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Unsaturated flow at Gardermoen during periods of extreme
high infiltration intensities.
Nils-Otto Kitterød,
Thorgeir Holm and Wai Kwok Wong
Department of Hydrology, University of Oslo
2
6670000
6672000
6674000
6676000
6678000
6680000
6682000
612000 614000 616000 618000 620000 622000
UTM-E
UT
M-N
Glacier fronts:TrandumHelgebostadVilbergBråtenDanielseter
Location of boreholes and the four most important glacier fronts.
3
Oslo airport Gardermoen
utm-E
utm-N
616 000 618 000
6672500
6674500
6676500
6678500
614 000
railwayrunways
study area
SW
NE
4
scatter plot of Ks based on d10/d60
1.00E-12
1.00E-11
1.00E-10
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
m o.h.
Em
pir
ica
l
Ks
<m
/s>
sampling elevation
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
m a.s.l.
f(x)
scatter plot of porosity based on d10/d60
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
m o.h.
Em
pir
ica
l po
ros
ity
5
scatter plot of Ks based on d10/d60
1.00E-12
1.00E-11
1.00E-10
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
m o.h.
Em
pir
ical
K
s <
m/s
>
(emp)
Garderm. average (open)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
theta_1
the
ta_
2
Garderm. estim.
Garderm. average
Garderm. Min
Garderm. Max
Gustavson(1983)
Supra symetric average on Gustavson
Supra symetric min. on Gustavson
6
7
scatter plot of topset Ks
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
6670000 6672000 6674000 6676000 6678000 6680000
UTM-N
Em
pir
ical
K
s <m
/s>
scatter plot of topset Ks
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
614000 615000 616000 617000 618000 619000 620000
UTM-E
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
scatter plot of topset Ks
1.00E-12
1.00E-11
1.00E-10
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
m o.h.
Em
piri
cal
Ks
<m/s
>
8
scatter plot of topset Ks
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
900 1900 2900 3900 4900 5900
distance from Trandum outlet <m>
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
scatter plot of topset Ks
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1300 2300 3300 4300 5300 6300 7300
distance from Helgebostad outlet <m>
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
scatter plot of topset Ks
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
depth below terrain <m>
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
9
Histogram of Ks
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00
Ks
N
all
topset
channel
overbank
Histogram of porosity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
porosity
N
all
topset
channel
overbank
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02
ks <m/s>
po
ros
ity
topset
10
scatter plot of Ks
1.00E-12
1.00E-11
1.00E-10
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
m o.h.
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
scatter plot of foreset sand Ks
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
900 1900 2900 3900 4900 5900
distance from Trandum outlet <m>
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
11
Histogram of Ks
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00
Ks
N
all
topset
foreset sand
channel
Histogram of porosity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
porosity
N
all
topset
channel
foreset sand
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02
ks <m/s>
po
ros
ity
foreset sand
12
scatter plot of Ks
1.00E-12
1.00E-11
1.00E-10
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
m o.h.
Em
pir
ica
l K
s <
m/s
>
scatter plot of foreset silt Ks
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
900 1900 2900 3900 4900 5900
distance from Trandum outlet <m>
<m
a.s
.l.>
1.00E-10
1.00E-09
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
Em
pir
ical
Ks
<m
/s>
depth below surface
Ks silt
13
Ks
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00
Ks
N
all
topset
foreset sand
channel
foreset silt
porosity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
porosity
N
all
topset
channel
foreset sand
foreset silt
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06
ks <m/s>
po
ros
ity
foreset_silt
14
Jonasons (1991) d25_d75 method
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
sample
van
Gen
uch
ten
s n
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lam
bd
a =
n -
1
Jonasons (1991) d25_d75 method
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10van Genuchten's n
N
all
topset
foreset
15
d25_d75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 10.0 1000.0 100000.01/a (air entry pressure) <cm>
N
Jonasons (1991) d25_d75 method
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
1.00 10.00
van Genuchten's n
1/a
(air
en
try
pre
ssu
re)
<cm
>
16
Summary of empirical flow parameter data analyses
Ks <m/s> mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channel 5.49E-04 3.21E-04 1.64E-04 2.76E-04 8.15E-04 1.37E-03foreset_sand 2.83E-04 3.52E-04 2.66E-05 6.73E-05 4.66E-04 1.18E-03foreset_silt 2.38E-08 1.97E-08 4.46E-09 8.91E-09 3.78E-08 7.55E-08
porosity (effective) mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channel 0.22 0.02 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.25foreset_sand 0.23 0.02 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.26foreset_silt 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.20
van Genuchten's n mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channel 1.98 0.63 0.73* 1.35 2.60 3.23foreset_sand 4.28 0.56 3.17 3.73 4.84 5.40
* nonphysical value
1/a [cm] mY stdY 2.50 % 15.87 % 84.13 % 97.50 %topset_channelforeset_sand 10.00 5.00 15.00
’Rock’ parameters entered in TOUGH2 for unsaturated flow computations
Most likely' (E{X}) por. Kx Ky Kz Slr vG_n 1/a- m2 m2 m2 - - [Pa]
topset sand (top2) 0.28 9.26E-10 9.26E-10 9.26E-11 0.23 2.00 300foreset sand (dip1) 0.28 4.77E-10 4.77E-10 4.77E-11 0.20 3.10 1000foreset silt (dip2) 0.20 4.02E-15 4.02E-15 1.08E-15 0.33 2.10 2000
Min (.025 quantile) por. Kx Ky Kz Slr vG_n 1/a- m2 m2 m2 - - [Pa]
topset sand (top2) 0.20 2.57E-10 2.75E-10 2.75E-11 0.08 1.1 100foreset sand (dip1) 0.20 2.25E-10 2.25E-10 2.25E-11 0.04 1.5 500foreset silt (dip2) 0.10 7.52E-16 7.52E-16 2.06E-16 0.25 1.5 1000
Max (.975 quantile) por. Kx Ky Kz Slr vG_n 1/a- m2 m2 m2 - - [Pa]
topset sand (top2) 0.40 2.13E-09 2.13E-09 2.13E-10 0.39 2.5 500foreset sand (dip1) 0.40 2.00E-09 2.00E-09 2.00E-10 0.36 4.6 2500foreset silt (dip2) 0.40 1.27E-14 1.27E-14 3.37E-13 0.35 3.6 3000
17
-3.7
-2.7
-1.7
-0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
West-East <m>
depth
belo
w s
urf
ace <
m>
-3.7
-2.7
-1.7
-0.7S
-3.7
-2.7
-1.7
-0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
West-East <m>
depth
belo
w s
urf
ace <
m>
-3.7
-2.7
-1.7
-0.7H
250 mm/d100 mm/d42 mm/d15 mm/d10 mm/d5 mm/d
NE (grw 11 m)SW (grw 3.7m)
1/ Kh_Kv Ks por Slr vG_n
Total: 672 flow fields
18
19
Søvik and Alfnes et al. (2001) Moreppen tracer test
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
time <days>
brom
ide
<rel
ativ
e co
ncen
trat
ion>
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
br(-2.95m)
br(-3.09m)
42mm/SV/S min
42mm/SV/S max
42mm/SV/H min
42mm/SV/H max
HTO(-2.84m)
HTO(-3.09m)
HTO(-3.30m)
20
Søvik and Alfnes et al. (2001) Moreppen tracer test
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
time <days>
<rel
ativ
e co
ncen
trat
ion>
br(-2.95m)
br(-3.09m)
HTO(-2.84m)
HTO(-3.09m)
HTO(-3.30m)
42mm/SV/S min
42mm/SV/S max
42mm/SV/H min
42mm/SV/H max
0.50
0.20
21
22
23
24
25