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Unpaid Care Work in Indonesia:Why Should We Care?Valentina Y.D. UtariThe SMERU Research Institute
Forum Kajian Pembangunan
Jakarta, 24 October 2017
Outline
Introduction
What is unpaid care work?
Why should we care?
Policy issues
Unpaid care work in Indonesia
Closing remarks
Introduction
Started in 2012 as part of a global study involving 5 country-partners (Indonesia, Bangladesh, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria) organized by IDS and funded by SIDA; and currently updated as SMERU’s independent study
A combination of desk study and visual methods
Centers on the notions of 3Rs—recognition, reduction, redistribution (Elson 2008) and care diamond (Razavi 2007)
Seeks to understand the situation of unpaid care work in Indonesia not only to raising public awareness about the importance of the work but also to support the development of better care related policies
What is unpaid care work?
Direct caring—nursing the sick, looking after and nurturing children, taking care of the elderly, assisting able-bodied adults, supporting people with special needs
Indirect caring—housekeeping, home management and domestic tasks like preparing meals, cleaning the house, doing the dishes, repairing clothes, collecting water, collecting fuel
Performed in homes as well as in communities
Necessary for human’s physical and emotional wellbeing
All of us need to receive unpaid care work and are able to provide the work
(OECD 2014; UN Human Rights Council 2013; Budlender & Lund 2008; Zimmerman et al. 2006)
Often perceived as non-skilled, female-dominated domestic activities. It is women’s obligation, requiring long hours to complete with non-economic reward. Among women, unpaid care work is mostly done by housewives (Consultation with stakeholders, 2012 & 2014)
All of the women also work on the field; so, they use their free time to do the household chores. Normally, they have free time only in the morning and they use
it for cooking meals (FGD with Men, SMERU’s study on Gender and Economic Decision Making – Indonesia Case Study, 2011)
Homemaking covers activities done by someone in order to manage the household without getting any payment, e.g. [activities done by] housewives and their children who help them to take care of the house. A domestic worker, however, who gets paid for doing homemaking is considered as working. (https://www.bps.go.id/subjek/view/id/6)
Unpaid care work covers washing husband’s, children’s, and mother-in-law’s clothes; washing dishes, cooking rice, cooking side dishes, boiling water’, sweeping
the floor, wiping the floor, cleaning the furniture, taking care of sick household members, taking care of the children. The most tedious one is taking care of the ill
elderly, especially to provide snacks (Interview with Female (31), SMERU’s study on Life in a Time of Food Price Volatility, 2012-2014 )
Why should we care?
Gender equality
Right-based human development
Economy
In various settings, care transfer mostly happens from women to women. When mothers become migrant workers, their caring responsibility is transferred to other family members:
Source: The Wellbeing of Children Left Behind by Their Mothers who Become Migrant Workers: A Study Case in Two Kabupaten in Indonesia, SMERU
Policy issues
3Rs
• Recognition
• Reduction
• Redistribution
Care diamond
Govt
Family/household
Market
Non-profit, e.g. CSOs, NGOs,
community-based care
providers
Domestic Workers
SDGs – global
• Goal 5Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• Target 5.4: Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate
• Indicator 5.4.1Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location
SDGs – national
• What’s left post MDGs: national poverty rate, infant and U5 mortality rates, HIV prevalence, CO2 emission, water and sanitation access in rural, urban poverty (Bappenas 2015)
• In general, SDG goals and targets are already aligned in the RPJMN 2015-2019
• In particular, SDG goals that have high resemblance with the RPJMN are goal #1(poverty), #3 (health), #4 (education), #6 (water and sanitation), and #7 (energy)
• On the other hand, limited discussion in the RPJMN in regards to goal #5 (gender), #8 (inclusive growth), #12 (sustainable production and consumption)
Source: Study on MDGs Transformation to SDGs, SMERU, 2016
Existing Policies on Breastfeeding
• Law No. 49/1999 on Human Rights – protection for women undertaking work/profession that might threaten their safety and/or reproductive health
• Act No. 13/2003 on Manpower – proper opportunities for female workers to breastfeed during working hours
• Law No. 36/2009 on Health – the right of every child to receive exclusive breast milk; the child’s mother to receive full support
• Govt Regulation 33/2012 – workplace and public facilities must support exclusive breastfeeding
• MoH Decree No. 450/MENKES/SK/VI/2004 – exclusive breastfeeding
• Joint Regulations of Three Ministers – supporting mothers to express breast milk during working hours in the workplace
• Sari Husada – four-months maternity
Existing Policies on Daycare
• MoE Regulation 58/2009: early childhood education
• MoE Regulation 137/2014: academic qualification for early childhood teachers
• Technical Guidance of the Directorate of Early Childhood Education of MoEC of 2015: standards of daycare management
• Joint publication of ILO Indonesia, Bappenas, MAMPU, AusAID of 2015: community-based child caring training manual
• MoSA Regulation 30/2011: national standard on child caring for institutions (foster care)
• MoH 79/2014: geriatric daylight-care clinic in the hospital
• Religious-based daycare or foster house
Unpaid care work in Indonesia
Paid
0102030405060708090
100
2005 2006 2014 20152005 2006 2014 2015Male
Female
10.926.09
2.14 1.791.22 1.44 0.64 0.69
89.08 93.91 97.86 98.21 98.78 98.56 99.36 99.31
Distribution of Male and Female (Aged>14)Doing Care Work (in %)
Paid Unpaid
Source: SAKERNAS, calculated by SMERU
Paid
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2006 2014 20152005 2006 2014 2015Male
Female
1.22 0.8 0.55 0.510.95 1.13 0.55 0.6
9.93 12.33
25.1827.82
76.84 77.2585.37 85.65
Prevalence of Male and Female (Aged>14) Doing Care Work (in %)
Paid Unpaid
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
male female male female male female male female male female male female male female male female
infant &U5
infant &U5
child (5-12)
child (5-12)
child (13-14)
child (13-14)
child (15-17)
child (15-17)
adult(18-24)
adult(18-24)
adult(25-30)
adult(25-30)
adult(31-60)
adult(31-60)
seniorcitizen
seniorcitizen
2005 2008 2011 2014
Women have actively done unpaid care work since they were very young.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
male female male female male female male female male female male female male female male female
HH HH Wf/hs Wf/hs Child Child Child in law Child in law Grandchild Grandchild Parents (in-law)
Parents (in-law)
Otherrelatives
Otherrelatives
Others Others
2005 2008 2011 2014
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
By relationship to HH, those doing unpaid care work the most are: female HH, wife, daughter in law.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
male female male female male female male female male female
bottom lowincome
bottom lowincome
low income low income middleincome
middleincome
high income high income upper highincome
upper highincome
2005 2008 2011 2014
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
In each quintile, women’s unpaid care work is three fold to six fold of that of men. Interestingly, the higher the income group, the smaller the gap is.
Education seems playing an important role in promoting co-responsibility in doing unpaid care work.
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
No
dip
lom
a
Elem
enta
ry S
cho
ol (
SD)
Jun
ior
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMP
)
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMA
)
Un
der
grad
uat
e
Po
stgr
adu
ate
No
dip
lom
a
Elem
enta
ry S
cho
ol (
SD)
Jun
ior
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMP
)
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMA
)
Un
der
grad
uat
e
Po
stgr
adu
ate
No
dip
lom
a
Elem
enta
ry S
cho
ol (
SD)
Jun
ior
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMP
)
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMA
)
Un
der
grad
uat
e
Po
stgr
adu
ate
No
dip
lom
a
Elem
enta
ry S
cho
ol (
SD)
Jun
ior
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMP
)
Hig
h S
cho
ol (
SMA
)
Un
der
grad
uat
e
Po
stgr
adu
ate
2005 2008 2011 2014
% P
eo
ple
Do
ing
Un
pai
d C
are
wo
rk
The Highest Education Attainment by Year
Male Female
Family type (nuclear family vs extended family) does not seem to be an influential driver for men and women to do unpaid care work.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Living in nuclear family Living in extended family Living in nuclear family Living in extended family
% of Male Doing UCW % of Female Doing UCW
2005 2008 2011 2014
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
It is highly likely that those doing unpaid care work will take informal jobs.
40.15 40.93 44.28 45.81
34.79 37.0841.12 42.5
56.83
33.0936.93 36.86
23.64 25.85 29.44 31.17
59.85 59.07 55.72 54.19
65.21 62.9258.88 57.5
43.17
66.9163.07 63.14
76.36 74.15 70.56 68.83
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2008 2011 2014 2005 2008 2011 2014 2005 2008 2011 2014 2005 2008 2011 2014
paid work only paid work + unpaid care work paid work only paid work + unpaid care work
male female
formal informal
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
Both men and women might choose informal jobs when they have to do unpaid care work. However, the possibility is higher for women.
90.2 88.7 85.9 84.288.3 87.6 85.2 83.2
45.0
74.068.1
63.8
16.3
68.262.4 59.6
9.3 10.3 12.5 14.211.5 12.0 14.1 16.1
54.2
24.128.8
33.0
83.5
31.537.1 39.8
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
2005 2008 2011 2014 2005 2008 2011 2014 2005 2008 2011 2014 2005 2008 2011 2014
Formal Informal Formal Informal
Male Female
paid work only paid work + unpaid care work paid work + unpaid care work + school paid work + school
Source: SUSENAS, calculated by SMERU
Closing remarks
• The data available does not show the magnitude of unpaid care work issues, but it has indicated that There is potential decrease of unpaid care providers while the need of
unpaid care work will be continuously increasing
Men’s participation is slowly growing although women are still taking the main role
• Time use survey is critically necessary To show the 3Rs of unpaid care work in Indonesia
To show whether there is a shift from household/family-based unpaid care providers to market, e.g. laundry service
There should be adjustment to Susenas’ consumption module to follow the pattern of unpaid care service although there is a good practice in covering the costs of household chores and daycare in Survei BiayaHidup.
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Research Team:
Widjajanti Isdijoso (advisor)
Valentina YD Utari
Rachma Indah Nurbani
Elza Samantha Elmira
Nila Wardah
Hariyanti Sadaly
