UNW Status Report IWRM

8/6/2019 UNW Status Report IWRM

1/53

Prepared for the 16th session of the Commissionon Sustainable Development - May 2008

Status Report on IntegratedWater Resources Managementand Water Efficiency Plans

Report


2/53

UN Water is made up of the UN agencies, programmes and funds that have a

significant role in tackling global water concerns. It also includes major non-UN

partners who cooperate with them in advancing progress towards the water-

related goals of the Decade Water for Life and Millennium Declaration. It is the

official United Nations mechanism for follow-up of the water-related decisions

reached at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Millen-

nium Development Goals and supports Member States in their efforts to achieve

water and sanitation goals and targets. Its work encompasses all aspects of

freshwater, including surface and groundwater resources and the interface

between fresh and sea water.

How to cite: UN-Water (2008). Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans

for CSD16

Acknowledgements: This is a Report of UN-Water undertaken by its Task Force

on IWRM Monitoring and Reporting. Gordon Young, supported by Binay Shah

and Fred Kimaite, drafted the Report on behalf of the Task Force with direction,

comments and advice from the members and partners of UN-Water.

Drafting, publishing and printing of the Report was funded by contributions to

UN-Water from DFID.


3/53

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank

CSD Commission on SustainableDevelopment

DFID Departmentfor InternationalDevelopment(UK)

EU EuropeanUnion

GWP GlobalWaterPartnership

IWRM IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement

JPoI JohannesburgPlanofImplementation

MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals

NGO Non-governmentalOrganization

OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

PRSP PovertyReductionStrategyPaper

UN UnitedNations

UN-DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs

UCC UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeCollaborativeCenter(Copenhagen)

UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalProgramme

UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

WHO WorldHealthOrganization

WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment

WWAP WorldWaterAssessmentProgramme

WWDR WorldWaterDevelopmentReport


4/53


5/53

Table of Contents

1.0 ExecutiveSummary 1

2.0 TheOverallSetting 3

2.1 Wateravailabilityinsufficientquantityandquality 3

2.2 Themanyusesofwater 3

2.3 Diversity 4

2.4 Fromfragmentedtointegratedmanagement 4

3.0 TheresponseoftheUnitedNationssystem 7

3.1 Theneedtosettargetsandtomonitorprogresstowardsachievingthosetargets 7

3.2 SurveyofprogressonIWRM 8

4.0 StatusofnationalIWRMplanningandimplementation 15

4.1 AnalysisoftheUN-WaterSurvey 15

4.2 ComparativeanalysisoftheUN-WaterSurveywiththoseofGWPandAfDB 17

4.3 ImplementationofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansandOutcomesofImplementation 20

4.4 ExamplesofongoingIWRMprocesses 22

4.5 Casestudiesfromselectedcountries 25

4.6 Thedevelopmentofindicators 29

5.0 Keylessonslearnedandfutureactions 31

6.0 ListofAnnexes 33

AppendixDiagramsshowingRegionalandSub-Regionalcomparisons 35


6/53


7/53

Managers,whetherinthegovernmentorprivatesectors,

havetomakedifficultdecisionsonwaterallocation.More

and more they have to apportion diminishing supplies

between ever-increasing demands. Drivers suchas demo-

graphic and climatic changes further increase the stress

on water resources. The traditionalfragmented approach

isnolongerviableandamoreholisticapproachtowater

managementisessential.

ThisistherationalefortheIntegratedWaterResourc-es Management (IWRM) approach that has now been

accepted internationally as the way forward for efficient,

equitable and sustainable development and management

oftheworldslimitedwaterresourcesandforcopingwith

conflictingdemands.

Countriesandregionshaveverydifferentphysicalchar-

acteristicsandareatverydifferentstagesineconomicand

socialdevelopment:hencethereisaneedforapproaches

tobetailoredtotheindividualcircumstanceofcountryand

localregion.

This Report, compiled by UN-Water, aims to illustrate

progressmadeonmeetingthetargettoDevelop integrat-

ed water resources management and water efficiency plans

by 2005, with support to developing countries, through

actions at all levelsagreedattheWorldSummitonSus-

tainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,

throughtheJohannesburgPlanofImplementation(JPoI).

TheReportisbasedonasurveycovering104countries

ofwhich77aredevelopingorcountriesintransitionand

27aredeveloped(OECDandEUmemberstates)Thesurveybringstogethertheresultsofquestionnairesby UN-DESA,

andUNEP1 in 2007.Severalother members of UN-Water

and partner agencies have supportedand contributed to

the Report including UNDP, UN Statistics, WHO, WWAP

andGWP.Thesurveyrecognisesthatcountriesusedifferent

terminologyfortheirwaterresourcesmanagementplans.

Itprovidesthemostobjectiveandcomprehensiveoverview

ofthecurrentstatusofwaterresourcesmanagement.The

Report also includes information gathered by the more

informal surveys conducted earlier by the Global Water

PartnershipandtheAfricanDevelopmentBank.

ThroughtheUNEPCollaboratingCentreinDHI,Copenhagen

Key conclusions:

Developed countries:Theyhaveadvancedonalmostall

majorissues,however,thereisstillmuchroomforfurther

improvement.

Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-

veyonly6claimtohavefullyimplementednational

IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto

haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

The Report indicates thatdevelopedcountriesneed

toimprove onpublic awareness campaignsand ongendermainstreaming.

Developing countries: There has been some recent

improvement in the IWRM planning process at national

levelbutmuchmoreneedstobedonetoimplementthe

plans.

Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade

between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-

ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-

age of countries having plans completed or under

implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis

measure the Americas have improved most - from

7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere

from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.

However,someofthechangemaybeduetodiffer-

encesinthequestionnaires.

AfricausuallylagsbehindAsiaandtheAmericason

mostissues,howeveritismoreadvancedonstake-

holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit

programs;

Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet

lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.

Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-

blebenefitsofimplementingplansthathaveadoptedthe

IWRMapproach. There areexamples at the national and

internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-

plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese

levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.

Water efficiency: It is clear that many countries

consider thatplans thatfollow an IWRMapproach auto-

maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas

considerableambiguityintheresponsesconcerningwater

efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis

recognisedthattakingactionsthatmakewaterusemore

efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment

.0 Executive Summary

Executive Summary


8/53

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16

and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-

tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant

totheirparticularcircumstances,itshouldnotbeimplied

thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbe considerednecessary.It

canbeconcludedfromthissurveythatmuchmoreeffortneedstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency

measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.

Development of indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas

goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet

therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,

relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.

TheRoadmappinginitiative,beingdevelopedconcurrently

withthis Report and complementary to it,is intended to

help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards

better water management, drawing inspiration from theIWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they

have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and

globallevels,theroadmapscouldserveasbenchmarkfor

monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-

ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries

withabetterassessmentoftheneedstoadvanceintheir

implementationofIWRM.

Recommendations:

Thesurveyindicatesthatmoreemphasisisneededinthe

followingareas:

Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,

need to prioritise the development of IWRM andwaterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpof support-

ingagencies;

Countries need to prioritise the implementation of

policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;

Countries should establish roadmaps and financing

strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith

ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors

andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon

demand;

ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-

ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-nation mechanisms. Thiswill require more workon

indicatorsand follow-up processes thatdo not add

anunduereportingburdenoncountries.

TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits

associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould

continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof

progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.


9/53

Water is a key driver of economic and social develop-

ment while it also has a basic function in maintain-

ing the integrity of the natural environment. How-

ever water is only one of a number of vital natural

resources and it is imperative that water issues are

not considered in isolation.

2.1 Water availability in sufficient

quantity and quality

Therearegreatdifferencesinwateravailabilityfromregiontoregion-fromtheextremesofdesertstotropicalforests.

Inadditionthereisvariabilityofsupplythroughtimeasa

resultbothofseasonalvariationandinter-annualvariation.

Alltoo often themagnitudeof variabilityand the timing

anddurationofperiodsofhighandlowsupplyarenotpre-

dictable;thisequatestounreliabilityoftheresourcewhich

posesgreatchallengestowatermanagersinparticularand

to societies as a whole. Most developed countries have,

in large measure, artificially overcome natural variability

by supply-side infrastructureto assure reliablesupply and

reduce risks, albeit athigh cost and often with negative

impacts on the environment and sometimes on human

health and livelihoods. Many less developed countries,

andsomedevelopedcountries,arenowfindingthatsup-

ply-side solutions alone are not adequate to address the

everincreasingdemandsfromdemographic,economicand

climaticpressures;waste-watertreatment,waterrecycling

anddemandmanagementmeasuresarebeingintroduced

tocounterthechallengesofinadequatesupply.Inaddition

toproblemsofwaterquantitytherearealsoproblemsof

water quality. Pollution of water sources is posing major

problemsforwaterusersaswellasformaintainingnatural

ecosystems.

Inmanyregionstheavailabilityofwaterinbothquantity

andqualityisbeingseverelyaffectedbyclimatevariability

andclimatechange,withmoreorlessprecipitationindif-

ferentregionsandmoreextremeweatherevents.Inmany

regions, too, demand isincreasingas a result ofpopula-

tiongrowthandotherdemographicchanges(inparticular

urbanization)andagriculturalandindustrialexpansionfol-

lowingchangesinconsumptionandproductionpatterns.

Asa resultsomeregions arenow ina perpetual stateof

demandoutstrippingsupplyandinmanymoreregionsthat

isthecaseatcriticaltimesoftheyearorinyearsoflow

wateravailability.

2.2 the many uses for Water

Water for basic human needs and reducing absolute

poverty isdirectly relatedto the availabilityand quality of

foodandtotheprevalenceofdisease.Clearlywaterisoffun-

damentalimportanceforfoodproduction,fordrinking,for

sanitationandforhygiene.Adequatewaterinbothquantity

andqualityunderpinshealthandbasicqualityoflife.

Water for social and economic development is

clearlylinkedtotheIWRMfocusonthethreeEs-namely:equity,economicsandenvironment.Waterforsocialdevel-

opmentincludestheprovisionofeducationandhealthcare.

Withoutcleanwatersuppliesandgoodsanitationfacilities

inschoolsandhospitalssocialdevelopmentisstymied.And

foreducation- in schools without sanitationfacilities - it

isgirlswhosuffermostandarethereforedisadvantaged,

introducing an important gender element into the equa-

tion. Water is of fundamental importance for economic

developmentthroughenergyandindustrialproduction.Itis

neededformanyformsofenergyproduction-hydropower

and the waterforcooling ofthermaland nuclear power

stations.Andenergyinturnisneededforpumping,includ-

ingextractionofwaterfromundergroundaquifers.Water

isneededformanyindustriesandthoseindustriesinturn

have effect, through pollution and abstraction, on water

quality that affects both downstream users and natural

ecosystems.Amajorwateruseisnon-foodagriculture,in

particularrecentshifts towardsgrowingbiofuels.Thishas

significantimplicationsforwaterresourcesmanagement.

Water and natural ecosystems-Naturalecosystems

areoffundamentalimportancetohumanwell-beingand

development. Our concern must not remain focused onhumandevelopmentconsiderationsonlybutit mustplace

thehumanbeing,asanindividual,asamemberofacom-

munityandaspartofsocietyasawholeinanenvironmen-

talcontext,toachievewell-beingandharmonywithnature.

Thelossofbiodiversityandthedegradationofecosystems

meanalossofecosystemproductsandservicesandunder-

mine the habitat Planet Earth provides for humans. We

destroyordegradethesenaturalsystemsat ourperil,and

so social and economic development and basic human

bettermentmustgohandinhandwithpreservationofthe

naturalenvironment.

Water security - floods, droughts, pollution spills into

our water systems is of growing importance. Not only, in

.0 The overall setting

The overall setting


10/53


many regions, is there an increase in the frequency and

intensity of floods, droughts and, with increasingindustri-

alization, pollution spills,but, withincreases in population,

morepeoplearelivinginzonespronetodisasters.Also,with

increaseddemandforscarcerresourcesthereisanincreasedriskofconflictoverwater:itisalreadypartoftheequation

inmanyconflictssuchasDarfurandtheMiddleEast.Water

securityisalsointrinsicallylinkedtofoodsecurity.

2.3 diversity

Whiletheworldcomprisesmanyverydifferentclimaticand

hydrological regions, which will be diversely impacted by

climatechange,therearemanyotheraspectsofdiversity

whichaffectthewaysinwhichwaterismanaged.

.. The importance of basin managementwithin the context of diversity:There is agreement among many that water should be

managedwithinnaturalhydrologicalunits-theriverbasin,

lake basin or aquifer. However, geographic situations are

diverseandnaturalunitsseldomcoincidewithadministra-

tive units. Some countries, such as Sri Lanka, are single

nationalunitsinthesensethattherearenointernational

landborderswithothercountries.Indonesiaiscomposed

of many separate islands each of which has many river

systems;administrativeunitsmayspanbothanumberof

islandsandalargenumberofriverbasins.Theseexamples

contrast with such international river basins such as the

Nilewiththechallengesassociatedwithsharingthewaters

betweenupstreamanddownstreamneighbours.Asimilar

situation can also be seen within many large countries

where rivers run through many states (Australia, China,

Indiaand USA).In othercircumstances, such asthose of

theRioGrandeseparatingMexicofromtheUSA,themajor

riveritselfformstheboundarybetweennationstatespos-

ing challenges for management of the resource. Some

major aquifers alsospan national boundariesbut as they

arehiddentheirmanagementisoftenneglected.

.. Diversity in demographicsTherearemajorcontrastsindemographicsbetweendevel-

opedanddevelopingcountries.Manydevelopingcountries

haveveryyouthfulpopulationsvirtuallyguaranteeingrapid

population growth in the future; many developed coun-

triesbycontrasthaveaginganddiminishingpopulations.

Simplegrowthordepletioninnumbersiscomplicatedby

populationmovements.Urbanpopulationsare,ingeneral,

growing while rural populations are likely to grow at a

muchsmallerpace or in someplaces diminish.There are

also major migrations of population across international

borders, some permanent, some seasonal and some, in

thecaseoftourists,veryshortterm;suchpopulationshifts

intensifywatermanagementproblems.

.. Diversity in governanceSocieties are organised in different ways from politically

centralisedtohighlydispersed;insomesocieties,suchas

federal jurisdictions, responsibilities for management of

naturalresources,including water,are primarilyat provin-cialratherthanatnationallevel.Indeed,theavailabilityof

waterwasamajordriverofthewaygovernancestructures

developed.Currently,responsibilitiesforparticularaspects

ofwatermanagementoftenaredevolvedtothecommu-

nityleveleventhoughtheymayhaveinadequateresources

toundertaketheirresponsibilities-thisisoftenthecasefor

drinkingwatersupply,sanitationandhygiene.

Attitudes of societies towards stewardship of water

resourcesreflectculturalandreligiousbeliefsandtheydif-

fergreatlyfromcountrytocountryandoftenalsowithincountries where populations are of diverse ethnic and

social backgrounds. Thesedifferencesarealso manifested

in the effectiveness and efficiency of institutions and of

legislation. Financial resources and instruments so neces-

saryespeciallyincriticalcircumstancesareoftenlackingin

poorersocieties.

Itisnotonlygovernments,whethernational,provincial

orat lower levels ofthe municipalityor community, that

have responsibilityin water management.Very often the

privatesectorplaysvitalrolesintheprovisionofwaterserv-

ices.Inmanycountriespublic-privatepartnershipsarebeing

createdtobettermanagesupplies.Individualcitizens,too

haveimportantrolestoplay,especiallyatthecommunity

levelbutalltoo oftencitizens donothavethemeans to

expresstheirdemandsandconcerns.

Alltheseaspectsof governancearecriticallyimportant

and affect the ability of societies to address their water

challenges.

2.4 from fragmented to integrated

managementAsageneralrule,inthepastwithsmallerpopulations,less

intense economic activity and with less affluent societies

demandingmuchlesswater,supplyoftheresourcewasusu-

allymuchgreaterthandemandforit.Insuchcircumstances

waterforagriculture,forindustry,fordomesticandallother

uses could be managed separately there being sufficient

watertoaccommodateallneedsandtherebeinglittlecom-

petitionbetweenusesandbetweenusers.Moreover,water

usebyhumansdidnotundulyimpingeonthenaturalenvi-

ronmentandecosystemsasitdoestoday.Thusitwascom-

mon(andstilliscommon)thatwithingovernmentsatboth

nationalandsub-nationallevelsseparateministrieswouldbe

setinplaceforeachuseforwhichwaterwasneeded.


11/53

As populations have grown, as food production has

increased,aseconomicactivityhasdevelopedandassocie-

tieshavebecomemoreaffluent,sodemandforwaterhas

burgeoned.Climatechangeaddsyetmorepressureonour

limitedwaterresources.Inverymanyplacesdemandhasfaroutstrippedsupply-thismaybeparticularlysoinseasons

whensupplymaybeseverelylimitedorinyearsofdrought,

orattimeswhendemandisparticularlyhigh,forexample

whenthereisgreatdemandforwaterforirrigation.

Thus managers, whether in the government the

private sector or local communities have to make dif-

ficult decisions on water allocation. They find them-

selves in countries and regions that have very differ-

ent physical characteristics and are at very different

stages in economic and social development: hencethere is a need for approaches to be tailored to the

individual circumstance of country and local region.

More and more often managers have to appor-

tion diminishing supplies between ever-increasing

demands taking into account the weaker voices of the

poor and of the natural environment. The traditional

fragmented or purely sectoral approach is no longer

viable and a more holistic approach is essential.

This is the rationale for the Integrated Water

Resources Management (IWRM) approach that has

now been accepted internationally as the way for-

ward for efficient and sustainable development and

management of the worlds limited water resources

and for coping with conflicting demands. The most

widely accepted definition of IWRM is that given by

the Global Water Partnership: IWRM is defined as a

process that promotes the coordinated development

and management of water, land and related resourc-es, in order to maximize the resultant economic and

social welfare in an equitable manner without com-

promising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

The overall setting


12/53


13/53

3.1 the need to set targets and to monitor

progress toWards achieving those targets

There is a well recognized need to undertake compre-

hensive and objectiveassessments of the state of global

freshwaterresources,theusestowhichtheresourcesare

put,the challengesassociated withthe resource and the

abilityofnationsandsocietiestocopewiththechallenges

thatwatermanagersmustaddress.Tothisend,intheyear

2000,theUnitedNationssystemcreatedtheWorldWater

Assessment Programme (WWAP) with UNESCO leadingtheProgrammebyhostingitsSecretariat.TheWWAPhas

producedtwoWorldWaterDevelopmentReports(WWDRs)

in 2003and 2006.This processwill continue to produce

WWDRs every three years and thus provide a reporting

mechanism to record the changes taking place in the

resourceitselfandchangingmanagementchallenges.

It is also well recognized that there is a need to set

targets towards whichthe worldmuststrive ifthe many

water-relatedchallengesaretoberesolved.Thus,in2000,

headsofStateadoptedtheMillenniumDeclarationonthe

basisofwhichtheUNinstitutedtheMillenniumDevelop-

mentGoals(MDGs).Itcanbearguedthat,toagreateror

lesser degree, all the MDGsare water-related; with Goal

onerelatedtogrowthandtheothersrelatedtohealthor

socialissues.As a follow-up tothe MDGs itwas further

agreedattheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment

(WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,throughthe Johannes-

burgPlanofImplementation(JPoI),toDevelopintegrated

water resources management and water efficiency plans

by 2005, with support to developing countries, through

actionsatalllevels;thistargetiselaboratedinAnnex1.

TherewasfurtherdiscussiononIWRMandwatereffi-

ciencyplansattheCSD12andCSD13 2meetingswitha

decisionthatatCSD16in2008thereshouldbeanassess-

mentofprogressmadetowardsmeetingthetarget.

Comprehensiveandsystematicmonitoringofallaspects

ofwaterresourcesandtheirmanagementinanintegrated

fashion is undertaken by UN-Water through the WWAP;

the series of WWDRs provide a reporting mechanism for

theUNsystem.

InadditiontotheIWRMtarget,asetofpolicyactionswasadopted

duringtheCSD3meetingandUNDESArecentlyembarkedonastudy

toassesstheimplementationoftheseactions.Fordetailssee:

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd3/csd3_decision_unedited.pdf.

InassociationwiththeJPoIanIWRMRoadmappingInitiative

hasbeenstarted,facilitatedbytheGovernmentofDenmarkin

collaborationwithUN-Water,theGlobalWaterPartnershipand

representatives of governments.This initiative recognisesthe

needforcountriestosetoutRoadmapsthatlayoutaseries

ofactionstobeundertakentoapplyanintegratedapproach

towaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementandtohelp

meettheMDGs.Itrecognizesthatdifferentcountrieswillneed

asetofactionssuitedtotheirparticularneedsandthattime

schedules for implementation would differ from country tocountrydependingonspecificcountrycircumstances.Inother

wordssolutionsmustbetailor-madeorthatnoonesizefits

all.TheRoadmappingInitiativeisbeingdevelopedasasepa-

ratebutcomplementaryinitiativetothecurrentReport.

Creation of the UN-Water Task Force onIWRM Monitoring and ReportingIn2006aTaskForceonIWRMMonitoringandReporting(TF)

was created by UN-Water, with members drawn from UN-

Wateragenciesandfrompartnerorganizations,withtheman-

date, inter alia,ofproducingthecurrent Status Report on

IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD6(TheReport).

The Report has been undertaken by UN-Water. The

analyseswithintheReportdrawprimarilyonthequestion -

naires undertaken by UN-DESA and UNEP (through the

UNEP Collaborating Center), during 2007 and supported

byinputsfromothermembersand partnersofUN-Water,

includingUNDP,UNStatistics,WWAPandGWP.Theques-

tionnairesareincludedinAnnexes2,3and4.

The Report also includes information gathered by the

moreinformalsurveysconductedbytheGlobalWaterPart-nership3(GWP)andtheAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB).

SeeAnnexes5and6forquestionnaires.

For the purpose of the Report countries have been

dividedintotwogroups:

Group 1 developing and countries with econo-

miesintransition(asdefinedbyUNStatistics)and

Group 2 developed (those belonging to either

OECDortheEuropeanUnion).

Regionsandsub-regionsareasdefinedbyUNStatistics.

Withintheanalysesmoreemphasisisplacedonthecoun-

trieswiththegreatestneeds,i.e.thoseinGroup1.

3 GWP,February006,SettingtheStageforChange.

.0 The response of the United Nations system

The response of the United Nations system
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd13/csd13_decision_unedited.pdfhttp://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd13/csd13_decision_unedited.pdf


14/53


3.2 survey of progress on iWrm

Table 1:

c un-W s (104 ) k gWp adb

Country UN-Water Survey GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey* Least Developed Countries Response(2) Countries in transition Y relates to the DESA 1=plan in place

questionnaire 2=plans in preparationX relates to the UNEP 3=only initial steps taken

questionnaire

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

AFRICA

East Africa

Burundi* 3

Djibouti* 3

Eritrea* Y 2

Ethiopia* 2

Kenya 2 X

Malawi* Y 2

Mauritius X 2

Mozambique* X 2

Rwanda* 3 X

Seychelles Y

Tanzania* X 2

Uganda* Y 1

Zambia* X 2

Zimbabwe X 1

Central Africa

Angola* X 3

Cameroon 2 X

CentralAfricanRep* 3 X

Chad* 3

Congo 3

DRCongo* X 3 X

Northern Africa

Algeria X 3

Egypt Y 2 X

Libya X 3

Morocco X 2

Sudan* 2

Tunisia Y 2 X


15/53

Southern Africa

Botswana X 2

Lesotho* Y 3

Namibia Y 1

SouthAfrica X 1

Swaziland X 2

Western Africa

Benin* 2 X

BurkinaFaso* Y 1 X

CapeVerde* Y 3 X

CotedIvoire X X

Ghana Y 2

Guinea* Y X

Liberia* Y X

Mali* 2

Mauritania* X 2 X

Niger* X

Nigeria 2

Senegal* 2 X

SierraLeone* Y

Togo* Y X

AMERICAS

Caribbean

Anguilla X

AntiguaandBarbuda X

Bahamas X

Barbados Y 2

Cuba Y

Dominica X

Grenada X

Jamaica Y 2

Montserrat X

SaintKittsandNevis Y

SaintLucia X

TrinidadandTobago 2



16/53


Central America

Belize X 2

CostaRica Y 2

ElSalvador X 2

Guatemala Y 3

Honduras X 3

Nicaragua X 2

Panama X 2

South America

Argentina Y 2

Bolivia X 3

Brazil X 1

Chile X 2

Colombia Y 2

Ecuador X

Paraguay X 3

Peru X 2

Uruguay X 2

Venezuela X 3

ASIA

Central Asia

Kazakhstan(2) Y 1

Kyrgyzstan(2) Y 2

Tajikistan(2) Y 2

Turkmenistan(2) Y 2

Uzbekistan(2) Y 2

Eastern Asia

China Y 1

Southern Asia

Bangladesh* 1

India 2

Nepal* 2

Pakistan 2

SriLanka Y*** 3


17/53

South-Eastern Asia

Cambodia* Y 3

Indonesia X 2

LaoPeoplesDR* X 2

Malaysia 2

Myanmar* 3

Philippines Y 2

Thailand X 1

VietNam Y 3

Western Asia

Armenia(2) Y 1

Azerbaijan(2) Y 3

Georgia(2) Y 3

Jordan Y

SyrianArabRepublic Y

OCEANIA

Melanesia

Fiji 2

SolomonIslands* 3

Micronesia

Kiribati* 2

Polynesia

Samoa* 1

Tuvalu* 3

EUROPE

Southern Europe

Croatia(2) Y

Serbia(2) Y

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Asia

Japan Y

RepublicofKorea Y

Turkey Y

Northern America

USA Y



18/53


Central America

Mexico Y

Eastern Europe

Cyprus Y

Bulgaria 2

CzechRepublic Y 1

Hungary Y 1

Poland 1

Romania Y 1

Slovakia 1

Northern Europe

Denmark Y

Estonia Y 1

Finland Y

Ireland Y

Latvia Y 1

Lithuania 2

Norway Y

Sweden Y

Greece Y

Malta Y

Portugal Y

Slovenia 2

Spain Y

Western Europe

Austria Y

France Y

Germany Y

Netherlands Y

Switzerland Y

Oceania

Australia Y 1

NewZealand Y

*** Sri lnk is not incudd in th nysis s it did not rspond to th offici UN-DeSa qustionnir vn though it did rspond to tri run for th

qustionnir.


19/53

Table 2:

s

Region and Sub-region UN-Water Survey 2007 GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey

AFRICA

EasternAfrica 9 13 2

MiddleAfrica 2 6 3

NorthernAfrica 5 6 2

SouthernAfrica 5 5 0

WesternAfrica 9 8 10

Totals 30 38 17

AMERICAS

Caribbean 11 3

CentralAmerica 7 7

SouthernAmerica 10 9

Totals 28 19

ASIA

CentralAsia 5 5

EasternAsia 1 1

SouthernAsia 0 5

South-EasternAsia 6 8

WesternAsia 5 3

Totals 17 22

EUROPE

EasternEurope 0 0

SouthernEurope 2 0

Totals 2 0

OCEANIA 0 5

Total developing countries 77 84

developedcountries 27 11

Grand total 104 95



20/53


Commentsonthesurveys:

Generalcomments:

The questionnaires were addressed to governments

at the national level. Therefore they do not reflectresponsibilities for managementat sub-national lev-

els.The casestudiesin Section 4.5,below,demon-

stratethatmanymanagementdecisionsaremadeat

theprovincialandcommunitylevels.

TheGWPandAfDBsurveysweremoreinformaland

areusefulastheyreflecttheviewsofadifferentset

ofstakeholdersandthereforeprovideanalternative

perspective.

TheUN-DESAquestionnaire:

27developedcountriesand39 developingcountries(including countries with economies in transition)

responded. Of the 39 developing countries that

responded,7respondedthroughUNEP(BurkinaFaso,

CapeVerde,Guinea,Liberia,SierraLeone,Togoand

Uganda).

Atotalof65questionswereposedtobeanswered

in multiple choice fashion; a further 8 questions

allowedwrittenanswerstoelaboratein moredetail.

Theresponsestothe65questionsarefoundinthe

Database(Annex8),Worksheet2:ResponsestoUN-

DESAquestionnaire; the responses to the8 written

answersmaybeaccesseddirectlythroughthesame

Worksheet for specific countries or may be found

separatelyinWorksheet4(TextResponses).

Therearemanycaseswherecountries,inanswering

thequestionnaire,havetickedmorethanoneboxon

the same line. In such a case UN-DESA, in making

theinitial compilationof theresponses, haselected

to select just one answer as the most reasonable

choice.

Many countries have chosen not to answer all the

questions.Thesummarystatisticssimplyignorethese

omissions.

TheUNEPquestionnaire:

Atotalof58countriesrespondedtotheUNEPques-

tionnaire;thecompletesetofresponsesisfoundin

theDatabase(Annex 8) Worksheet 3: Responsesto

UNEPquestionnaire.

For17countriesthereareresponsestoboththeUN-

DESA and the UNEP questionnaires; this allows an

inter-comparisonofresponseswhichisimportantin

assessingtheircompatibility.Theinformationforthe

inter-comparisonis foundin theDatabase(Annex8)

Worksheet5:DESA-UNEPcomparison.

MergingoftheUN-DESAandUNEPquestionnaires:

Theinformationforthe39developingcountrieswith-

intheUN-DESAquestionnairehasbeensupplement-

ed for 38 additional countries by partial responses

fromsimilarquestionsintheUNEPquestionnaire.Ofthe65questionsposedbyUN-DESA26hadexactor

verysimilarcounterpartsintheUNEPquestionnaire.

Overall the answers to the UNEP questionnaire are

slightlylowerthantheanswerstotheUN-DESA(for

18questionstheyarelowerandfor7questionsthey

arehigher).

Thesummarystatisticshavebeenpreparedfromthe

responsesfrom77developingcountriesplusrespons-

esfrom27developedcountries.

There are contrasts in the responses from different

regions.ApartfromapartialresponsefromSriLanka,therearenoresponsesatallfromSouthAsia-amajor

gapinthesurvey.Incontrastthereisa completeset

ofresponsesfromCentralAsia.

TheGWPSurvey:

Thissurveycovered95countries,84developingand

11developed.For59ofthesecountriesdatafromthe

UN-WaterSurvey arealso available allowing a valu-

able inter-comparison between these informal and

officialsurveyselaboratedinSection4.2.

TheAfDBSurvey:

Thissurveycovered17countriesinAfrica;thesurvey

questionswereadirectsub-setoftheUNEPquestion-

naire.Thissurveyisusedtosupplementtheother3

surveyswithintheAfricancontext.


21/53

4.1 analysis of the un-Water survey

Care must betaken inthe analysisof the questionnaires

sentoutbyUN-DESAandUNEPforthefollowingreasons:

Itmustberecognizedthatmanyoftheverypoorest

countries were unable to respond to the question-

nairesthroughlackofcapacitytodoso;conversely

a larger proportion of developed countries than

developing countries did respond to the survey. In

thissensethesurveyisbiasedtowardscountriesmore

capableofgivingresponses. Some regions of the world, particularly South Asia,

areunder-representedasresponsesfrommanyofthe

countries concerned were not forthcoming - in this

sensethereisregionalbias.

Insurveysofthistypethereisalwaysroomfordiffer-

ing interpretationof themeaning of questionsas a

result of cultural and linguisticdiversity; indeed this

mayresultinmoreoptimisticinterpretationofsitu-

ationandstatusbysomecountriesthanbyothers.

Thissurvey was aimedprimarily at national govern-

ments.Inmanycountriesresponsibilityandauthority

forwatermanagement,especiallyinfederaljurisdic-

.0 Status of national IWRM planning andimplementation

tions,issubordinatedtosub-nationallevels;converse-

ly some national governments must manage their

waterwithinabroadercontextofinternationalriver

basinsorofregionaljurisdictions,forexampleinthe

caseoftheEUwheretheEuropeanFrameworkDirec-

tive becomes more important than purely national

plansandpolicies.

Severalofthequestionsarenotrelevanttoallcoun-

tries;forexampletransboundarywaterissuesmaynot

be relevantto small island countries,humid regionsmaynotbeconcernedwithquestionsofaridityand

land-locked countries are unlikely to be concerned

withdesalination.

Despitethesecaveatsitisstillpossibletodiscernoverall

trends and to drawa number of broad conclusions from

thesurvey.

Comparative resultsbetweenmajorcountrygroupings

and between regions and sub-regions are presented in

Tables3aand3b.Diagramsshowingthesecomparisonsare

providedintheAppendix.

Table 3:

c w a, a a

Main National Instruments

and other National/Federal

Strategies that may

contribute to promoting

IWRM

Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedonmainnationalinstruments

AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvancedonnationaldevelopmentplansandnationalenvironmental

actionplanswithIWRMcomponents

OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleastadvancedwithpovertyreductionstrategieswithWRM

components

Water Resources

Development

Developedcountriesmoreadvancedonmostissues,but,asexpected,notforrain-waterharvesting

AsiamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsforWRassessment

Water Resources

Management

Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedexceptinthelessrelevantareasofcombating

desertificationandirrigatedagriculture

DevelopingregionsverysimilarexcepttheAmericasmoreadvancedinprogramsandpolicies

forwatershedmanagement,groundwatermanagementanddrainageandirrigation;Asiamore

advancedinlegislativemechanismstocontrolpollution

Water Use Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced

Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthanotherregions

Monitoring, Information

Management and

Dissemination

Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced

AsiamoreadvancedthantheAmericaswhichinturnaremoreadvancedthanAfricaonallissues

exceptmonitoringandreportingtheimpactsofIWRMreformswhereAfricaismoreadvanced

Capacity Building and

Enabling Environment

DevelopedregionssignificantlymoreadvancedonallissuesexceptPro-poorpolicieswhichare

designatednotrelevantbymanydevelopedcountries Similarresponsesfromdevelopingregionswithsomeinterestingcontrasts-egAsiamoreadvanced

oninstitutionalreformsyetbehindoninstitutionalcoordinationmechanisms

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation


22/53


Stakeholder Participation Developedcountriesmoreadvancedexceptonprogramsforgendermainstreamingandonpublic

awarenesscampaigns

AfricamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsonallissuesexceptlowerthanAsiaon

mechanismstoresolvetransboundarywaterissues

Financing Developedregionsslightlymoreadvanced OfthedevelopingregionsAsiabehindonstrategiesformobilizingfinancialresourcesandon

normsandproceduresforfinancialsustainability;Africasignificantlymoreadvancedonsubsidies

andmicro-creditprograms

Table 3:

s-

Africa Americas Asia

MainNationalInstrumentsand

otherfederalstrategiesthat

maycontributetopromoting

IWRM

CountriesofNAfricascore

significantlyhigheronmain

nationalinstrumentswhile

countriesofSAfricascore

higheronplanswithIWRM

componentsandonsustainable

developmentstrategies

Majordifferencesbetween

Caribbeancountriesand

countriesofSAmerica-

Caribbeanmuchhigheronmain

nationalinstruments;SAmerica

muchhigheronotherplans

contributingtoIWRM

WAsia:generallylowscoresall

round.

SEAsiahighonnational/federal

IWRMandwaterefficiency

plansincontrasttoCentralAsia

Waterresourcesdevelopment Note:severalissues(eg

desalinationandcoastalfog

harvesting)notrelevanttomany

countries-otherwiseverysimilar

responses

Similarresponsesexceptfor

Caribbeancountrieswhichrank

highforassessment,regulatory

normsandbasinstudiesbutlow

onrecycling

Hereadefiniteconsistent

hierarchyofresponsesfrom

Chinawithhighestscores

throughSEAsia,WAsiato

CentralAsia

Waterresourcesmanagement Verysimilarresponsesoverall

exceptforNAfricawhich,

aswouldbeexpectedinarid

environments,hashigherscores

ongroundwater,desertification

andirrigationissues

Aconsistenthierarchyofscores

-Caribbeanbeingconsistently

highest(except,asexpected,

insharedmanagementof

resources);CentralAmericas

beingconsistentlylowest

Aconsistenthierarchyof

responseswithEandSEAsia

havinghighscoresandCentral

Asiahavinglowscores

Wateruse NorthernAfricaconsistently

higherscoresthanotherAfrican

regionswhichdisplaysimilar

responses

Caribbeancountrieshave

significantlyhigherscoresthan

otherregionsoftheAmericas

EandSEAsiaconsistently

higherthanCentralandWAsia

Monitoring,information

managementand

dissemination

NAfricaconsistentlyhigher

scoresthanotherAfricanregions

whichdisplaysimilarresponses

Caribbeanhighestonmost

measures

CentralAsiagenerallyhas

lowestscores

Capacitybuildingandenabling

environment

Similarresponses-NAfrica

highestonsomeresponses

Caribbeangenerallyhighest EandSEAsiagenerallywith

highestscores

Stakeholderparticipation NAfricagenerallyhighest,E

Africalowest

CentralAmericagenerallylow

scores.

EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;

CentralAsialower

Financing NAfricagenerallyhigher scores;

notmanydifferencesforother

Africanregions

SAmericagenerallywithhighest

scoresexceptforCaribbean

withgradualcost-recovery

mechanismsandstrategies

SEAsiagenerallywiththe

highestscores


23/53

4.2 comparative analysis of the un-Water

survey With those of gWp and afdb

Thepurposeofthiscomparisonofsurveyswastoattempt

to assess progress towards putting IWRMplans in place.

TheGWPSurveywascarriedoutabout18monthsbeforetheUN-WaterSurvey,thereforeonlysmallchangesmight

beexpectedasthisisarelativelyshorttimeperiod.

The GWP Surveywas carried out atthe end of2005

specificallytoassesstheextenttowhichtheWSSDtarget

hadbeenmet.ThusitfocusedonthecreationofIWRM

plans and did not assess the extent of implementation

ofplans. The GWP Surveyevaluated 95countries (11 of

whichwere developed countries having high scores) and

concludedthat:

20 countries (21%)had plans/strategies in placeoraprocesswellunderway,andthatincorporatedthe

mainelementsofanIWRMapproach.

50countries(53%)wereintheprocessofpreparing

nationalstrategiesorplansbutrequirefurtherwork

toliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach.

25countries(26%)hadtakenonlyinitialstepsinthe

processtowardspreparingnationalstrategiesorplans

andhadnotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsof

anIWRMapproach.

59 countries (Africa-24; Americas-14; Asia-15; Devel-

opedcountries-6)arecoveredbyboththeGWPandUN-

Water Surveys. Although the questionnaires usedfor the

GWPSurveyandUN-WaterSurveyarenotcompletelycom-

parableand usedifferentterminologytheyaresufficiently

similartoenablegeneralcomparisonstobemade.

Tomakeacomparativeanalysisofresultsfortheinfor-

mal GWP Survey and the official UN-Water Survey, the

order of the original GWP Surveyclassification has been

reversedsothatresponsesarerankedinascendingorderfromleasttomostadvanced.

Table 4:

t k gWp un-W

UN Water Survey GWP Survey (order reversed) Comments

1.Notrelevant

1.Countriesthathavetakenonlyinitialstepsintheprocesstowards

preparingnationalstrategies/plansandhavenotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsofanIWRMapproach

2.Underconsideration

2.Countriesthatareintheprocessofpreparingnationalstrategies/

plansbutrequirefurtherworktoliveuptotherequirementsofan

IWRMapproach;

3.Inplacebutnotyet

implemented

3.Countriesthathaveplans/strategiesinplace,oraprocesswell

underway,andthatincorporatethemainelementsofanIWRM

approach.

Forcomparisonpurposes

allthosecountriesincluded

incategories3,4and5of

theUN-Watersurveyalso

satisfycategory3ofthe

GWPsurvey.

4.Inplaceandpartially

implementedNotassessed

5.Fullyimplemented Notassessed



24/53


Table 5:

s gWp un-W

Region

Number

ofcountries

GWP

category3

GWP

category2

GWP

category1

UN-Water

category3

UN-Water

category2

UN-Water

category1

% % % % % %

EAfrica 8 2 6 0 3 5 0

CentralAfrica 2 0 0 2 0 2 0

NAfrica 5 0 3 2 2 3 0

SAfrica 5 2 2 1 2 3 0

WAfrica 4 2 2 0 2 2 0

Africa total 24 6 25.0 13 54.2 5 20.8 9 37.5 15 62.5 0 0.0

Caribbean 2 0 2 0 2 0 0

CentralAmericas 5 0 3 2 1 4 0

SAmerica 7 1 4 2 3 4 0

Americas total 14 1 7.1 9 64.3 4 28.6 6 42.9 8 57.1 0 0.0

CentralAsia 5 1 4 0 0 1 4

EAsia 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

SEAsia 6 1 3 2 4 2 0

WAsia 3 1 0 2 0 1 2

Asia total 15 4 26.7 7 46.7 4 26.7 5 33.3 4 26.7 6 40.0

Developing countries total 53 11 20.8 29 54.7 13 24.5 20 37.7 27 50.9 6 11.3

Developed countries 6 6 100 0 0 6 100 0 0

Themajorconclusionsfromtheselistingsareasfollows: Developedcountries:

For the six countries considered in this comparison

there are no significant differences between the

surveys;asagroupthedevelopedcountriesarewell

advancedintheprocessofincorporatingIWRMprin-

ciplesintotheirnationalplansandmostarewellon

theirwaytoimplementthoseplans.

Developing countries and countries witheconomies

intransition:

For the 53 countries considered in this comparison

therearemodestbutsignificantimprovementsinthe

summarystatistics:

In22countriestheUN-WaterSurveyshowsahigherlevelofprogressthantheGWPSurvey;

Whilein7countriesthereseemstohavebeenalower

levelofprogress(6ofthesebeinginAsia);

In 24 countries there has been little measurable

change;

ItisintheAmericasthatthegreatestoverallprogress

hasbeenmade.


25/53

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Africa

0

1

2

3Eritrea (Y)

Malawi (Y)Mauritius (X)

Mozambique (X)

Tanzania (X)

Uganda (Y)

Zambia (X)

Zimbabwe (X)

Angola (X)

DR Congo (X)Algeria (X)

Egypt (Y)Libya (X)

Morocco (X)Tunisia (Y)

Botswana (X)

Lesotho (Y)

Namibia (Y)

South Africa (X)

Swaziland (X)

Burkina Faso (Y)

Cape Verde (Y)Ghana (Y)Mauritania (X)

GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey

Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin

preparationorinplaceinAngola,DRCongo,

AlgeriaandLibya

Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansinplacein

Lesotho

Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans

completedand/orunderimplementationin

Tanzania,EgyptandTunisia

Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation

inNamibia

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Americas

Barbados (Y)

Jamaica (Y)

Belize (X)

Costa Rica (Y)

Guatemala (Y)

Honduras (X)

Nicaragua (X)

Argentina (Y)

Bolivia (X)

Brazil (X)

Chile (X)

Colombia (Y)

Peru (X)

Venezuela (X)


0

1

2

3 Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin

preparationorinplaceinBolivia,Guatemala,

HondurasandVenezuela


completedand/orunderimplementationinCosta

Rica,Colombia,Peru,BarbadosandJamaica

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Asia

Kazakhstan (Y)

Kyrgyzstan (Y)

Tajikistan (Y)

Turkmenistan (Y)

Uzbekistan (Y)

China (Y)

Cambodia (Y)

Indonesia (X)Lao People's DR (X)

Philippines (Y)

Thailand (X)

Viet Nam (Y)

Armenia (Y)

Azerbaijan (Y)

Georgia (Y)


0

1

2

3

Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplanscompleted

and/orunderimplementationinCambodiaand

Vietnam


completedand/orunderimplementationinLao

PeoplesRepublicandPhilippines

Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation

inThailand,KazakhstanandArmenia;fromin

preparationtonostepstakeninKyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Developed Countries

Czech Republic (Y)

Hungary (Y)

Romania (Y)

Estonia (Y)

Latvia (Y)

Australia (Y)


0

1

2

3

Alldevelopedcountriesstaticormakingprogress



26/53


Given the relatively shorttimebetween the surveys it

wouldbeexpectedthatonlysomemodestprogresswould

bemadeandthisisconfirmedbythesefigures.Inindividual

casestheGWPorUN Water Survey may bemore orless

optimistic.Forexample,GWPresultsseemoverlyoptimisticforCentralAsia.TheUN-Waterresultsmayalsobemore

optimisticastheyarecompletedbyofficialswhomaybe

inclinedtogiveamorepositiveresult.Also,thequestion-

nairesmaynotbesufficientlyrobusttocapturenuancesin

understanding by different cultures and language groups

andinterpretationofthequestionsmaywellbesubjectto

individualbiasofthosefilingtheanswers.

Nevertheless,theresultsaresufficientlysimilaroverallto

concludethattheresultsfromthetwosurveysarecompa -

rableandindicatesomeprogresssince2005.

The AfDB undertook an additional survey in 2007; it

covered17Africancountries.Sixofthesecountrieswere

notcoveredbytheUN-WaterSurveybutwereincludedin

theGWPSurvey:Benin,Cameroon,CentralAfricanRepub-

lic,Kenya,RwandaandSenegal.Allthesecountriesfallinto

theGWPcategoriesofeitherbeingintheveryinitialstages

ofdevelopingnationalplansortheplanshaveyettoprop-

erly incorporate IWRM principles. The UN-Water Survey

showsnosignificantprogressmadeinthesecountries.

4.3 implementation of iWrm and Water

efficiency plans and the outcomes of

implementation

The purpose of this section is to attempt to assess the

extent to which countries have been able to go beyond

simplyhavingplansinplacetothestageofimplementing

those plans and the extent to which tangible outcomes

have been forthcoming. This section ties in directly with

section4.4onexamplesofongoingIWRMprocessesand

withsection4.5oncasestudies.

Table 6 presents responses to the UN-Water Survey

on the questions of the extent to which countries have

implementedIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlans.Itfocuses

onthosecountriesthathaveplansinplaceandwhichare

eitherpartiallyorfullyimplemented.

Table 6:

s un-W s iWrm W e p

RegionNumber

of countries

National/Federal IWRM plan or

equivalent strategic plan documentNational/Federal Water efficiency plan

level 1-3 level 4 level 5 level 1-3 level 4 level 5

Developed countries: 27 2 10 6 10 9 3

Developing countries:

EAfrica 9 0 3 0 6 1 0

CentralAfrica 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

NAfrica 5 0 1 1 3 1 1

SAfrica 5 0 2 0 3 0 0

WAfrica 9 0 2 0 3 1 0

Africa total 30 0 8 1 17 3 1

Caribbean 11 5 3 0 6 2 0

CentralAmerica 7 2 0 0 6 0 0

SAmerica 10 3 2 0 9 1 0

Americastotal 28 10 5 0 21 3 0

CentralAsia 5 4 0 0 3 0 0

EAsia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

SEAsia 6 0 2 1 2 3 0

WAsia 5 2 1 0 2 1 0

Asiatotal 17 6 3 1 7 4 0

SEurope 2 0 1 0 1 0 0

Totaldevelopingcountries 77 16 17 2 46 10 1

Nots: lv 1-3: No ntry, not in pc or irrvnt

lv 4: In pc nd prtiy impmntd

lv 5: Fuy impmntd


27/53

A total of 104 countries areanalysed (77 developing;

27developed).

Developed countries:

10 of the 27 countries (37%) have national IWRM

plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther6countries(22%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;

LessprogresshasbeenmadeinimplementingNation-

al water efficiency plans - 9 (33%) have plans in

placeandpartiallyimplementedand3(11%)havea

planfullyimplemented;37%ofdevelopedcountries

consideredwaterefficiencyplansnotrelevanttotheir

circumstancesorchosenottoanswerthequestion.

Developing countries:

17 of the 77 countries (22%) have national IWRM

plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther2

countries(3%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented; Far less progress has been made in implementing

Nationalwaterefficiencyplans-only10(13%)have

plansinplaceandpartiallyimplementedandonly1

has a plan fully implemented; 60% of developing

countries considered water efficiency plans not rel-

evanttotheircircumstancesorchosenottoanswer

thequestion.

A total of64 countries (37 developing and 27devel-

oped) provided text responses to the UN-DESA question-

naire.Asimpleanalysisfortheresponsestoquestions6,8b

and8cispresentedinTable7.Theresultsshouldbetaken

asmerelyindicativeoftheextentofimplementationoftheIWRM approach and of results achieved. Many countries

provideddetailedlistsofactionstakenandresultsachieved;

manyotherprovidedonlyskeletalinformation.However,the

amountofinformationgivendoesnotnecessarilyproperly

reflectreality.Somecountriesoptedtogivenoresponsesto

questions-butthisdoesnotmeanthatnoactionsactually

havebeen taken; some countries havesimply stated that

noassessmentofoutcomeshasbeenmade- again,thisis

unlikelytomeanthatnobenefitshaveaccrued.

DespitethesecaveatsthereisgoodindicationthattheIWRMapproachisbeingincorporatedintonationalplans

andstrategiesandthattangiblebenefitsareeitherevident

orarelikelytoberealisedinthenearfuture.

Table 7:

r 6, 8 8 un-desa

Question6:Ifyourcountryisinthestageof

implementation,indicatespecific

actionsundertaken

Question8b:

Whatarethemainwater

managementmeasuresundertaken?

Question8c:

Whataretheresultsachieved?

Developing

countries(37)

Severalspecificactions

taken11 Severalmeasurestaken 10* Goodresultsachieved 7*

Someactionstaken 23 Somemeasurestaken 21 Someresultsachieved 19

Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 4

Noresponse 3 Noresponse 5 Noresponse 7

Developed

countries(27)

Severalspecificactions

taken25 Several measures taken 20 G ood resultsachieved 10

Someactionstaken 1 Somemeasurestaken 6 Someresultsachieved 13

Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 2

Noresponse 1 Noresponse Noresponse 2

*) S annx 8 Dts, Worksht 4 for mor dtis on msurs undrtkn nd rsuts chivd.



28/53


4.4 examples of ongoing iWrm processes

Table 8 provides examples of developing countries that

havefoundIWRMausefulframeworkformanagementof

waterresourcesandhaveincludeditasapivotalconcept.

TheconcepthasbeenincludedinkeyGovernmentdocu-ments thatguide andregulatethe use,conservation and

protectionofanationswaterresourcesandimplementa-

tionatlocallevelisongoing.Thetableisnotexhaustive:

Inaddition towhatis documented here,there are many

ongoing and planned IWRM programmes; as well as

numerous national and regional IWRM partnerships andinitiativesrelatedtotransboundarywaters.

Table 8:

e iWrm

Eritrea IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementandWaterEfficiencyPlan(IWRM/WE)-MinistryofLandWater&

Environment(draft2007)

Malawi

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofIrrigationandWaterDevelopment(2005)

WaterResourcesActNo.15of1969withlateramendments.GovernmentofMalawi

IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement/WaterEfficiency(IWRM/WE)PlanforMalawi-MinistryofIrrigation

andWaterDevelopment(draft2007)

Mozambique GovernmentofMozambique-WaterAct,LeideAguas,16/913August(1991) IWRMPlan-DireccaoNacionaldeAguas,MinistryofPublicWorksandHousing(draft2007)

Seychelles

WaterRegulations-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(1988)

WaterSupplyDevelopmentPlan-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(2005)

WaterPolicy-PublicUtilitiesCorporation

Tanzania

NationalWaterSectorDevelopmentProgramme2006-2025-MinistryofWater(2006)

IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofWater(2004)

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater(2002)

NationalWaterLawbasedonrevisedWaterActno.42of1974-GovernmentofTanzania(draft2007)

Uganda

ANationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater,LandsandEnvironment(1999)

NationalWaterActionPlan-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(1994)

WaterResourcesManagementReformStrategy-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(2005) NationalWaterQualityManagementStrategy-MinistryofWaterandEnvironment(2006)

Zambia

IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2006)

TheRevisedNationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)

WaterResourcesManagementBill-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(draft2007)

NationalDevelopmentPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)

Angola IWRM&WaterEfficiencyRoadmap-MinistryofWater&Energy(draft2007)

Algeria

NationalPlanforWater-MinistryofWaterResources(2003)

NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofAlgeria(2005)

ActionPlanforimplementationofanIWRMFramework-MinistryofWaterResources(draft2006-7)

Egypt NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofWaterResourcesandIrrigation(2004)

Morocco

MasterPlansofIntegratedWaterResourcesDevelopmentforRiverBasins-MinistryofLand,Waterand

Environment(2001)

NationalWaterPlan-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2006)

Decreeno2-05-1594-DevelopmentandRevisionofMasterPlans&NationalPlansforIntegratedWater

ResourcesManagement-GovernmentofMorocco

Tunisia

TheWaterCode(Lawno.16)-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1975)

WaterMasterPlanfortheNorthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1970)

WaterMasterPlanfortheCentreofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1977)

WaterMasterPlanfortheSouthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1983)

WaterResourcesMobilizationStrategies-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1990)

WaterConservationStrategy-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1995)

Botswana IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofMinerals,EnergyandWaterResources(2006)


29/53

Lesotho RoadmaptocompletingintegratedwaterresourcesmanagementandwaterefficiencyplanninginLesotho

-MinistryofNaturalResources,WaterCommission(April2007)

Namibia

NationalWaterPolicyWhitePaper-GovernmentofNamibia(2000)

WaterResourcesManagementAct-GovernmentofNamibia(2004)

IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,WaterandRuralDevelopment(2006)

Swaziland

WaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnergy(draft2007)

IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-WaterResourcesBranch(draft2007)

WaterAct(2003)-GovernmentofSwaziland

BurkinaFaso

DecreeNo.2003-220:ActionPlanforIWRMinBurkinaFaso(PAGIRE)-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&

FishingResources(2003)

BurkinaFasoWaterVision-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2000)

WaterLawNo.002-2001-GovernmentofBurkinaFaso(2001)

CotedIvoire IWRMRoadmap2007-2015-MinistryofEnvironment,Water&Forestry(2007)

Ghana IWRMComponentSupportprogramme(2004-2008)-WaterResourcesCommission(2004) WaterResourcesPolicy-WaterResourcesCommission(draft2007)

Liberia LiberiaIWRMRoadmap-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)

Mauritania

IWRMActionPlan-NationalCouncilforWater(2007)

NationalDevelopmentPolicyforWater&Energy-MinistriesofWater,Energy&Environment(1998)

NationalWaterAct(Article3)-GovernmentofMauritania(2005)

Togo

NationalWaterPolicy-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)

NationalWaterLaw-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)

IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)

Barbados

NationalWaterResourcesManagementandDevelopmentPolicy-GovernmentofBarbados(Draft,2002)

NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofBarbados MarinePollutionControlAct-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)

EmergencyDroughtManagementPlan-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)

IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

Cuba

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)

NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)

WaterConservation&EfficientUseStrategy-MinistryofScience,Technology&Environment(2005)

NationalEnvironmentalManagementStrategy-GovernmentofCuba(2007)

Grenada SimultaneouspreparationofIWRMRoadmapandNationalWaterPolicy-WaterPolicySteeringCommittee

(April2007)

Jamaica

WaterResourcesAct-GovernmentofJamaica(1995)

NationalWaterPolicy,StrategyandActionPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1999) NationalWaterResourcesDevelopmentMasterPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1990)

NationalIWRMFramework-WaterResourcesAuthority(2001)

CostaRica

NationalStrategyforIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)

NationalIWRMActionPlan-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)

NationalWaterLaw(No.14585)-GovernmentofCostaRica(draft2006)

Guatemala

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2004)

NationalWaterLaw(Initiative3118)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2005)

PlanfortheSustainableUseandManagementofWaterResources(Initiative3419)-MinistryofEnvironment

andNaturalResources(2005)

NationalLawfortheProtectionofRiverBasins(Initiative3317)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNatural

Resources(2006)

NationalIWRMPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006) NationalIWRMStrategy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)

EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesProtectionandConservationPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2007)



30/53


Honduras IWRMActionPlan-HonduranWaterPlatform(2006)

Nicaragua

GeneralLawonNationalWaters-GovernmentofNicaragua(2007)

EnvironmentalActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1994)

IWRMActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1996)

Argentina IWRMRoadmap-Sub-secretariatofWaterResources(2007)

Brazil

NationalWaterPolicy(LawNo.9433)-GovernmentofBrazil(1997)

NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(SRH/MMA),NationalWaterCouncil(CNRH)&

NationalWaterAgency(ANA)(2007)

Colombia NationalDevelopmentPlan2006-10-NationalPlanningDepartment(2006)

Kazakhstan

WaterCode-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2003)

DraftNationalIWRMandWEPlanforKazakhstan(2005)

IWRMNationalRoadmapincludingproposedprojectoutlines-Speed-upoftheIWRM2005objectives

implementationinCentralAsia-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2006)

China

NationalWaterLaw-(2002)

WaterPollutionPreventionandControlLaw-(1996)

NationalFloodControlLaw-(1997)

NationalWaterandSoilConservationLaw-(1991)

IWRMPlan-Planningprocessinitiatedin2002andstillongoing.

Cambodia

IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM2005)andRoadmapsinCambodia-DepartmentofWater

ResourcesManagementandConservation(2006)

WaterLaw-RoyalGovernmentofCambodia(Sept2006)

Indonesia NationalWaterLawNo.7/2004-GovernmentofIndonesia(2004)

IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateGeneralWaterResourcesofMinistryofPublicWorks(2006)

LaoPDR

PolicyonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(draft2000)

TheLawonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(1996)

IWRMNationalRoadmap-WaterResourcesCoordinationCommitteeSecretariat(2006)

Malaysia

9thMalaysiaPlan-EconomicPlanningUnit-PrimeMinistersDepartment(2006)

NationalStudyfortheEffectiveImplementationofIWRMinMalaysia-MinistryofNaturalResourcesand

Environment(2006)

OurVisionforWaterinthe21stCentury-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)

Philippines

MediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2004-2010)-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)

CleanWaterAct-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)

IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)PlanFramework-NationalWaterResourcesBoard(2007)

Thailand

NationalWaterLaw/Code-Government.ofThailand(draft2007)

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)

IWRMNationalRoadmap-DepartmentofWaterResources(2007)

Vietnam

LawonWaterResources-GovernmentofVietnam(1998)

NationalWaterResourcesStrategy-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)

NationalStrategyonRuralCleanWaterSupplyandSanitation-GovernmentofVietnam(2000)

NationalStrategicProgrammeofActiononDesertificationControl-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)

IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

Armenia

WaterCode-GovernmentofArmenia(2002)

NationalWaterPolicy-GovernmentofArmenia(2005)

NationalWaterProgramme-GovernmentofArmenia(draft2007)

Azerbaijan

LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconAmeliorationandIrrigation-AzerbaijanRepublic(1996)

WaterCodeofAzerbaijanRepublic-AzerbaijanRepublic(1997)

LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconWaterSupplyandWaterDrainageSystem-AzerbaijanRepublic(1999)

LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconMunicipalityWaterResourcesManagement-AzerbaijanRepublic(2001) NationalProgramofDevelopmentofAmeliorationandWaterResourcesManagementofAzerbaijan(2007

-2015)-AzerbaijanRepublic(2006)


31/53

Jordan

NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation

NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2003)

NationalWaterMasterPlan-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2004)

Syria

NationalwaterPolicy-GovernmentofSyria

NationalWaterLaw(No.31)-GovernmentofSyria(2005) IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplacebutpartiallyimplemented

Croatia

WaterAct(OG107/95,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement

WaterManagementFinancingAct(OG107/95,19/96,88/98,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,Forestryand

WaterManagement

NationalEnvironmentalStrategywithembodiedNationalActionPlan(NEAP)(OG46/02)-Ministryof

Agriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement

IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Underconsideration

Serbia

NationalWaterPolicy

NationalWaterLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(1991)

EnvironmentalprotectionLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2004)

WaterResourcesManagementMasterPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2002)

4.5 case studies from selected countries

Itisinstructivetocitespecificexamplesoftheimplementa-

tionoftheIWRMapproachandthebenefitstherebytobe

derived. While the UN-WaterSurvey was aimedprimarily

at the national level, countries sharing river basins must

alsoconsidertransboundaryimplicationsandincludethem

intheirplanning;converselymanyactionsmustbetaken

atsub-national and atvery locallevels tomanage water

wisely.Theexamplesbelowcoverarangeofcircumstance

andareillustrativeofthediversityofsituationwithamulti-

plicityofbeneficialoutcomes.

IWRMinactionatthelocallevel,aswellasnationaland

internationallevel,isillustratedindetailinmorethan200

case studies within the GlobalWater Partnerships IWRM

ToolBox: http://www.gwptoolbox.org. The second WWDR

Water a Shared Responsibility from2006alsoincludes

various case studies illustrating progress on IWRM, see

http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2

China - Provincial level:LiaoRiverBasinManagement

Issues: The province of Liaoning with a 41 millpopulation has seen a rapid development resulting

inwatershortagesandseverewaterpollution.Inthe

1980swateruseefficiencywasverylowbothwithin

urban/industrialareasandirrigation.Waterpollution

wasrampant.Nofishcouldbefoundin70%ofthe

streams and ecosystem productive functions had

ceasedin60%ofthestreams.Citizenswereignorant

ofwaterconservationissues.Urbanwastewaterwas

dischargeduntreatedintostreamsandinsomecases

infiltrated intothe groundwater aquifers.Deforesta-

tiontookplaceintheupperpartsofthecatchments.

IWRM Actions: Establishment of an institutional

frameworkcomprising Liaoning Cleaner Water Proj-

ectOffice,LiaoRiverBasinCoordinationCommission,

EU-LiaoningWater Resource Planning Project Office

under which an IWRM Planning Project was devel-

oped. Under this project a water resources assess-

mentwascarriedout,areformofthepolicyforwater

exploitation and utilization was made, water prices

adjusted, a monitoring network established and

capacitybuildingwithinIWRMmade.Inaddition,the

cleanerwaterprojectwascreatingwastewaterinfra -

structure, low production/high pollution production

wasdiscouraged,pollutionpreventionandcontrolof

LiaoRiver Basin was planned and reforestation was

implemented.

Tangible impacts: Reduction of pollution loads by

60%andqualityofriverwaterconsiderablyimproved.

Upstream-downstream conflicts were reduced and

deforestationpracticeshalted.Drinkingwaterwithin

thebasinwassafeguardedandecosystemsinseveral

riverstretcheswererestored.Groundwaterpollution

wasreducedandpublicawarenessofdemandman-

agementandpollutionriskswasraised.

Source:EULiaoningIntegratedEnvironmentalProgram

-ChiefofEUPartyAlanEdwards-MWHEnvironmentalEngineering

Columbia - Local level:ConservingLaCochaLagoon

Issues: LaCochaLagoonissituatedinthehighAndes

inColombiawiththelargestwetlandsystemofthe

Andes.Theforestsofthebasinareexploitedforchar-

coalproductionbeingthecauseofsoilerosion,lossof

fertility,fasterrunoffandgreatlyreducedbiodiversity.

Anotherissueistheplannedconstructionofamajor

damsystemtodivertwaterfromtheAmazonasBasin

tothePacificsideoftheAndes.Inundationof3000

haofgrasslandandthreateningofthelivelihoodsof

localfamiliesareamongthenegativeimpacts.

http://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.gwptoolbox.org/


32/53


IWRM Actions: Partnership established between the

NetworkofPrivateNatureReserves,PeasantsDevel-

opmentAssociationandvariouscommunityorganiza-

tionwithfacilitationfromWWF.Promotionofgreater

participation in decision-making processes. Privateforestreserveswithsustainableusewereencouraged

as well as ecotourism. A Lake Defense Committee

wasformedandplansforestablishmentofofficially

protectedareas to complement the private reserves

weremade.

Tangible Impacts: 387 poor families doubled their

incomeandfoodrequirementsaremetonsite.Threats

toLa CochaLagoonandsurroundingwetlandswere

reduced and the Lake Defence Committee worked

with Ministry of Environment towards a declaration

ofthe area asa RamsarSite.The damsystem planswere shelved as Ministry of Environment refused an

environmentallicensebasedonabalancingbetween

downstreambenefitsandenvironmentalcosts.

Source: IWRM ToolBox,Case # 225- www.gwptool-

box.org

Morocco - National level:Managementofscarcewater

resourcesandpilotsonpollutioncontrol

Issues: Scarcewaterresourcescombinedwitharapid

population increase, urbanization and industrializa-

tion makeswater a contentiousissue with 42% of

theruralpopulationlackingaccesstopotabledrink-

ing water. Agriculture uses 92% of the countrys

dwindlingwaterresources.Largevariationsinwater

resourcesintimeandspacemakesustainableman -

agementofwaterresourcesakeyissue.Challenges

includetheimplementationofawaterreformdecen-

tralizing financial and planning authority for water

resourcestonineriverbasinagenciestobecreated

incrementally.

IWRM Actions: Improvement of institutions and

policies for water resources management following

IWRM principles. Best practices in water resourcesmanagement developed and disseminated. Non-

governmentalparticipation in waterresources man-

agement increased. Pilots were undertaken among

others within wastewater. Actions wereundertaken

facilitatedbyUSAID.

Tangible impacts: Soussa -Massa River Basin Agency

established and operating according to IWRM prin-

ciples. Multi- agency cooperationand participationof

private water user associations in management deci-

sions takes place. National and regional institutional

responsibilities have been defined and consolidated.

Procedures for allocation of water were established

together with technical capacities to allocate and

monitor water quantity and quality and mechanisms

forcommunicationbetweensectorsandagencies.Pilot

projectswereundertakeninFez,AlAttaouiaandDraga

and included construction of innovative wastewater

treatmentplants.InNakhla,watershedsoillosswassig-

nificantlyreducedthroughsoilconservationmeasures.Source: USAIDWaterTeam-CaseStudyinIntegrated

Water Resources Management. USAID/Morocco SO2

Close-OutReport.

Fergana Valley - International level: Improving water

accessibilitythroughIWRM

Issues: Once the most fertile valley in Central Asia,

Fergana valleywith itsapprox 10 millinhabitants is

now subject to high soil salinization and crops no

longer suffice to feedthe population.State bound-

aries between Uzbekistan, Kyrgistan and Tajikistanmake tranboundary management problematic and

causeconstantinternalandinterstatedisputes.More

than60%oftheinhabitantsdonothaveaccessto

safedrinkingwaterandbasicsanitationresultingin

widespread water-bornediseasesin the ruralareas.

Irrigationinfrastructureisinadequateandthewater

useisinefficient.

IWRM Actions: Improved management of water

resources based on IWRM principles emphasizing

higher efficiency and more equity. IWRM capacity

buildingwithinriver basin managementamongriver

commissions,provinces,municipalities,companiesand

wateruserassociations.Demonstrationofbottom-up

approachesandincreasesinyieldsandwaterproduc-

tivitybyupto30%.SwissAgencyforDevelopment

and Cooperationassisted theInterstate Commission

forWaterCoordinationintheimplementation.

Tangible impacts:Partnershipbetweenallwaterman-

agement actors across Fergana Valley. Safedrinking

water provided to 28 villages with a population of

80,000 people and 320 ecological sanitationtoilets

havebeenconstructedonacost-sharingbasis.Water-

borne diseases have decreased by more than 60%on average and infant mortality has been almost

eradicatedinallvillagesdespiteprevailingpoverty.28

WaterCommitteeshavebeencreatedoperatingand

maintainingwatersystemsefficientlywithmorethan

30%participationbywomen.Expansionofimproved

irrigationpracticesaswellasinnovativesolutionsfor

irrigation canal management and sustainable water

userassociationsinadditiontosustainablefinancing

atcanal,wateruserassociationandfarmlevel.

Source: SDCinCentralAsia-IWRM. www.swisscoop.

uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_

Resources_Management
http://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.swisscoop.uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_Resources_Managementhttp://www.gwptoolbox.org/http://www.gwptoolbox.org/


33/53

Sri Lanka - National level:IWRMandWaterEfficiency

Plan

Issues:Inadequatedevelopedwaterresourcestomeet

thedemands;frequentwaterrelateddisasters(floods,

droughtsetc associatedwith climatic changes); lowwateruse efficiency;delay inimplementingNational

WaterResourcesPolicyduetopoliticizationofbasic

policyissues.

IWRM actions: A baseline assessment of water

resourceswasmadeunderSriLankaNationalWater

DevelopmentReport(SLNWDR)preparedforWWAP.

To address the inadequacy of water development,

several diversion and storage projects have been

initiated. Some were completed recently. A disas-

ter management plan and institutional setup have

beenimplementedtoo.Sectoralwateruseefficiencyimprovement plans are implemented. A National

WaterDevelopmentReporthasbeenpreparedunder

WWAP and it is planned to update this every 3

years.

Tangible impacts: A considerable number ofpeople

living in water scarce areas of the country have

benefited through diversions and storage facilities.

To bridge the water demand/availability gap, sev-

eralprojectsareplannedandimplemented.Ongoing

MenikGangaProjectandWeliOyaDiversionProject

are nearing completion. Studies on the impact are

continuing.Inthecaseofirrigationsector,severalirri-

gationschemeshaveimprovedtheirwaterproductiv-

ity.Similarimprovementsareexperiencedindrinking

watersector. The disaster managementinstitutional

setupcontributedtomitigatetheimpactsandprovide

warningforrecentfloods.TheSLNWDRhascreated

anawarenessofwaterrelatedchallengesamongthe

keystakeholders.

Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.

unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2

USA - State level: NYCityWaterSupplyas apartnerinWatershedmanagement

Issues: Faced with deteriorating input waterquality

NYCityhadthechoiceofbuildinganewwatersup-

plytreatment plant at a cost of USD 6,000million

or taking comprehensive measures to improve and

protectthequalityofthesourcewaterintheCroton

and Catskill/Delaware watersheds totalling approx.

5000km2deliveringwaterforover9millpeoplein

NewYorkCity.Dualgoalsofprotectingwaterquality

andpreservingeconomicviabilityofwatershedcom-

munitiesweresetout.

IWRM Actions:Developmentofpartnershipsbetween

NYCity,NYState,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,

watershedcounties,townsand villagesenvironmen-

talandpublicinterestgroups.Programsweredevel-

opedtobalanceagriculture,urbanandruralwaste-

waterandstormdrainageinfrastructure,environment

andthequalityofwaterinthe19reservoirsand3

controlled lakes. A watershed agricultural programwas supplemented by land acquisition, watershed

regulations,environmentalandeconomicpartnership

programs,wastewatertreatmentplantupgradesand

protectionmeasuresatreservoirs.

Tangible impacts: More than 350 farms within the

watershed have embarked on implementation of

bestmanagementpracticesreducingpollutionloads,

acquisitionof280km2land forprotection,enforce-

mentofeffectivewatershedregulations,remediation

of 2000failing septic systems,upgradingof waste-

watertreatmentplantswithtertiarytreatment.Morethan50%reductionincoliformbacteria,totalphos-

phorus and several other major contaminants were

achieved.NYCitywatersupplywasexemptedfrom

filtration,thepopulationofthewatershedsenjoysan

improvedenvironmentalqualityandatotalsavingof

USD4,400millionwasrealized.

Source: New York City, Department of Environmental

Protection,Bureauof WaterSupply:2006Watershed

ProtectionProgram.SummaryandAssessment. www.

ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.html

Kazakhstan - National level: Management of scarce

waterresourcesandpollutioncontrol

Issues:Thereareplentyofwater-ecologicalproblems

servingasobstacle,ofwhichthemostacuteonesare

growingwaterdeficit;Pollutionofopenandunder-

ground waters; Enormous over-norm water losses;

Exacerbationoftheproblemofqualitydrinkingwater

supply to population; Problems of interstate water

apportioning;andDeteriorationofthetechnicalstate

ofthedams,waterworksfacilitiesandotherinstalla-

tions.Actually,thesituationwithwatermanagement

istensethroughouttheterritoryoftherepublicandthe environmental ill-being has overtaken all major

riverbasinsofthecountry.

IWRM actions: In accordance with the Water Code

of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Water Resource

CommitteeoftheMinistryofAgricultureisassigned

tomanage,regulatetheuseandtoprotectthewater

resources,includingrenewablewaterresources.With

thepurposeofimprovingthemanagementofwater

resources and introduction of international practice,

theCommittee,asofJune2004,hasbeencarrying

out the development of Integrated Water Resource

and Water Efficiency Management Plan (IWRM).

Legalandorganizationalconditionsfortransitionto

integrated water resource management have also

http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.htmlhttp://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/


34/53


been established. Basin Councils - basis for IWRM

Plan implementation - have been established to

increasetheinvolvementofinterestedpartiesinwater

resourcesmanagement.

Tangible impacts: The necessary legal framework,namelyWaterCode, Land Code and ForestryCode

(2003), The Law On Sanitary-Epidemic Security of

Population(2003)isestablishedinKazakhstan.For

the implementation of the IWRM Plan, River Basin

Organizations,namelyBasinCouncilsarebeingcre-

ated. In the sense of territorial division, the basin

councilshavebeencreatedin8hydrographicbasins

ofKazakhstanaswellasinseparatewaterobjects.

Source: The Plan of Integrated Management of Water

Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A.Y. Nikolay-

enko and A.K. Kenshimov

Mozambique/Zimbabwe - Transboundary level: The

PungweRiverProject

Issues:Duringspringtideandlowriverflows,saline

water intrusion extends upstream of Pungwe River

mouth,whichhasanegativeimpactsonsugarcane

farminganddomesticwaterforBeiraCityinMozam-

bique.TheeffectsofgoldminingactivitiesinthePun-

gwebasindominatethewaterqualityandincreased

sedimentconcentrationsofthesurfacewaterofthe

PungweRiver.Thegoldminingactivitiesintheriver

basinaremainlypoverty-driven,i.e.itisasubsistence

activity. The suspended sediments make the water

unsuitablefordrinking, washingand irrigation, bury

theaquaticfauna,preventphotosynthesisandhave

effects on the fish population. Miners use mercury

in the gold mining process causing elevated con-

centrations ofmercuryin thesuspendedsediments.

Alsootherheavymetals,e.g.leadandcadmium,are

boundto the suspended sedimentssince they exist

naturallyinthesoils.Floodscausefrequentproblems

inthelowerpartsofthePungweRiverbasin.Wide-

spreadpovertyandcompetingdemandsforavailablewaterresourceswithinandbetweenthecountries.

IWRM actions: The Pungwe Project commenced in

February2002andincludedthreephases,viz:Phase1

-MonographPhase,Phase2-ScenarioDevelopment

Phase,andPhase3-JointIWRMStrategyPhase.Dur-

ingthemonographphasealargeeffortwasdirected

towardsimprovingtheknowledgebaseforthedevel-

opmentof the water resources ofthe basinthrough

a number of sector studies. The scenarios for water

resourcesdevelopmentwereelaboratedinthePhase2.

Thedevelopmentscenariosincludedanumberofproj-

ectsandstudies,includinge.g.possibilitiesofmedium-

largedamsonthePungweRiveroritstributaries,flood

warning system, local groundwater assessments and

measuresforimprovedsurfacewaterquality.InPhase

3implementationplansfortheprojectsadoptedbythe

stakeholdersofthePungweRiverbasinwereelaborated

andtheJointIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement

WaterStrategyformulated.Inparallelthedevelopmentofaclimatechangeadaptationstrategyforthebasin

hascommenced.Localassessmentofclima

Documents

UNW Status Report IWRM