Uranus•The temperature in the The temperature in the atmosphere of Uranus that atmosphere of Uranus that was facing the sun was nearly was facing the sun was nearly the same as the side that was the same as the side that was not not •Uranus's atmosphere is made Uranus's atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, helium and up of hydrogen, helium and methane. The methane forms methane. The methane forms into a layer of cloud because into a layer of cloud because the temperature is so cold in the temperature is so cold in the upper atmosphere (it is the upper atmosphere (it is about two hundred and twenty about two hundred and twenty five degrees Celsius). five degrees Celsius). • The greenish color of Uranus The greenish color of Uranus is due to the atmosphere is due to the atmosphere being made up of large being made up of large amounts of methane gas. amounts of methane gas.

Moons of Uranus•Uranus has 5 moons: Titania,

Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda

•Titania has big valleys•Oberon has craters that are over

flooded with dark material•Umbriel has a very dark surface•Miranda is the most interesting.

Miranda has grooves that are V-shaped and has ridges in its surface

Mercury• The atmosphere is not stable. The atmosphere is not stable. Atoms are continuously lost and Atoms are continuously lost and replenished.replenished. Mercury has a very Mercury has a very

thin atmosphere; it is barely there. thin atmosphere; it is barely there. • Water vapor is probably also Water vapor is probably also

present. present. • Particles in the atmosphere move Particles in the atmosphere move very fast, allowing gases to escape very fast, allowing gases to escape

into spaceinto space• Water is being brought to Mercury Water is being brought to Mercury

by comets in space.by comets in space.

Mercury’s ContentMercury’s Content•PotassiumPotassium 31.7%31.7%•SodiumSodium 24.9% 24.9%•OxygenOxygen 9.5%9.5%•ArgonArgon 7.0%7.0%•HeliumHelium 5.9% 5.9%•Nitrogen Nitrogen 5.2%5.2%•Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide 3.6%3.6%•WaterWater 3.4%3.4%•HydrogenHydrogen 3.2%3.2%

PlutoPluto• Pluto has a thin atmosphere

• Pluto’s density suggests that it has a rocky core. Above this rocky core is a layer of ice.

• Pluto contains Methane, Carbon Monixide and Nitrogen.

• Pluto has solid nitrogen and carbon monoxide ices on the surface

• As Pluto moves away from the sun, more of its atmosphere freezes and falls to the

ground.

Pluto’s MoonPluto’s Moon• Pluto’s moon is named Charon.Pluto’s moon is named Charon.

• It was discovered in 1978.It was discovered in 1978.• Its diameter is about half the size of Its diameter is about half the size of

Pluto’s.Pluto’s.• Due to the unusual similarity in size Due to the unusual similarity in size

between Charon and Pluto, they are between Charon and Pluto, they are sometimes considered a double sometimes considered a double

planet.planet.• Charon has no atmosphere.Charon has no atmosphere.

• Charon and Pluto are to be visited by Charon and Pluto are to be visited by the New Horizons mission in July 2015. the New Horizons mission in July 2015.

Saturn’s Atmosphere • The surface of Saturn has colored The surface of Saturn has colored

bands, just like Jupiter. These bands, just like Jupiter. These areas on Saturn are rising and areas on Saturn are rising and

sinking gasessinking gases• Has a source of heat Has a source of heat

• Saturn's upper atmosphere is Saturn's upper atmosphere is less dense and its core is a lot less dense and its core is a lot

more dense than water. more dense than water. • Saturn is made mainly of sulfur. Saturn is made mainly of sulfur. Sulfur makes Saturn look yellow. Sulfur makes Saturn look yellow.

•Has 18 moons including the most Has 18 moons including the most interesting, Titaninteresting, Titan

•Second largest moon in the solar Second largest moon in the solar systemsystem

•Density= 2g/cm3Density= 2g/cm3•Titan is the only moon in our solar Titan is the only moon in our solar

system to have a dense atmosphere system to have a dense atmosphere •Titan is the only known moon with a Titan is the only known moon with a

fully developed atmospherefully developed atmosphere•The atmosphere is 98.4% nitrogen The atmosphere is 98.4% nitrogen with the left over 1.6% containing of with the left over 1.6% containing of methane and a little bit of gases such methane and a little bit of gases such

as hydrocarbons, propane, argon, as hydrocarbons, propane, argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and

helium. helium.

Jupiter’s Jupiter’s AtmosphereAtmosphere• Has light and dark colored bandsHas light and dark colored bands

• The light bands are areas of rising gasesThe light bands are areas of rising gases• Dark bands are areas of sinking gasesDark bands are areas of sinking gases• High velocity winds are between the High velocity winds are between the

bandsbands• Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of

90% Hydrogen and 10% Helium and 90% Hydrogen and 10% Helium and traces of methane, water vapor and traces of methane, water vapor and

rock. There are also traces of carbon, rock. There are also traces of carbon, neon, oxygen, and sulphur. The neon, oxygen, and sulphur. The

outermost layer of the atmosphere outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammoniacontains crystals of frozen ammonia

Jupiter's MoonsJupiter's Moons• Jupiter has 16 moonsJupiter has 16 moons. The 4 largest . The 4 largest

moons are moons are Castillo, EuropaCastillo, Europa, Io, , Io, Ganymede.Ganymede.

• Io has a yellow-orange-reddish color. Io Io has a yellow-orange-reddish color. Io has 10 active volcanoes. When the has 10 active volcanoes. When the volcanoes erupts, the materials go on volcanoes erupts, the materials go on the surface. This a cause for the color on the surface. This a cause for the color on its surface.its surface.

• Europa’s core is made of rock. It has a Europa’s core is made of rock. It has a smooth and shiny surface. It is thought smooth and shiny surface. It is thought that Europa has oceans under the layers that Europa has oceans under the layers of ice.of ice.

• Ganymede and Castillo have a rock and Ganymede and Castillo have a rock and ice interior. On the surface, there ice interior. On the surface, there appears to be a thick layer of rocks.appears to be a thick layer of rocks.

VenusVenus• Venus has pale yellow clouds in its atmosphere. The Venus has pale yellow clouds in its atmosphere. The

clouds cover the planet completelyclouds cover the planet completely• Venus consists of carbon dioxide, which acts as a roof, Venus consists of carbon dioxide, which acts as a roof,

letting not that much heat escape.letting not that much heat escape.• The temperature in its atmosphere is 482 degrees CelsiusThe temperature in its atmosphere is 482 degrees Celsius• Has no moonHas no moon• Venus’s atmosphere is 90 times more massive than oursVenus’s atmosphere is 90 times more massive than ours• There are 200 mph winds at the cloud tops. The clouds There are 200 mph winds at the cloud tops. The clouds

are made up of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid droplets.are made up of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid droplets.

NeptuneNeptune• Neptune has deep layers of Neptune has deep layers of

low density materials low density materials • Neptune is made up of Neptune is made up of

Hydrogen, Helium and Hydrogen, Helium and Methane (similar to Uranus)Methane (similar to Uranus)

• Has faint dark colored bandsHas faint dark colored bands• The blue appearance is due to The blue appearance is due to

the methane in its atmospherethe methane in its atmosphere

Neptune's MoonNeptune's Moon• Neptune has eight moons, Triton being Neptune has eight moons, Triton being

the largestthe largest• Triton has a diameter of 2,700 kilometers Triton has a diameter of 2,700 kilometers

(1,680 miles). It was discovered by (1,680 miles). It was discovered by WilliamWilliam Lassell, an astronomer, on Lassell, an astronomer, on October 10. Triton is colder than any other October 10. Triton is colder than any other measured object in the Solar System with measured object in the Solar System with a surface temperature of -235° C. a surface temperature of -235° C.

• It has an extremely thin atmosphereIt has an extremely thin atmosphere• The southern atmosphere of Triton has ice The southern atmosphere of Triton has ice

capscaps

• 95% carbon dioxide and 5% nitrogen & 95% carbon dioxide and 5% nitrogen & argon with some other gasesargon with some other gases

• The atmospheric pressure is 150 times The atmospheric pressure is 150 times lower than earth due to the atmosphere lower than earth due to the atmosphere

being thinbeing thin• Mars has polar caps- they are frozen with Mars has polar caps- they are frozen with

carbon dioxide and watercarbon dioxide and water• Mars’s northern atmosphere is a smooth Mars’s northern atmosphere is a smooth

lowland volcanic material including some lowland volcanic material including some craterscraters

• Has the largest volcano in the solar Has the largest volcano in the solar system- Olympus Mons. It is a shield system- Olympus Mons. It is a shield

volcano measuring 600 kilometers across volcano measuring 600 kilometers across and 25 kilometers high and 25 kilometers high

• Mars does not have a moonMars does not have a moon

Interactive SitesInteractive Sites

• http://janus.astro.umd.edu/javadir/orbits/ssv.html

• http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/afoe/simulation/e3.html

• http://www.nasa.gov/mov/116648main_CollidingWdwarves.mov

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2006 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes#Form<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes#Formation>. ation>.

• "Saturn." "Saturn." WikipediaWikipedia. 24 May 2006 . 24 May 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn>.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn>.

• Seeds. Seeds. Foundations of Astronomy.Foundations of Astronomy. Belmont: Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company,1986. 423-450. Wadsworth Publishing Company,1986. 423-450.

• Spaulding, Namowitz, and Nancy E. Spaulding, Namowitz, and Nancy E. Earth Earth ScienceScience. Dallas: McDougal Littell, 1999. 385-423. . Dallas: McDougal Littell, 1999. 385-423.