Urban Greening

1

“Heat island” mitigation“Heat island” mitigation 1) Apply specialized greening technology to car parks, walls, roofs, etc.

1) Apply specialized greening technology to car parks, walls, roofs, etc.

2) Apply technology to create cool spots using trees and the like.

2) Apply technology to create cool spots using trees and the like.

Tokyo3°C rise in 100 years

1°C rise in 100 years

Japan average temp.

Surface heating due to asphalt and similar materials

Air in cities is heating upAir in cities is heating up

Reduction of green spaces

Waste heat from buildings, vehicles, factories and homesCool breeze

Causes of temperature rise in cities

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency

Need for urban greening Toyota countermeasures

Issues and Countermeasures

2

Specialized greening: new products* New cool-spot creation technology

Car park greening system:“Smart Green Parking”

Wall greening system:“Smart Green Wall” (wire type)

Commercial launch on October 3, 2011

New Products and Technology

*Both jointly developed with Ohshima Landscape Construction Co., Ltd.

Shade Transpiration

Predict effect of greening

Create cool and comfortable living spaces

Residential area with no trees

Creation of cool spots using trees

25 30 40 50 60 65 [°C]Surface temperature

3

“Smart Green Parking” Car-park Greening System

Outdoor car parks in cities are potential greening spaces. （about 10%)Car-park greening market is growing.Connection with the vehicle market.

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Size of car park greening marketExample of outdoor car parks (yellow)

Area around Fushimi in central Nagoya: applicable area is 8%(Estimated by Toyota)

BackgroundBackground

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Asphalt car park

Greened car park

Asphalt car park Greened car park

The temperature of a greened car park is approximately 15°C less than an asphalt car park.

Note: Photographs taken in sunny weather on July 19, 2010 at Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory

Greened car park temperature reduction effectGreened car park temperature reduction effect

“Smart Green Parking”

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Competing system Toyota’s “Smart Green Parking”

Both plant sustainability and safety of walkability ensured

Significant damage to plant life due to scraping from tires, etc.

Differences to other car-park greening systemsDifferences to other car-park greening systems

“Smart Green Parking”

6

“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening System

Energy saving is key, and a simple wall-greening system can be effective.

BackgroundBackground

Energy saving effectEnergy saving effectThe Smart Green Wall system has an energy saving effect of approximately 25%.

Results from tests using the laboratory of the Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory (measured on September 20, 2011).

Comparison of air conditioning power consumption Wall greening No wall greening Wall surface

temperature difference is approximately -10°C.

Approx. 25% reduction

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Characteristics of Smart Green WallCharacteristics of Smart Green WallClimbing plants are guided by wires- Wires are light and easy to attach to buildings.- Plants easily grow up the ladder style wires.- Adjustable tension reduces flapping in wind.

Adjustable tension Roll of ladder style wire

Points of differentiationPoints of differentiation

Commercial green wallNew Toyota SGWItem

Wind resistance

Typhoon level(wind speed: 34 m/s)

Must be taken down in strong winds

Inclusion in green space Yes No

Installation Year-round Summer only

Material Metal wire Plastic

Target users Companies Homes

Comparison with commercial green-wall technology

“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening System

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Use plant transpiration capabilities to create cool spots and help create towns that consume less energy.

Cool-spot Creation Technology

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Yoshinocherry

Evergreenoak

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(Per unit of leaf area)

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capa

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Aucuba (average surface temperature: 36.3 °C)

Evergreen oak (average surface temperature: 30.4°C)

Yoshino cherry (average surface temperature: 31.2 °C)

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BackgroundBackground

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Creating cool spots with treesCreating cool spots with trees

Surface temperature increases due to solar radiation

Ground surface

Building

Blocking of solar radiation by conventional shading

Latent heat

Transpiration(vaporized)

Sensible heat

Heat

Heat balance prediction model (jointly developed with Tokyo

Institute of Technology)

Cool Spot Creation Technology

Surface temperature decreases

Shade

Surface temperature increases due to solar radiation

Blocking of solar radiation by trees

Building

Ground surface10

dissipation

Surface temperature decreases

What is cool spot creation technology?What is cool spot creation technology?A new technology for designing green spaces by evaluating the energy effect of greening in advance by simulation.⇒ Optimization of tree selection, number and arrangement

Prediction of air conditioning power consumption (Assuming family of 2 adults, 2 children)

Pow

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mpt

ion 10% reduction

Greening (creating shade)

No greening

32°C

38°C

SET* (°C) Height: 1.5 m

N

Cool-spot creation by greening

Example of cool spot evaluationSensible temperature index SET* distribution

(15:00)

Example of energy saving effect

“Cool Spot” Creation Technology

Greening (creating shade +

transpiration effect)

25% reduction

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Urban Greening (Tour Material)

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Current situation of car park greening systemsHarsh conditions for plants (load, insufficient sunlight, damage from tires)

Plant sustainabilityReq.

ProcessSurface safety

Stre

ngth

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-mat

ty

peU

nifo

rm-r

einf

orce

men

t ty

peCharacteristics

- Strengthen using net-shaped mat

- Cover mat with grass

“Smart Green Parking” Car Park Greening SystemTour Material (1)

- Use evenly-spaced block-shaped reinforcements, etc.

- Grow plants between blocks

x

x

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Development issues

Aim: Achieve both plant sustainability and surface safety

Plant sustainability

- No load on plants from car- Sufficient space for roots to

grow

Area must be flat

Surface safety

Block

Block

- Large level difference- Wide spacing

Blocks:

Trade off

Key development points

Plant (grass, monkey grass, thyme, dichondra, etc.)

Block

Walking support

Ensures both plant

sustainability and surface

safety

Walking support

1. Use blocks with sufficient growth space

2. Add walking supports after planting that don’t divide growth space

3. Support vehicle weight using blocks (weight resistance: 4 t)

4. Use recycled bumper materials

(Jointly developed with Ohshima Landscape Construction Co., Ltd.)

“Smart Green Parking” Car Park Greening SystemTour Material (2)

- Small level difference- Narrow spacing

Blocks:

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Initial cost

Durability

Plant diversity

Sustainability

Surface safety

Appearance

Competing productToyota-developed product

Moss phloxThymeMonkey grass

Grass

Asphalt car park

Greened car park

Asphalt car park

Greened car park

The surface temperature of a greened car park is approximately 15°C less than an asphalt car park.

Performance of developed product

“Smart Green Parking” Car Park Greening SystemTour Material (3)

15

Characteristics of Smart Green WallCharacteristics of Smart Green Wall

“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening SystemTour Material (4)

Energy saving is key, and a simple wall-greening system can be effective.

BackgroundBackground

Climbing plants are guided by wires- Wires are light and easy to attach to buildings.- Plants easily grow up the ladder-like wires.- Adjustable tension reduces flapping in wind.

Commercial green wallNew Toyota SGWItem

Wind resistance

Typhoon level(wind speed: 34 m/s)

Must be taken down in strong winds

Inclusion in green space Yes No

Installation Year-round Summer only

Material Metal wires Plastic

Target users Companies Homes

Comparison with commercial green wall technology

16

Roll of ladder-like wire

Structure and key points of differentiationStructure and key points of differentiation Energy saving effectEnergy saving effectThe Smart Green Wall system has an energy saving effect of approximately 25%.

Air conditioning power consumption

“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening SystemTour Material (5)

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Without wall greening

With wall greening

Approx. 25% reduction

Results from tests using the laboratory of the Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory (measured on September 20, 2011).

Wall greening No wall greening

Wall surface temperature difference is approximately -10°C.

Adjustable tension

Bracket (wire

attachment process)

Eye bolt (for plant growth)

Wire end adjustor (for plant growth)

M12 bolt (wire attachment process)

Base steel material (wire attachment process)

Wire end adjustor (for plant growth)

Tension adjustor

(for plant growth)

M12 bolt (wire attachment process)

Base steel material (wire attachment process)

Bracket (wire

attachment process)

17

Aims

Renewable energy

Greening systems Car (PHV, EV)

Smart phone

Toyota Smart Center

Solar panels

Monitoring of information on state

of plant growth

Remote operation of irrigation

Power/irrigation control

Energy managementunit (electricity storage, charging & distribution)

Power control

Smart house

Charging control

Smart Green System

“Smart Green System”Integrated Urban Greening/Smart Grid Model

Tour Material (6)

- To enhance greening systems by utilizing the power/information management functions of smart grids

- To supply renewable energy to irrigation devices and save labor for maintaining greening

18

TDP sensor

Large scale bench measurement

ZelkovaHeight: 6.4 m

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Maximum transpiration of 36 L/day

Dissipation Ambient temperature

Maximum ambient temperature: 37.5°C

Dissipation (L/day)

Ambient temp. (°C)

Conventional

Porometer

Measurement method Measurement results

New method

Amount of water supplied

Amount of water drained

Weight

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“Cool Spot” Creation TechnologyTour Material(7)

Example measurement results for amount and weight of water supply and drainage (August 29, sunny)

Daily change in dissipation by zelkova (August 9 to 22, 2010)

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Tour Material (8)

Standard Processes in Plant Breeding

Large scale cross-

fertilization

Mutation

Selection from various individual stock

(Chemical and physical processes)Superior

stock

Repeatability verification (using cuttings)

- Uniformity- Proliferation- Differences with original

varieties

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Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6

Process Study requirements Study breeding feasibility Cross fertilization, etc. processes Selection(harvest superior stock) Verify repeatability Evaluate productivity Sales preparation

Outline

Benchmark competing productsand identify developmentrequirements using marketsurveys, etc.

Acquire wide range of targetplants, study various treatmentconditions, and perform pre-development tests.

Perform cross fertilization andmutation processes, then observeinitial growth and cultivate seedlingsuntil selection of individual stock.

Select individual stock fromparent population.

Verify uniformity, proliferation,and differences from originalvariety using groups of superiorstock.

Evaluate production period atfarm, quality, and productivity.

(Third party evaluation)

Create basic cultivation manual forlocation of cultivation. - Secure production farms - Create production plan

Planning Selection Evaluation