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1
Update on Next Generation
Low GWP Refrigerants for
Chillers Products
Steve KujakDirector, Next Generation Refrigerant Research
The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental TechnologyJRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
2
Stephen “Steve” Kujak is the director of Next Generation Refrigerants Research for
Ingersoll Rand. Over the past 26 years, he has led and been involved in numerous
technology and product development projects involving development of new
refrigerants, lubricants and compatibility of system materials. Steve has been an
author or co-author on 30+ publications related to refrigerants and has 10 patents
related to HVAC products.
Steve is a distinguish service member of ASHRAE and is involved in numerous
refrigerant safety (Standard 34) and use standards used globally by the HVACR
industry. He was awarded the ASHRAE Crosby Field award for highest rated
presentation of a technical paper in 2016 and was also awarded the George Briley
Refrigeration Committee award for best ASHRAE journal article on refrigeration in
2017. He is also involved with AHRI and is participating in the Alternate Refrigerant
Evaluation Program (AREP) and the ARTI Flammability Research Subcommittee.
He has a BS in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse and a master’s
degree in chemistry from the University of North Dakota.
Biography
3
• 2016 NGR Conclusions
• 2018 NGR Status
– Low Pressure R123 and R245fa Alternatives
– Medium Pressure R134a Alternatives
– High Pressure R410A Alternatives
• Conclusions
Outline/Agenda
4
2016 Kobe Symposium Conclusions Singular refrigerants, such as R123, R134a, R410A, which can singly meet
the climate demands (low gwp) and public demands for safe (non-
flammable) may not be available for all applications.
o Exception – Low pressure chillers – number of non-flammables available
(R1233zd(E) and R514A)
o Approx. 600 GWP non-flammable limit for medium pressure alternatives that are
R134a design compatible (R513A)
o No high pressure, low GWP, non-flammable alternatives available
Many potential interim R410A alternatives possible
o Limited chiller products being introduced until safety standards allow flammable
refrigerants
o R410A alternatives that offer “design compatibility” with increased efficiency are
being proposed (R452B)
o Many possibilities for optimization of GWP, flammability, capacity and glide.
Much Has Changed in 2 Years
Global Adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Chiller Refrigerants Ongoing
Without Direct Regulatory Pressure
New Refrigerant Innovation Continues – More Nonflammable Choices
5
Tool Box for Low GWP NGR’s Expands
R32
R152a
R1234yf
R1234ze(E)
R1123
R13I
CO2
Ammonia
GWPModerate HFCs(GWP > 150 to 1,000)
Low HFCs,
HFOs
and NaturalsGWP ≤ 150)
Non-fluorinated (Naturals)
R1233zd(E)
R1336mzz(Z)
R1130 (E)
R1224yd(Z)
R1132a
Hydrocarbons
Water
Glo
ba
l W
arm
ing
(Kyo
to P
roto
co
l)GlobalWarming
HFC’s and HFO’s
R245fa GWP
R143aGWP
GWP
GWP
High HFCs(GWP > 1,000)
R134a
R125
R227ea GWP
ODPOzone Depletion
Potential
Acute Toxicity
Cost
Concerns
Global Warming
Potential
GWP
Slightly
Flammability 2L
Flammable
Efficiency
Chemically
Stable
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
R1336mzz(E)
New Refrigerant Chemistry's to Consider
Drives Many More Proposed Blends to Optimize Properties
New
NGRs
6
Low Pressure NGR
Alternatives for Chillers
The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental TechnologyJRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
7
Low Pressure Chillers Alternatives R123 and R245fa Replacements
R1233zd(E), R514A and R1224yd(Z) – Good Choices
Nonflammable, GWP <2, High Efficiency
R1224yd(Z) A Good R245fa ORC Replacement
R1336mzz(E) New Refrigerant to Consider
Alternatives Attributes
• Most Low GWP (<10)
• Non-flammable
• Good efficiency
• Near design compatible
alternatives available
- Near R123 and R245fa
capacities
• All with no glide
A1
A1
B1
B1
A1 New
A1
8
Evaporator & Condenser PerformanceSingle Tube Test Rig
R-514A R-1233zd(E) R-1224yd(Z)
Similar Evaporator & Condenser Performance Observed
in Chiller Bundle vs Single Tube Tests
All Heat Transfer Performance was = or > Than R123
Evaporator
Condenser
9
Experiences with R514AR-514A “drop in” Tests
300 Ton Variable Speed Chiller 770 Ton Impeller Optimized Chiller
• R-1233zd(E) & R-1224yd(Z) cannot be “dropped in” to a R-123 design
• Optimized design can achieve similar performance for all 3 refrigs
• Pressure vessel designs (ASME, PED) not required for R-514A
R-514A Chiller Performance Equal or Better than R-123
R-123 Can Be Retrofitted to R-514A
10
Medium Pressure NGR
Alternatives for Chillers
The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental TechnologyJRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
11
Medium Pressure Chiller Alternatives R134a Replacements
R513A (nonflammable) and R1234ze(E) Good Choices
R516A (<150 GWP, A2L) Good Future R513A Alternative
CF3I Chemistry Could Offer Nonflammable Alternatives
Alternatives Attributes
• Flammability
- GWP 300-600 nonflammable
- GWP <150 flammable
• Good efficiency
• Near design compatible
alternatives available
- Near R134a capacity
- R1234ze(E) = -25% capacity
• All with no glide
12
Experiences With a Water-Cooled Chiller
230 RT (800 kW)
Duplex Circuits
(~R516A)
Observations• Measured performance
matched thermodynamic predictions quite closely.
• Compressor efficiency was similar for all refrigerants.
• Differences can be attributed to the slightly lower heat transfer performance of the alternate fluids. R513A & R516A Perform Similarly
13
High Pressure NGR
Alternatives for Chillers
The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental TechnologyJRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
14
High Pressure Chiller Alternatives R410A Replacements
R454B & R32 Chiller Products
Announced in Europe
Alternatives Attributes
• Lowest GWPs (150-730)
• Flammability
- R32, R452B, R454B & C are all
2L flammable
- R466A first nonflammable that
meets <750 GWP regulatory
requirement
• Efficiency - equal or greater
• Many near design compatible
alternatives available
- R466A, R32, R454B, R452B
• Many with glide
- Most R410A like with low glide
(0 to <2K)
- R454C is R407C like (5 to 6K)
R1123
15
Experiences With Air Cooled Chiller
100 RT (352 kW)
Duplex Circuits – Used 1 Circuit
Observations• Measured performance
matched thermodynamic predictions quite closely.
• Compressor efficiency was similar for all refrigerants.
• R466A and R452B had acceptable compressor discharge temperature.
• R32 compressor discharge temperatures limited high ambient range .
New Nonflammable <750 GWP
R466A Appears to be an
Acceptable R410A
Replacement
16
Conclusions
The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental TechnologyJRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
17
Conclusions
Global Adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Chiller Refrigerants Ongoing
Without Direct Regulatory Pressure (No <150 GWP Limits)
R514A, R1233zd(E), R1224yd(Z), R1234ze(E) – Considered Final Solutions
New Refrigerant Innovation Continues – More Nonflammable Choices
Much has changed in 2 year!
Looking at Air & Water Cooled Chillers using
HFC alternatives…
… *Centrifugal and screw chillers
with new ultra low HFOs or lower HFO blend
refrigerants are now globally available.
*Scroll introductions emerging