Urban Air Quality and its Management in China, P.R. LI Xinmin State Environmental Protection Administration 27 September 2006

Urban Air Quality Urban Air Quality and its and its

Management in Management in China, P.R.China, P.R.LI XinminLI Xinmin

State Environmental Protection State Environmental Protection AdministrationAdministration

27 September 200627 September 2006

Environmental pollution not Environmental pollution not radically controlledradically controlled

The total SOThe total SO2 2 emission was 25.49 emission was 25.49 million tons in 2005, up 27% compared million tons in 2005, up 27% compared to 2000;to 2000;

40% of the 522 cities were lower than 40% of the 522 cities were lower than the Grade II of NAAQS; There was not the Grade II of NAAQS; There was not even one city compliant to Grade II of even one city compliant to Grade II of NAAQS in Shanxi Province. NAAQS in Shanxi Province.

Acid rain occurred in more than half of Acid rain occurred in more than half of the 696 cities and countiesthe 696 cities and counties

EnergyEnergy Coal is the primary energy source in PRC and its Coal is the primary energy source in PRC and its

consumption is expected to continue to increase consumption is expected to continue to increase from 1.3 billion tons in 2000 to between 2.1 and from 1.3 billion tons in 2000 to between 2.1 and 2.9 billion tons in 2020 dominating more than 2.9 billion tons in 2020 dominating more than 50% of primary energy share until 2020 50% of primary energy share until 2020

Petroleum/Crude Oil will account for about 27% Petroleum/Crude Oil will account for about 27% of total primary energy in 2020”of total primary energy in 2020”

能源消耗与大气污染排放

300

800

1300

1800

2300

2800

年份

污染物排放量

020000400006000080000100000120000140000160000180000200000220000

能源消费量

S02排放量烟尘排放量煤炭消耗

Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption and Air Pollutant Emission Air Pollutant Emission

SO2 emission dust emission coal consumption

Registered Motor Vehicles in China, Registered Motor Vehicles in China, P.R.P.R.

Ownership of automobiles and motorcycles Ownership of automobiles and motorcycles has exceeded 43 million and 94 million has exceeded 43 million and 94 million respectively by the end of 2005 registering respectively by the end of 2005 registering an increase of 20.6% for cars and 23.6% an increase of 20.6% for cars and 23.6% for motorcycles compared in 2004for motorcycles compared in 2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

mill

ion

total civil motor vehicle

private-owned motorvehicle

Motor Vehicle Growth ForecastMotor Vehicle Growth Forecast

2005 2008 2015 2025 20352-W 55.3 78.1 146.7 193.2 130.43-W 2.0 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.0HCV 10.4 13.9 19.9 29.3 37.5LCV 9.4 13.1 22.8 37.7 52.9

Car, SUV 12.9 23.4 56.8 115.8 192.790.0 130.0 248.0 376.4 413.6

Class

Grand Total

0

1

2

3

1

#REF!

#REF!

0

100

200

300

400

500Million Vehicles

9 xby 2025

3.5 x

by 2025

Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plcSee: http://segmenty.com

Rapid Increase in Electric BicyclesRapid Increase in Electric Bicycles

Electric bikes are gaining an increasing share Electric bikes are gaining an increasing share of two-wheeled transportation in P.R. Chinaof two-wheeled transportation in P.R. China

Defined as “special two-wheel bike motivated Defined as “special two-wheel bike motivated by both manpower and electrical power, using by both manpower and electrical power, using storage battery as supplementary power”storage battery as supplementary power”

Annual electric bike sales in P.R. China grew Annual electric bike sales in P.R. China grew from 40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005from 40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005

Dramatic growth has been largely due to Dramatic growth has been largely due to legislations banning gasoline-fuelled scooters legislations banning gasoline-fuelled scooters and bicycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in and bicycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several major Chinese cities, including Beijing several major Chinese cities, including Beijing and Shanghaiand Shanghai

Emissions InventoriesEmissions Inventories SEPA regularly conducts SEPA regularly conducts

regular emissions regular emissions inventories inventories

SO2 increased steadily SO2 increased steadily from the 1990s to the 1995 from the 1990s to the 1995 but slowly dipped again but slowly dipped again from 1995 to 1999, after from 1995 to 1999, after which they started to which they started to increase againincrease again

For 2004, the total SO2 For 2004, the total SO2 emissions reported by State emissions reported by State Environmental Protection Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) Administration (SEPA) were about 22.5Mt. were about 22.5Mt.

Nitrogen oxide emissions Nitrogen oxide emissions have increased consistently have increased consistently and in 2003 were almost and in 2003 were almost twice the 1990 emissions. twice the 1990 emissions.

Smoke dust and industrial Smoke dust and industrial dust on the other hand dust on the other hand have shown decreasing have shown decreasing trends since 1997trends since 1997

National Acid Deposition and National Acid Deposition and SO SO22 Pollution Status Pollution Status

The area of acid rain was stable in 2005, but the frequency was increased. The acid intensity was increased in acid rain zone. Generally, acid rain pollution was aggravated. P.R. China SO2 emissions are concentrated mostly in the Central and East coastal areas - area with heavy industries. 58.3% of the cities in Central China experienced acid rain with 21.4% experiencing occurrence of over 80%”

Acid Deposition ZonesAcid Deposition Zones

Six serious acid Six serious acid deposition zonesdeposition zones Southwest Southwest Pearl River Delta Pearl River Delta Yangtze River Delta Yangtze River Delta Huai Sea zone Huai Sea zone Big Beijing zone Big Beijing zone Three West zone Three West zone

(Shanxi, Shaanxi (Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner and Inner Mongolia). Mongolia).

The acid deposition is The acid deposition is much higher than the much higher than the environmental capacity environmental capacity in these areas.in these areas.

Air quality challenges from the power seAir quality challenges from the power sector in the 11ctor in the 11thth Five-Year Plan period Five-Year Plan period

In 2005, the national power generation capacity was 512 million In 2005, the national power generation capacity was 512 million kw, of which thermal power was 389 million kw. It is expected kw, of which thermal power was 389 million kw. It is expected that the new built thermal power generation capacity will be 72 that the new built thermal power generation capacity will be 72 million kw in 2006. million kw in 2006.

The new built power generation capacity will reach 300 million The new built power generation capacity will reach 300 million kw by 2010 and the total power generation capacity will reach kw by 2010 and the total power generation capacity will reach 818 million kw with an annual growth rate of 9.8%. 818 million kw with an annual growth rate of 9.8%.

The coal consumption in 2005 was 2.1 billion tons, of which The coal consumption in 2005 was 2.1 billion tons, of which 0.93 billion tons were consumed for power generation. The SO0.93 billion tons were consumed for power generation. The SO2 2 emission in 2005 was 25.495 million tons, of which 13 million emission in 2005 was 25.495 million tons, of which 13 million tons were emitted by power sector. tons were emitted by power sector.

Coal consumption in 2006 will be around 2.2 billion tons and Coal consumption in 2006 will be around 2.2 billion tons and produced SOproduced SO2 2 amount will be around 29.5 million tons. amount will be around 29.5 million tons.

Coal consumption in 2010 will be around 2.5 billion tons, of Coal consumption in 2010 will be around 2.5 billion tons, of which 1.68 billion tons will be consumed for power generation, which 1.68 billion tons will be consumed for power generation, and produced SOand produced SO22 amount will be around 43.49 million tons, of amount will be around 43.49 million tons, of which 23.6 million tons will be produced by power sector.which 23.6 million tons will be produced by power sector.

Main Causes Environmental Problems causMain Causes Environmental Problems caused by coal fired power plants (1) ed by coal fired power plants (1)

Low efficiency and high emissionLow efficiency and high emission The national average unit coal consumption of power The national average unit coal consumption of power

generation is 374g/kw.h in 2005, much higher than the generation is 374g/kw.h in 2005, much higher than the international advanced level of 50~60g/kw.hinternational advanced level of 50~60g/kw.h

Coal is rich in north and west and lack in south and Coal is rich in north and west and lack in south and east. east. The east area consumes 55% the national total The east area consumes 55% the national total electricity but only holds 10% of the national total coal electricity but only holds 10% of the national total coal resource. resource.

The environmental capacity and electricity demand The environmental capacity and electricity demand don’t match. don’t match.

The power generation capacity of east area The power generation capacity of east area contributes to 54% of the national total while the contributes to 54% of the national total while the environmental capacity is limited; the west area is environmental capacity is limited; the west area is affluent in resources and environmental capacity while affluent in resources and environmental capacity while the power generation capacity is less. the power generation capacity is less.

Main Causes Environmental Problems causMain Causes Environmental Problems caused by coal fired power plants (2)ed by coal fired power plants (2)

Unreasonable structure of electricity sources: Unreasonable structure of electricity sources: hydropower generation capacity is more than 0.1 billion hydropower generation capacity is more than 0.1 billion kw while the proportion to total power is only 25%. kw while the proportion to total power is only 25%. Nuclear power generation capacity is 6.85 million kw, Nuclear power generation capacity is 6.85 million kw, accounting for 1.34% of the national total, much lower accounting for 1.34% of the national total, much lower than the international average level of 10%. Electricity than the international average level of 10%. Electricity generated from new energy such as sun energy only generated from new energy such as sun energy only contributes 0.24% of the national total, much lower than contributes 0.24% of the national total, much lower than the international average level of 1%. the international average level of 1%.

Small thermal power units operational again: These Small thermal power units operational again: These units have energy efficiency as low as 700g/kw.h and are units have energy efficiency as low as 700g/kw.h and are uneconomical for installation of desulfurization facilities. uneconomical for installation of desulfurization facilities.

The quality of coal is getting worse: lower heat value, The quality of coal is getting worse: lower heat value, higher ash and sulfur contenthigher ash and sulfur content

2000-2020年中国氮氧化物排放趋势

1177

1677 1764 1853

23632664

2914

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

基准期低中高低中高 2000 年 2010 年 2020 年

NOx Emission Trend in China NOx Emission Trend in China (2000-2020)(2000-2020)

Forecast of NOx Increase TrendForecast of NOx Increase Trend

2010年

火力发电41.96%

交通运输25.87%

建筑业0.70%

工业21.28%

农业1.20%

居民生活1.50%

服务业1.40%

其它转换6.09%

2020年

,火力发电42.60%

,交通运输29.40% ,服务业

1.70%

,居民生活1.30%

,其它转换6.10%

, 1.10%农业

, 17%工业

,建筑业0.80%

Comparison of NOx Emission Inventories for 2010 and 2020 by sector

Main Causes for AQ ProblemsMain Causes for AQ Problems

Rapid development of heavy chemical industry, Rapid development of heavy chemical industry, prominent structural pollution, unreasonable prominent structural pollution, unreasonable industrial structureindustrial structure

High energy consumption, increase of 2 billion High energy consumption, increase of 2 billion tons of coal and 0.4 billion tons of petroleum tons of coal and 0.4 billion tons of petroleum consumed in 2000-2005 compared to 1995-2000consumed in 2000-2005 compared to 1995-2000

Rapid motorizationRapid motorization Extensive economic development pattern, high Extensive economic development pattern, high

growth paid by high costgrowth paid by high cost Weak awareness on environmental regulation, Weak awareness on environmental regulation,

unsound legal system, slack enforcement, low unsound legal system, slack enforcement, low cost of violation, and high cost of compliance. cost of violation, and high cost of compliance.

Environmental protection issue separated from Environmental protection issue separated from decision makingdecision making

Air Quality MonitoringAir Quality Monitoring There are 2,289 monitoring stations in the country There are 2,289 monitoring stations in the country

that employ more than 45,849 personnel to conduct that employ more than 45,849 personnel to conduct monitoring workmonitoring work

The government’s five-year plan for ambient air The government’s five-year plan for ambient air quality monitoring for all cities directly under a quality monitoring for all cities directly under a province required the establishment of an urban province required the establishment of an urban automatic ambient air monitoring system as well as automatic ambient air monitoring system as well as an urban acid rain monitoring system for all cities by an urban acid rain monitoring system for all cities by 20052005

As of June 2004, there were 688 automatic air quality As of June 2004, there were 688 automatic air quality monitoring units in place in 234 citiesmonitoring units in place in 234 cities

In 2004, there were 527 cities able to monitor acid In 2004, there were 527 cities able to monitor acid rain occurrencesrain occurrences

For dust and sandstorms monitoring, the National For dust and sandstorms monitoring, the National Meteorological Bureau of China has set up six special Meteorological Bureau of China has set up six special sandstorm monitoring stations equipped with sandstorm monitoring stations equipped with automatic devices at the source and along major automatic devices at the source and along major routes of sandstorms in North China’s Inner Mongolia routes of sandstorms in North China’s Inner Mongolia as part of the ‘Sandstorm Project’ of the SEPAas part of the ‘Sandstorm Project’ of the SEPA

PRC National Ambient Air Quality Standards* PRC National Ambient Air Quality Standards* compared with WHO and UScompared with WHO and US

PollutantPollutantAveraging Averaging

TimeTimePRC Class IIPRC Class II

(µg/m(µg/m33))WHOWHO

(µg/m(µg/m33))WHO (2005)WHO (2005)

(µg/m(µg/m33))USUS

(µg/m(µg/m33))

SOSO22

1 year1 year 6060 5050 8080

24 hours24 hours 150150 125125 2020 365365

1 hour1 hour 500500 00

10 min10 min 500500 500500

TSPTSP1 year1 year 200200

24 hours24 hours 300300

PM10PM101 year1 year 100100 2020 5050

24 hours24 hours 150150 5050 150150

NONO22

1 year1 year 8080 4040 4040 100100


1 hour1 hour 240240 200200 200200

COCO


8 hours8 hours 1000010000 1000010000

1 hr1 hr 1000010000 3000030000 4000040000

30 min30 min 6000060000 00

15 min15 min 100000100000 00

OO33

8 hours8 hours 120120 100100 157157

1 hr1 hr 200200 235235

* Chinese cities are required to comply with Class II NAAQS

Status of Air Quality: API Status of Air Quality: API trendstrends

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Grade I and II

Grade III

Below Grade III

•The share of the population living in cities meeting the NAAQS accounted for 33.1% of the total in 2004, decreasing by 3.3% compared with 2003

•Decrease in percentage of cities with air quality worse than class 3 of NAAQS from 40.5% in 1999 to 20.3% in 2004 and the increase of cities complying with Class 2 (from 33.1% in 1999 to 38.6% in 2004) and Class 3 (from 26.3% in 1999 to 41.2% in 2004) of the NAAQS

Status of Air Quality (2)Status of Air Quality (2)PM10 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2005)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

co

nce

ntr

atio

ns in

µg

/m3

Beijing

Guangzhou

Guiyang

Jinan

Luoyang

Shanghai

ShijazhuangTianjin

Urumqi

Wuhan

Xi’an

NAAQS Class II PM10 limit = 100µg/m3

Status of Air Quality (3)Status of Air Quality (3)SO2 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2005)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

con

cen

tra

tion

s in

µg

/m3

Beijing

Chongqing

Guangzhou

Guiyang

Jinan

Luoyang

Shanghai

Shijazhuang

Tianjin

Urumqi

Wuhan

Xi’an

NAAQS Class II SO2 limit = 60µg/m3

Status of Air Quality (4)Status of Air Quality (4)NO2 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2005)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

co

nce

ntr

atio

ns in

µg

/m3

Chongqing

Guangzhou

Guiyang

Jinan

Luoyang

Shanghai

Shijazhuang

Tianjin

Urumqi

Wuhan

Xi’an

NAAQS Class II NO2 limit = 80µg/m3

Air Quality Management Policies Air Quality Management Policies (1)(1)

The Environmental Protection Law (EPL) of PRC The Environmental Protection Law (EPL) of PRC adopted in 1989 is the country’s primary law that adopted in 1989 is the country’s primary law that provides the legal framework for the prevention and provides the legal framework for the prevention and control of pollutioncontrol of pollution

In 1987 the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric In 1987 the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution Law (LPCAP) was created and later updated Pollution Law (LPCAP) was created and later updated in 1995 and in 2000 in 1995 and in 2000

SEPA under the State Council conducts unified SEPA under the State Council conducts unified supervision and management of environmental supervision and management of environmental protection throughout the country protection throughout the country

SEPA’s local counterparts are the Environmental SEPA’s local counterparts are the Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) or offices (EPOs) and they Protection Bureaus (EPBs) or offices (EPOs) and they administer, supervise, and manage environmental administer, supervise, and manage environmental protection activities at the provincial, municipal, protection activities at the provincial, municipal, county, and district levelcounty, and district level

Air Quality Management Policies Air Quality Management Policies (2)(2)

Within SEPA the primary responsibility for urban air Within SEPA the primary responsibility for urban air quality managements rests with the Pollution Control quality managements rests with the Pollution Control Department Department

PCD can call upon the assistance of the National PCD can call upon the assistance of the National Environmental Monitoring Centre, the Chinese Environmental Monitoring Centre, the Chinese Research Academy for Environmental Sciences, and Research Academy for Environmental Sciences, and other specialized institutionsother specialized institutions

Air quality management capabilities of Chinese cities Air quality management capabilities of Chinese cities vary stronglyvary strongly

The capacity of cities in the coastal belt is better The capacity of cities in the coastal belt is better developed than those in the Western cities developed than those in the Western cities

Several cities either have received or are still receiving Several cities either have received or are still receiving assistance from bilateral development agencies to assistance from bilateral development agencies to strengthen their air quality management systems strengthen their air quality management systems

Air Quality Management Policies Air Quality Management Policies Mobile Sources (1)Mobile Sources (1)

P.R. China is at the forefront in institutionalizing P.R. China is at the forefront in institutionalizing vehicle emissions standards in developing vehicle emissions standards in developing countries in Asiacountries in Asia

In addition to Beijing, Guangzhou has adopted the In addition to Beijing, Guangzhou has adopted the Phase III (Euro III equivalent standards) and Phase III (Euro III equivalent standards) and Shanghai has already requested for approval from Shanghai has already requested for approval from the State Councilthe State Council

ChinaChina BeijingBeijing

Type approval Type approval effective fromeffective from

Production Production conformity conformity

effective fromeffective from

Light vehicles Light vehicles fuelled by gasoline fuelled by gasoline

and gases and gases effective fromeffective from

Light vehicles Light vehicles fuelled by fuelled by

diesel effective diesel effective fromfrom

Phase IPhase I 2000.01.012000.01.01 2000.07.012000.07.01

Phase IIPhase II 2004.07.012004.07.01 2005.07.012005.07.01

Phase IIIPhase III 2007.07.012007.07.01 2007.07.012007.07.01 2005.12.302005.12.30

Phase IVPhase IV 2010.07.012010.07.01 2010.07.012010.07.01 2007.01.012007.01.01

Vehicle Emissions Standards for Light-duty Vehicles in China

Source: GB 18352.1-3

Fuel Consumption Limits for Light Duty Fuel Consumption Limits for Light Duty Passenger Vehicles were published on Passenger Vehicles were published on September 2, 2004 and implemented in July September 2, 2004 and implemented in July 2005 – P.R. China became the first Asian 2005 – P.R. China became the first Asian country to implement such standardscountry to implement such standards

The first phase of the standard targeting a The first phase of the standard targeting a reduction of 5% in per-distance fuel reduction of 5% in per-distance fuel consumption was implemented in 2005, and a consumption was implemented in 2005, and a second phase, with a goal of 10% reduction in second phase, with a goal of 10% reduction in fuel consumption for each weight category in fuel consumption for each weight category in 20082008

It is forecasted that 13 million tons of fuel will It is forecasted that 13 million tons of fuel will be saved in 2020 and 31 million tons in 2030be saved in 2020 and 31 million tons in 2030


The 11th Five-Year Plan of P.R. China will prioritize the The 11th Five-Year Plan of P.R. China will prioritize the development of public transportation with mass rapid transit development of public transportation with mass rapid transit (MRT) as a key transport mode in mega cities and the NRDC (MRT) as a key transport mode in mega cities and the NRDC has issued guidelines for implementation with the following has issued guidelines for implementation with the following provisions: provisions: Develop BRT systemDevelop BRT system Public transportation enterprises should increase the bus Public transportation enterprises should increase the bus

density, choose safe, energy-efficient and environment-density, choose safe, energy-efficient and environment-friendly buses and scrap the high-polluting and low-friendly buses and scrap the high-polluting and low-technology buses technology buses

The governmental fund to be used in urban transportation The governmental fund to be used in urban transportation construction shall favor public transportation and cities construction shall favor public transportation and cities should implement economic subsidy and compensation should implement economic subsidy and compensation policy for the public transportationpolicy for the public transportation

The price of public transportation should pay attention to The price of public transportation should pay attention to both economic benefits and social benefits, and the both economic benefits and social benefits, and the business cost of the enterprises and the paying capacity of business cost of the enterprises and the paying capacity of the publicthe public


P.R. China's emission standards for stationary sources P.R. China's emission standards for stationary sources relating to air pollutants can be divided into two relating to air pollutants can be divided into two categories: (1) those for particular industries or categories: (1) those for particular industries or particular types of pollution and (2) general standards particular types of pollution and (2) general standards specified in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air specified in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (IESAP). Pollutants (IESAP).

Stationary sources are classified as boilers, thermal Stationary sources are classified as boilers, thermal power plants, industrial kilns and furnaces, coke ovens power plants, industrial kilns and furnaces, coke ovens and cement plants and are required to comply with the and cement plants and are required to comply with the corresponding emissions standardscorresponding emissions standards

The IESAP was enacted in 1996 and came into effect in The IESAP was enacted in 1996 and came into effect in 1997, it prescribes two sets of emission limits, one for 1997, it prescribes two sets of emission limits, one for new facilities installed on or after January 1, 1997, and new facilities installed on or after January 1, 1997, and another set for existing facilities installed prior to that another set for existing facilities installed prior to that datedate

Air Quality Management Policies Air Quality Management Policies Stationary Sources (1)Stationary Sources (1)

In the 11th Five-year plan, SOIn the 11th Five-year plan, SO22 emission reduction is the emphasis emission reduction is the emphasis of air pollution prevention and control and states that the emissions of air pollution prevention and control and states that the emissions of sulfur dioxide should be reduced by 10% by 2010of sulfur dioxide should be reduced by 10% by 2010

The three principal components of existing SOThe three principal components of existing SO22 emissions control emissions control policy are the Pollution Levy System (PLS), Two Control Areas policy are the Pollution Levy System (PLS), Two Control Areas (TCA), and Total Emissions Control (TEC)(TCA), and Total Emissions Control (TEC) PLS is based on the polluter pays principlePLS is based on the polluter pays principle TCA is not an instrument like the pollution levy for affecting abatement TCA is not an instrument like the pollution levy for affecting abatement

behavior, but rather a means for prioritizing SO2 control efforts, behavior, but rather a means for prioritizing SO2 control efforts, designating the standards, and identifying cities and regions that designating the standards, and identifying cities and regions that should receive extra attention and resources from the national should receive extra attention and resources from the national governmentgovernment

TEC limits the polluters to discharge under a specified level and levies TEC limits the polluters to discharge under a specified level and levies the charge when any pollution is dischargedthe charge when any pollution is discharged

Planning for the future: Planning for the future: Keep implementing the Total Emission Control systemsKeep implementing the Total Emission Control systems

Estimation of environmental capacityEstimation of environmental capacity Set reduction goals for east, middle part and westSet reduction goals for east, middle part and west

Separate the emission reduction goal of power sector from the overall goalSeparate the emission reduction goal of power sector from the overall goal The high pollution sources controlled by the state The high pollution sources controlled by the state Measuring the performance by emission per unit power generation Measuring the performance by emission per unit power generation

Strengthening the construction of automatic on-line monitoring networkStrengthening the construction of automatic on-line monitoring network

Air Quality Management Policies Air Quality Management Policies Stationary Sources - SO Stationary Sources - SO22 Control (2) Control (2)

The Chinese government ratified the UN The Chinese government ratified the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) in Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) in December 1996 December 1996

As a follow-up, the China National Committee to As a follow-up, the China National Committee to Implement the UN CCD (CCICCD) was set up and Implement the UN CCD (CCICCD) was set up and a China National Action Program (NAP) to a China National Action Program (NAP) to Combat Desertification was prepared Combat Desertification was prepared

Government also earmarked CNY54 billion (about Government also earmarked CNY54 billion (about $6.5 billion) for a 10-year program to address the $6.5 billion) for a 10-year program to address the DSS concern in the northern PRC DSS concern in the northern PRC

Air Quality Management Policies Air Quality Management Policies Area Sources – Dust and Sandstorms Area Sources – Dust and Sandstorms

Conclusions and challenges ahead Conclusions and challenges ahead (1)(1)

Trends of APIs from 1999 to 2004 suggest that air Trends of APIs from 1999 to 2004 suggest that air quality in Chinese cities is generally improving and quality in Chinese cities is generally improving and confirmed by the percentage increase of cities confirmed by the percentage increase of cities complying with Class 2 (from 33.1% in 1999 to complying with Class 2 (from 33.1% in 1999 to 38.6% in 2004). 38.6% in 2004).

However, the actual ambient air quality levels for However, the actual ambient air quality levels for PM10, SOPM10, SO22, and NO, and NO22, though generally improving are , though generally improving are still above the WHO guidelinesstill above the WHO guidelines

For the future tFor the future the days of above grade II of NAQQS in 6he days of above grade II of NAQQS in 65% of the key cities > 292;5% of the key cities > 292;

To meet the air quality goals for the coming years, To meet the air quality goals for the coming years, improvements will need to be made inimprovements will need to be made in the monitoring of air quality the monitoring of air quality the capacity to develop and implement air quality the capacity to develop and implement air quality

management plans management plans the coordination at the national and local level among the coordination at the national and local level among

relevant bureaus and agencies at different levels of relevant bureaus and agencies at different levels of government in implementing and developing AQMgovernment in implementing and developing AQM


The SOThe SO22 control policy in the 11th Five-Year Plan of the control policy in the 11th Five-Year Plan of the government is very timely because in this same period government is very timely because in this same period coal use in P.R. China is expected to increase as demand coal use in P.R. China is expected to increase as demand for energy also increasesfor energy also increases

The national emission of SO2 reduced by 10%The national emission of SO2 reduced by 10% Total SO2 emission < 22.94 million tons Total SO2 emission < 22.94 million tons SO2 emitted by power sector < 10 million tonsSO2 emitted by power sector < 10 million tons

Regarding SORegarding SO22, the energy consumption in 2010 will reach 3 , the energy consumption in 2010 will reach 3 billion tons of standard coal and the raw coal consumption billion tons of standard coal and the raw coal consumption will be around 2.8 billion tons, emitting SOwill be around 2.8 billion tons, emitting SO22 by 43 million to by 43 million tons. To achieve the SOns. To achieve the SO22 emission goal of 22.94 million tons, th emission goal of 22.94 million tons, the SOe SO22 reduction shouldn’t be lower than 20 million tons whi reduction shouldn’t be lower than 20 million tons while the current treatment of SOle the current treatment of SO22 is only 9.5 million tons. This is only 9.5 million tons. This means that capacity to reduce another 10.5 million tons neemeans that capacity to reduce another 10.5 million tons needs to be created.ds to be created.

The intensity and frequency of acid rain should be mitigatedThe intensity and frequency of acid rain should be mitigated


Promoting environmental protection by resource Promoting environmental protection by resource conservation. The energy consumption per unit conservation. The energy consumption per unit GDP should be reduced by 20%. If the resource GDP should be reduced by 20%. If the resource conservation goal can’t be realized, it is almost conservation goal can’t be realized, it is almost impossible to fulfill the emission reduction goal. impossible to fulfill the emission reduction goal.

Investing more in pollution control. The total Investing more in pollution control. The total investment for environmental pollution control investment for environmental pollution control during the 11th Five-year Plan period is 1.3 during the 11th Five-year Plan period is 1.3 trillion yuan. The annual investment demand is trillion yuan. The annual investment demand is 260 billion yuan, accounting for a little higher 260 billion yuan, accounting for a little higher than 1%. than 1%.


Strictly implementing relevant laws and Strictly implementing relevant laws and regulations regulations

Build larger capacity for AQM at the national, Build larger capacity for AQM at the national, provincial and local levelsprovincial and local levels

Integrating environmental protection index into Integrating environmental protection index into the governmental performance evaluation system the governmental performance evaluation system and ensure clear responsibilities at various and ensure clear responsibilities at various governmental levelsgovernmental levels

Promoting purchase of SOPromoting purchase of SO22 emission permit and emission permit and emission trading pilot projects emission trading pilot projects

Fully implementing emission permit system and Fully implementing emission permit system and promoting market based approaches to pollution promoting market based approaches to pollution control.control.


Great efforts should be made for control of particulate matter, Great efforts should be made for control of particulate matter, especially fine particles. especially fine particles.

The removal of industrial pollution sources in urban areas The removal of industrial pollution sources in urban areas through scrapping of low and small pollution sources should through scrapping of low and small pollution sources should be sped up. be sped up.

The energy efficiency and the rate of clean energy should be The energy efficiency and the rate of clean energy should be increased by developing combined heating supply and power increased by developing combined heating supply and power generation, centralized heating, setting high-polluting fuels generation, centralized heating, setting high-polluting fuels forbidden zones, etc. forbidden zones, etc.

The pre-warning system of photochemical smog pollution The pre-warning system of photochemical smog pollution needs to be established. needs to be established.

Add new power generation capacity with desulfurization Add new power generation capacity with desulfurization facilities by 100 million kw and 146 million kw by the end of facilities by 100 million kw and 146 million kw by the end of the period, installing desulfurization facilities for all of the the period, installing desulfurization facilities for all of the newly built power generation units, not allowing building of newly built power generation units, not allowing building of new coal-fired power plants in large or mid-sized cities and new coal-fired power plants in large or mid-sized cities and their near suburbs or the areas where the acid rain pollution is their near suburbs or the areas where the acid rain pollution is serious or the SOserious or the SO22 concentration is higher than the standard. concentration is higher than the standard.

Strengthening the air pollution prevention and control for Strengthening the air pollution prevention and control for industries. industries.


Vehicle emission control needs to be enhanced Vehicle emission control needs to be enhanced to deal with the rapid increase of numbers of to deal with the rapid increase of numbers of vehiclesvehicles

Fuel road map needs to be developed leading Fuel road map needs to be developed leading up to Euro 4 for all regions of the countryup to Euro 4 for all regions of the country

In-use vehicle emission strategy needs to be In-use vehicle emission strategy needs to be developed which addresses gross polluting developed which addresses gross polluting vehicles including strengthening of I/M systemsvehicles including strengthening of I/M systems

Policy on motorcycles to be developed to Policy on motorcycles to be developed to ensure that emissions from these type of ensure that emissions from these type of vehicles are reducedvehicles are reduced

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Thank You

Documents

Urban Air Quality and its Management in China, P.R. LI Xinmin State Environmental Protection Administration 27 September 2006