto Floating Roof Open Top

- Medium pressure: 2.5 <p <or =15 psig

Refrigerate Not refrigerated

- Pressurized: p> 15 psig

Cylinders Spheres

For storage tanks at atmosphericpressures or low pressures and relativelylarge sizes using the rules of constructionand design of one of the following codes.

API

• STD 620. Design and construction oflarge low-pressure tanks.• STD 650. Design and construction ofatmospheric storage tanks.• RP 651. Cathodic Protection.• RP 652. Coverage of the tank bottom.

1.1.2.2.1 Description of fixed roof tanks.

These are used for the storage of crudeoil having a high flash point and vaporpressure, ie, those hydrocarbons that donot evaporate easily, thus preventing the



accumulation of gases inside the tankwhich may cause the explosion of this,and therefore the pressure in the tankdoes not exceed the atmosphere.

They consist of a single body, the roofhas no possibility of movement. Theyhave several vent valves that allow theexit of vapors indiscriminate that arecontinuously formed therein.

1.1.2.2.2 Description of floating rooftanks.

These are containers having a cylindricalbody and a roof verticallyfloating on the liquid surface.

Floating pontoons have the liquid levelreducing evaporation. Includes tanksconstructed of carbon steel and alloysteel, of various sizes and capacities, andvertical cylindrical walls, designed tostore liquid hydrocarbons at pressuresclose to atmospheric.

1.1.2.3 Containment dikes.

As mentioned above each storage tank isprovided with dams as if there is a spill ora collapse of the tank.

Table No. 2: Area leveesDYKE AREADyke tanks 2 and 9 2970 m2

Dyke tanks 3 and 8 3404 m2



Source: EP-PETROECUADORPrepared by: Cristian Chuquín

1.1.3 CARGO AREA ANDDISTRIBUTION (FIRM).

Count the Terminal Ambato, with twofuel loading Islands. The main island hasfour loading arms 4 inch High Island andfour loading arms with similar

characteristics, both islands havesmithmeters measurement systems, suchAccuload electronic counters are of typeF - 4, and capabilities flow are between400 and 480 gallons per minute.

The fuel delivery is performed accordingto the guidance issued by marketingreferral in case bobtails of dealers whocome to refuel for leading urban deliveryand transfer tankers.

The main island is used to transfer cargoAmbato, Riobamba. The secondaryisland is used for release for distributingthe oil tankers to the province ofTungurahua and areas close to it.

1.1.3.1 Pumps fuel distribution.

The Ambato Terminal's facilities includean area of pumps that help thedistribution and transport of products toload the islands, the main function of thisarea is to suck the oil from the storagetanks until the discharge is madecompartments of tankers, with the help ofeight different capacities centrifugalpumps that are installed on a platformknown as yard bombs.

1.1.3.2 Loading arms.

A loading arm allows the transferring of aliquid or a liquefied gas tank to another.For transferring from a cistern (truck orrail) of an arm is required upper or lowerload.

1.1.3.3 Generic concept of a loadingarm upper or lower

These types of loading arms are formedby 3-called inner arm pipes, the outer armand dip tube. The diameters can rangefrom 2 "to 6". These three tubes arejoined together by rotating joints thatallow them to turn easily. The arm can beextended to obtain the position of labor



required to access the repository toupload or download and be folded tooccupy minimal storage space.

1.1.3.3.1 Loading Arm top

The top loading arm is used for loadingtanks, both as railway truck. Charging isdone by the manhole located on the topof the cistern. Depending on the nature ofthe product (not dangerous toxic gaswithout evaporation ....), the load canopen, which means that the manhole isnot coated.

1.1.3.3.1 Bottom loading arm

Intended for unloading tanks both truckand rail. The connection can be the sideor rear of the tank or both. Theconnection place influences the size ofthe tubes and a subsequent connection oftubing longer required that a lateralconnection.

CHAPTER II

2 FEATURES FIREAND EXPLOSION.

The risk of fire and explosion ispresented in the workplace with anintrinsic potential for significant humanand economic losses. They also representa risk to the general population, notalways adopted the necessary measures toprevent or protect against it.

In referring to the provisions to be takenin the implementation phase of anyprocess within the terminal, we onlyremember the need to act preventively.

2.1 FIRE.

Fire is a chemical reaction of combustionwhich takes place when combined withoxygen to a sufficient degree, self-

powered, with the presence of a solidphase fuel, liquid or gas which emitsheat, light radiation, smoke and gasescombustion.

1.1.1 COMBUSTION PROCESS(PARAMETERS).

The combustion reaction is exothermic,the reducing reagents constitute the"fuel", the oxidizing agents are the"oxidizing".

For combustion there must concur:

Fuel Oxidising Activation energy and Chain reaction.

2.1.2 REACTION RATE.

Depending on the speed of the reactionwe can establish the followingclassification:

OXIDATION, if the reaction is slow(iron oxidation, yellowing paper

COMBUSTION, if the reaction isnormal, occurs with light emission(flame) and heat, which is perceptible byhumans.

DEFLAGRATION, if the reaction isfast, the flame front propagation issmaller than sound.

2.1.3 FIRE.

It is a fast combustion process takes placewithout control in time and space thatdestroys large proportions that it is notintended to burn. The emergence of a fireimplies that the occurrence of fire is outof control, with risk for people,environment and property.



Chart No. 1: Fire

Source:http://www.google.com.ec/imgres?q=incendio&um=1&hl=es&biwPrepared by: Cristian Chuquín

2.1.4 FACTORS IN THEIGNITION.

All fuels which burn with a flame, arecombusted in the gas phase. When fuel issolid or liquid, is required priorcontribution of energy to take it to agaseous state.

The danger of a fuel compared to ignitionwill depend on a number of variables.

Chart No. 2: Factors influencingautoignition

Source:http://www.google.com.ec/imgres?q=Factores+que+influyen+en+la+ignici% CPrepared by: Cristian Chuquín

2.1.4.1 According to its temperature.

All combustible material present 3temperature characteristic as definedbelow:

2.1.4.1.1 Flashpoint

Is the minimum temperature at whichsufficient fuel vapors emitted in thepresence of air or other oxidizing igniteon contact with an ignition source, but isremoved off. The ignition points varyfrom temperatures well below zerodegrees Fahrenheit for flammable gases(including LPG, propane or butane), andvolatile flammable liquids (such asgasoline), hundreds of degrees abovezero for heavy fuel oils.

2.1.4.1.2 Limits of flammability.

It is well known that combustion can nottake place in the absence of a minimumamount of oxygen, whether either isavailable in the air mixed with gases andvapors emanating from a combustiblesubstance or an internal component of thefuel. Similarly, there must be sufficientfuel vapors or gases in the air-fuelmixture to support and sustaincombustion.

Chart No. 1: Flammable limits

Source: http://www.google.com.ec/imgres?q=L%C3% admit + to + Flash + and +explosiveness. & um = 1 & hl = en & biw = 1360& bih = 601 & tbm = isch & tbnid =ArcY1FwJXP0blM: & imgrefurl = http



Prepared by: Cristian Chuquín

The flammability limits which are foundin the literature and temperaturemeasurements made at normalatmospheric pressures. Taking intoaccount that there may be considerablevariation in these limits at pressures ortemperatures above or below normal. Theoverall effect of increased temperature orpressure is to reduce the lower limit andupper limit increase. The decreases intemperature or pressure has the oppositeeffect.

2.1.4.2 Autoignition temperatures.

The ignition temperature or autoignition(TAI) of a substance, whether solid,liquid or gaseous, is the minimumtemperature to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion in the absence ofspark or flame. These temperaturesshould be viewed as approximations,even more than the ignition points andflammability limits, because of the manyfactors that may affect test results.

2.2 SAFETY FLASH EFFECTS.

It is obvious that direct contact with aflame of any kind is not a good idea forany length of time because extreme heatcan ignite materials or severely burn anddestroy living tissue. What can not befully understood is that fire can causedamage and injuries remotely throughthermal radiation, so not much differentas the sun warms the earth. Thisradiation, which is completely differentto nuclear radiation, is more potent on thesurface of the flame and weakens rapidlywith distance in any direction.

Table 7: Criteria burn injuries due tothermal radiation

kw/m2 BTU/hr-ft2

Time tosevere

pain (seg)

Time for 2nddegree burn

(seg)

1 300 115 663

2 600 45 187

3 1000 27 92

4 1300 18 57

5 1600 13 40

6 1900 11 30

8 2500 7 20

10 3200 5 14

12 3800 4 11Source: Dynamic HeuristicsPrepared by: Cristian ChuquínThese dosages are determined bycombining with radiation levels andexposure times are expressed in units ofenergy per unit time per unit area of areceiving surface.

2.3 CLASSIFICATION ANDTYPES OF FIRE.

For best results in fighting an incipientfire, consider the material that is on fire,because there is a part, to use appropriateextinguishing media.

2.3.1 CLASSES OF FIRE.

Fires are classified as follows accordingto the combustion material.

Class AThese are the types of fires occurring incommon solid fuels. Example: paper,wood, resin derivatives.

Class BThese are the types of fires that occur inflammable liquids, petroleum products.This type of fire is always burning flame.

Class CThese are the types of fires that occur inelectrical installations (hot).



Class DThese are the types of fires that aredeclared in combustible metals such asmagnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,potassium, etc..

Class EThis type of fire should not throw wateras a chemical reaction occurs that causesexplosions with shrapnel detachmentcommitted material endangering the livesof staff acting.

Class KThese are the types of fires occurring invegetable oils, which are not included inthe class B.

2.3.2 TYPES OF FIRE FROM THEIGNITION.

There are six basic types of fireassociated with the discharge ofhazardous materials, with the type of firebeing a function not only of thecharacteristics and properties of thespilled substance but also thecircumstances surrounding the issuanceand / or ignition.

The six types are:

• Jet Flame (Flame Jet)•Fireballs as results of steam explosionsboiling liquid expanding (BLEVE)• Fires in clouds of vapor or dust• Fires in ponding of liquids• Fires involving flammable solids (asdefined by the Department ofTransportation of the U.S.), and•Fires involving ordinary combustibles

2.3.2.1 Flame jet.

The gas discharge or ventilation throughhole forms a gas jet which "blows" to theatmosphere in the direction in which thehole is, as it enters and mixes with the air.If the gas is flammable and is an ignition

source, can form a jet flame considerablelength (possibly hundreds of feet long)from a hole less than a foot in diameter.

2.3.2.1 Fireballs as resulting fromBleve.

Exposures steam boiling liquidexpanding (Bleve for its acronym inEnglish) are among the most fearedevents when there closed tanks ofhazardous materials in liquid or gas thatare exposed to fire.

Although the fireball is usually short-lived, intense radiant heat generated cancause severe burns and possibly fatal topeople exposed to relatively largedistances in seconds.

The phenomenon that leads to a BLEVEcan occur with most liquids heated inexcess within a closed container orinadequately ventilated are flammable orotherwise, or are pure materials ormixtures, unless other factors areconsidered incidental.

2.3.2.1 Fires vapor or dust clouds.

Vapors emitted from a pool of volatileliquid or gases are vented from aperforated container or damaged, if notimmediately ignite, form a plume orcloud of gas or vapor which is moved inthe direction of the wind. If this cloud orpen comes into contact with an ignitionsource at a point where its concentrationis within the range of their upper andlower limits of flammability maygenerate a fire wall that is directedtowards the source of gas or steam,swallowing whatever is in its path.

2.3.2.1 Fires spills.

A liquid spill fire is defined as a fire thatinvolves a number of liquid fuel asgasoline spilled on the surface of the land



or on water. major hazards to people orproperties include thermal radiationexposure and / or toxic or corrosiveproducts of combustion.

The primary hazards to persons orproperty include exposure to heatradiation and / or toxic or corrosiveproducts of combustion. Onecomplication is the liquid fuel can flowdepending on the terrain, in descendinginto sewers, drains, water and othercontainers.

2.3.2.1 Fires involving ordinarycombustibles.

Some hazardous materials, includingsome of the above described flammablesolids, without special risks burn beyondthose associated with paper, wood, orother common materials. Once lit, nospecial threat or unusual. By this we donot mean that this type of fire is notsignificant or important to consider inplanning for emergencies, only that thenature of the threat is often found by fireservice personnel and is well known forthem.

2.4 PRODUCTS OFCOMBUSTION.

In addition to producing heat and thermalradiation, fires involving certainhazardous materials can generate smokeand gases that are more toxic than thosearising from ordinary substances. In mostcases, the heat from the fire causes thecombustion products to rise toward thesky where they are diluted with the airbelow the danger level before againapproaching the ground surface.However, sometimes their toxicity can beso high that requires the evacuation of thepopulation until the fire is extinguished.

2.3 EXPLOSION HAZARD.

Improper handling or neglect of aflammable material is often be theprimary cause of the danger, so that acareful and considered significantlycontribute to limit the possibility of anexplosion.

2.5.1 DEFINITION

Henceforth we will see first theconditions and factors that define thepotential of both types of explosions,both thermal and non-thermal, followedby an explanation of how they can bemeasured the effects of an explosion andthen we will see the different types ofexplosions that meet criteria above andcan be found in accidents involvinghazardous materials.

2.5.2 FACTORS INFLUENCINGEXPLOSION POTENTIAL.

Within the explosion factors are thethermal and non-thermal explosion.

2.5.2.1 Thermal Explosions.

The set of conditions under which theexplosions are more common gases orfumes, comprising igniting the materialwithin the confined space of a building, adrainpipe, a tunnel, a liquid storage tankpartially empty (onshore or transport) orother container.

The force or a thermal explosionpotential, however one wishes to express,is a function of three factors:

- The amount of fuel.- The amount of energy available.- Friction of available energy (known asthe efficiency factor) is expected to bereleased at the time of the explosion.

2.5.2.2 Explosions nonthermal.



The simplest type of thermal explosionnot understand is it is due to over-pressurization of a container of any kind,sealed inadequately ventilated. So muchlike a balloon burst if too much air isinjected, the walls of a sealed tank orother container may rupture violently ifintroduced too much gas or liquid, if aninternal chemical reaction producesexcess gases or vapors, or if a reactionheat or other source of steam increasesthe internal pressure of the contents to thepoint where the walls are stretchedbeyond its breaking point.

2.5.3 TYPES OF EXPLOSION.

Most of the basic types of explosionshave been described previously, but it isconvenient to list them again and providea more formal definition of the terms.

2.5.3.1 Explosion overpressure of avessel or container.

As mentioned above, these events are theresult of excessive pressure within asealed tank or other container and arecalled non-thermal explosion.They occur when excessive pressurecauses the violent rupture of the walls ofthe tank or container, as when a balloonexplodes when too much air is injected.

2.5.3.2 Dust explosion.

A dust cloud of fuel that is in the air andhas a concentration that is within itsupper and lower explosive may explodewhen turning. The explosions usuallyoccur when the dust fills the greater partof an enclosure of some type.

2.5.3.3 Explosions of gas or vapor.

As in the case of dusts in the air, a gas orvapor is within the concentration limits offlammability or explosion can causedeflagration or detonation explosion if

ignited. These events can occur when theair-fuel mixture is confined wholly orpartially or fully released, but theconfinement definitively increases thelikelihood of injury or significantproperty damage. Note that the materialcan be released directly to theenvironment vulnerable or can bedeveloped from evaporation or boilingliquids that have entered the area.

2.5.3.4 Explosion or detonation ofcondensed phase.

As previously comendaba when itexplodes or detonates substance is aliquid or solid, the event is often referredto as an explosion or detonation ofcondensed phase. Those who use thisterm are more likely to denote eventsinvolving gases or vapors in the air asexplosions or detonations diffuse phaseor gas phase.

2.5.3.5 steam explosions by boilingliquid expanding.

In the previous section describes in detailBLEVEs explaining concerning firehazards, which stated that they were notassociated with strong shock waves inmost cases. Obviously, this means thatsometimes may occur or impact shockwaves powerful enough to cause damageor injury.

CHAPTER III

3 ANALYSIS OF FIREAND EXPLOSION(EPA, AICHE ANDFEMA).

The fire and explosion analysis isperformed according to the methodologyof the Environmental Protection Agency,American Institute of Chemical



Engineers and the Federal ManagementAgency Emergency whom are American.

3.1 GENERAL OF FIRE ANDEXPLOSION.

Risk analysis is a set of qualitative andquantitative methods to assess the riskfrom the establishment of the initiatingevents, threatening events,characterization of risk scenarios andestimate their impact.

Figure No. 32: Flow diagram for thethreat

Source: Dynamic HeuristicsPrepared by: Cristian Chuquín

3.1.1 CHARACTERIZATION OFTHE RISK SCENARIOS.

The risk scenarios are defined aslocations or physical areas under specificoperating conditions, maintenance andenvironmental trigger undesirableaccidents or damage to personnel, assets,continuity of operations and theenvironment.

3.1.1.1 Events beginners.

The initial causes or initiating events of arisk scenario is defined as the release ofmaterial and / or energy, contained invessels, piping or equipment flow. Eachbrings a different threat facilities,therefore it is necessary to detail thecauses which may alter normal each.

3.1.1.1 Storage tanks.

Failures in storage tanks that occur mostoften are due to operational errors andother causes such as fires or explosions inneighboring teams. For small storagetanks the most common reasons forfailure are leaks and blockages in pipesand transfer output. The break, as a factorin failure, is usually caused by externalevents such as shocks, pressure or fire.

3.1.1.1 Process Equipment.

Among the causes of failure for processequipment must:

• Inadequate maintenance.• Failure by overpressure.• Movement in structures.• Faulty seals, valves and flanges.• Static.• corrosion or erosion.• Vibration that causes fatigue.

3.1.1.1 Process lines.

The causes of failure in process linesections correspond to blockages, leaksor ruptures. Only in extreme cases be acause corrosion lock. The main causes offailure are for deposits, impurities orforeign bodies especially in the lowpoints of a section of line or flows aremarkets. Leaks or breaks in process linesmay be caused by:

• Corrosion or erosion• Overvoltage,• Efforts to expand,• Movement in structures.• excavation processes that may affectunderground lines.• Explosions or internal or externaloverpressure.

3.1.1.1 Sources of ignition.



Any heat source natural or artificialproducts capable of igniting flammable,combustible or flammable gases. In thefacility object of study leading ignitionsources are:

Vehicles.• Matches / cigarettes.• Static electricity.• atmospheric discharges(lightning).• Shorts.

3.1.2 FONT.

SCRI-SLAB model considers four typesof source (IDSPL);

1. - Issuance of a spill in evaporation;2. - Horizontal jet emission;3. - Vertical jet emission;4. - Instant issuance or issuance of a spillin short evaporation.

CHAPTER IV

4 PROCESS AND FLOWDIAGRAMS STORAGEAND DISPATCH.

EP Petroecuador, is responsible for thetransportation, storage and marketing ofhydrocarbons (as Special Law StatePetroleum Company of Ecuador and itssubsidiaries), it must define the properand normal compliance activities relatedto the movement of hydrocarbons fromreceipt of products from refineries and /or imports, custodian transfer productbetween pipelines, terminals and storagetanks, to shipping the product to the endcustomer.

3.1 PROCESS CHART STORAGEAND DISPATCH.

The flow diagrams are a way to visuallyrepresent the flow of data through

information processing systems. Flowcharts describe it and in what sequenceoperations required to solve a givenproblem.

3.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSDIAGRAM GOODS YARD AREASAND OFFICE.

This is governed by a series of symbols,conventional rules and guidelines whichare:

1. The skeleton of the flowchart format orbe divided into parts representing thedepartments, sections or units involved inthe procedure.

2. It should show the same unit more thanonce in the flowchart actions even whenreturning to the same procedure.

3. The flowchart indicator lines should bethinner than the lines of the format,straight and angular, equipped arrows atthe terminals.

4. Each step of the procedure or actionshould clearly listed and briefly describedin a few words.

5. When a document is retained in adependency of the flow chart as shown.

6. When a document has to be destroyedafter being used in the process isindicated by an (X) large.

7. When a document procedure gives riseto another is indicated in the flowchartinterrupted by an arrow.

8. As we saw in the charts in theflowcharts where several lines intersectwithout relationship is indicated by aninflection in any of them.



3.1.1SYMBOLS.Table No. 15: Symbology flowcharts

Symbol Name Explanation

Terminator (beginning or end ofthe process)

Inside we place materials, informationor actions to start or to show at the endof it

Process (activity)Task or activity carried out during theprocess. It can have many inputs butonly one output.

Connector (connection with otherprocesses)

We appointed an independent processthat sometime seems related to themain process.

Decision (decision / fork)Indicate points at which decisions aremade: whether or not open closed.

DocumentIt is used to reference a document orquery a specific point in the process.

ProcessShows the process to be performed orwhich is derived from the diagram.

Flow line (step connections orarrows)

Shows the direction and sense of theprocess flow, connecting the symbols.

ClarificationNot part of the flowchart, is an elementthat is added to an operation or activityfor explanation.

Source: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos60/diagrama-flujo-datos/diagrama-flujo-datos2.shtmlPrepared by: Cristian Chuquín



3.1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION.Chart No. 33: Process receipt of products, terminal Ambato




Chart No. 34: Continuation of the receipt of products, terminal Ambato

Source:EP-PETROECUADORPrepared by: Cristian Chuquín



Chart No. 35: Process Product office Ambato terminal




Chart No. 36: Continuation of the terminal office products Ambato




CHAPTER V

4 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OFFIRE AND EXPLOSION MODELSIN STORAGE AREA AND OFFICE.

He performed the simulation modelsaccording to the different conditionsencountered in Ambato Clean ProductsTerminal EP Petroecuador.

3.2 FIRE-GASOLINE SPILL, DIKEIN TA-01.

Then be conducted simulating Pool Fire(fire spills) TA-01 gasoline.

3.2.1 FIRE-FUEL SPILL.

To simulate fire model spills need toenter the following data into the systemas they are.

Report simulating gas in the tank-01.

This window shows the input data andmodel results, organized in tabular form,the first radiation at specific distancescalculated and / or of interest, followedby the data radiation levels at groundlevel so as the equivalent dose dependingon exposure time and duration of the fire.





CONCLUSIONS

This project has analyzed the risks of fireand explosion in storage areas and officewhich is concluded.

• We performed the simulation model offire in a spill of gasoline and diesel, withreal data and information storage andoffloading pressure product, obtainedfrom storage areas and office, generatingresults with a great approach to reality inthe event of an incident of this nature.

• By Fire model simulation in a spill ofdiesel and gasoline loading docks andmain island of radiation was determinedvs distance, dose vs distance, radius andincidence of radiation doses from thecenter of the spill to the receiver,generating the data for this model.

• Once the simulation of pool fire (fire ina spill) concludes that the eventmaterialize these islands loading andstorage tanks incidence radios aregenerated by radiation affecting productsterminal facilities and buildings cleanAmbato nearest these radii being thefollowing:

Report gasoline leak in the tank-01 page140, report leaking diesel tank-04 page156, gas leak report main island page172, diesel leak report main island page188.

• Diagrams processes studied during thedevelopment of this research project arean important tool with which account, tocreate a more sophisticated design

process and updated storage anddistribution

• In establishing operating procedures forstorage and dispatch of Ambato CleanProducts Terminal, it has been concludedthat at present all the oil industries shouldhave standardized procedures in order toperform activities of these without anyrisk.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• For the simulation of different modelsof fire and explosion data must considertemperature, relative humidity, fueldensity, area, weather scenario, whichmust be real so that the simulation iscloser to reality.

• In case of such an event materializeshould activate the alarm to stop alloperations within Terminal Ambato, andthen both the company personnel, and allpersons not present at the Terminal mustabide by the regulations issued by thestaff of security, in this case handed overto the meeting as soon as possible.

• The Terminal security area Ambato,before radiation data and thermal dosereports generated in each of thesimulations of Fire of a spill, should takeappropriate measures and actions, andupdating the contingency plan to reducerisk.

• You must perform the design andinstallation of a fire suppression systemin the secondary island, is vital to thesmooth operation of the Ambato CleanProducts Terminal.

• Should be trained properly to staffworking in the areas of storage anddispatch of products, this will contributeto greater control within Terminal CleanProducts Ambato, to thereby maintain

RADIACIÓNkw/m2

TANQUES ISLASDiesel

(m)Gasolina

(m)Diesel

(m)Gasolina

(m)Zona riesgomáximo 31,5 45,72 76,37 18,2 17,26

Zona deintervención 12,6 74,57 123,86 30,86 29,89

Zona dealerta 5,05 117,79 195,24 49,37 48,16



current knowledge of workers onprocesses or changes made in them.

• Keep in mind when making a flow chartof a specific process, this is as clear aspossible so that anyone interested canclearly understand and interpret.

• Conduct periodic drills in the areas ofstorage tanks and loading islands toprepare staff Terminal Clean ProductsAmbato to a potential emergency and thatthey can respond quickly and effectively.

REFERENCES

Ing. Puente M, Higiene yseguridad en el trabajo(2001).Ibarra-Ecuador.1raEdición.

NFPA, Manual de proteccióncontra incendios. Ed. Mapfre.Madrid.

2daedición. Guía técnica. Dirección General

de Protección Civil. Madrid(1988). Guía para la elaboraciónde estudios de seguridad.

Storch M., Manual de seguridadindustrial en plantas químicas ypetroleras (1998). Mc Graw Hill.

Volúmenes I y II. CIEMAT-Dirección General de ProtecciónCivil. Madrid(1990).Metodologías de análisisde riesgos.

Dirección General de ProtecciónCivil. Madrid(1994).Guía técnica.Metodologías para el análisis deriesgos. Visión general.

Dirección General de ProtecciónCivil. Ministerio del Interior.(Diciembre 1994). GuíasTécnicas. Métodos cualitativos y

cuantitativos para el Análisis deRiesgos. Madrid.

Mehaffey J., Joyeux D., FranssenJ.M. y Horasan M.B. (2002).Guíade diseño para la seguridad anteincendio en edificios industriales.LABEIN.

Schleich J.B. (2001). Concepto deseguridad frente a fuego real.

Santamaría P. (1994). Análisis yreducción de riesgos en laindustria química. Braña. Ed.Mapfre.

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