Urban Sociology - Lecture 01-April 20, 2015

URBAN SOCIOLOGY

I. Definition of Terms:

Urban

- characterized by higher density in population

- accessibility/distant (disintegrated) family- land inside an urban with many or compact/densely buildings- modern /highly technical- macro -economic means

- extensive social relationships

Rural

- characterized by low density in population, land is typically devoted to agriculture

- land outside an urban area with few or dispersed buildings (isolated/detached) buildings

- isolated/remote/countryside/traditional - closer family ties (integrated)/intensive relationship- micro economic means- intensive social relationship

Town

- human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city.

- organized and regularly built urban settlement with housing services and employment for its inhabitants, and some form of elected independent administrative body.

- Ex. Entire city is celebrating a town fiesta

Village

- clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet (rural community or small town)

- ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand, normally permanent with fixed dwellings, however transient villages can occur.

Cities

- relatively large and permanent settlement which have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

- Ex. Makati City, Taguig City, Caloocan City, San Juan City, Quezon City, Pasig City.

- center of commerce, population and central business district.

Society

- group of people related to each other through persistent relations.

- large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

- Latin word derived from the noun socius (comrade, friend, ally) used to:

* a bond or interaction among parties that are friendly, or at least civil.

* organized group of persons associated together for religious,

benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic or other purposes.

Metropolitan

- an extensive urban area, often the merging of adjacent urban settlements as they expand, or the built-up areas surrounding a major urban center.

- Ex. Manila.

District

- region or an area of land with certain distinguishing characteristics, geographical features, local culture or livelihood.

- division of territory.

- defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc. made for administrative, electoral, or other purposes such as a congressional district, judicial district, land district, school district,

Ex. Intramuros District, Roxas District, etc.

Suburbs

- a smaller area which is part of the city or large town but outside the center.

Societal- pertaining to larger social groups or to their activities, affiliations,

religions, community, public, collective, etc.

Sociology

- a scientific study of society.

- studies role of the institutions in the development of the individuals.

- great importance in the solution of social problems contribution to enrich human culture.

Urban Sociology

- sociological study of cities and their role in the development of society.

- sociological study of the various statistics among the population in cities such as population, geo-politics, economics, etc.

- sociological study of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas.

- a disciple of sociology seeking to study the structures, processes, changes and problems of an urban area.

- a study of process by which rural areas become transformed into urban areas.

- refers to the changes in the proportion of the population of nation living in the urban center.

- a course which deals with the study of societal conditions in the Philippines, especially in urban centers where sociological input has influence in design; also includes a study of the social aspects of housing and an overview of urban settings in other countries.

Urban Sociologists Uses:

- statistical analysis- observation- social theory- interviews- other methods to study a range of topics: migration and

demographic trends, economics, poverty, race relations, economic trends, housing and settlements, etc.

Urban Area

- characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it.

- it may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the terms is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets.

Rural Areas

- are large and isolated areas of an open country with low population density. Forests, wetlands, and other areas with a low population density is otherwise called.

Urbanized area

- central city with at least 50,000 population density of at least per mile.

Urbanization

- rural areas become urban areas- increase in population concentration- changes in social organization

Urbanism

- city life, the typical way of life of people who live in a city or town

- study of life in cities and towns

- social and behavioral response to living in certain places

- studying how individuals perceive and navigate the urban landscape, explores the presence of time and history in the urban environment how these external factors affect people

- study of how inhabitants of towns and cities interact with the built environment.

Megalopolis

- densely populated areas containing 2 or more cities and their suburbs.

Global city

- international trade rather than domestic trade and commerce

Exurb

- neighborhood on the edge of suburbs

Exurbanites

- rule affluent, well-educated professionals who seek to reside in rustic (rural) setting

Edge city

- offices, dwellings without historical downtown core, along highways, sprawl and poorly planned residential that spreads from the city center.

Ecology

- A branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment.

Urban Ecology

- one branch of ecology that deals with the urban communities, habitats, and ecosystems, organisms and their site conditions as well as structure.

- a multidisciplinary approach to improve living conditions for the human population in cities, referring to the ecological functions of urban habitats or ecosystems for people.

Urban Footprint

- area of land needed to provide the resources used and absorb the wastes produced by a community that may vary depending on the community’s level of consumption and waste production.

- Includes land conversions, landfills, reclaiming wetlands, open mines for quarrying building materials and deforestation.

Urban migration

- settlement of persons or groups of people in another country, region with a change of season to another place

- seasonal movement of people, animals, fish and some mammals.

Urbanite

- city dweller, somebody who lives in a city or town

Gemeinschaft (kind of society)

- any arrangements that involved: * intimate, private and exclusive living together in a single community * convey a particular intensity of social integration.

* individual is socially immersed as a segment of a social unity, a component of the whole - with that whole being the group

Gesellschaft (kind of society)

- “society intended to signify “public life - it is the world without intimate ties.

Both is to express the distinction between life in small-scale rural societies and life in the growing urban order.

Climate change

- caused by the burning of fossil fuels to generate energy

- resulted in an accumulation of greenhouse gases causing a rise in world temperatures and changes in weather patterns.

Global warming

- Reduce carbon dioxide emissions which come from three main sources such as productive industry including power generation, energy inefficiency in housing and industry and transport, especially road vehicles.

II. Social Structure: Classification of Cities Based on Local Government of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160)

1. Highly Urbanized Cities

* Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand ( 200,000.00) inhabitants,

* as certified by NSO and

* and with the latest annual income of at least Fifty Million

Pesos in 1991 constant prices, as certified by the city treasurer.

There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of them are located in Metro Manila.

2. Independent Component Cities

Cities whose charter (formal written statement describing the rights and responsibilities of a state or citizens) prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials and are independent of the province.

Ex. Intramuros

There are five such as: Dagupan, Cotabato, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago

3. Component Cities (section/part)

Cities which do not meet the above requirements are considered component cities of the province in which they are geographically located.

Statutory (Constitutional/Legas) Bases For Classification of Cities by Population

1. First Class

Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Once a city is in the first class, it is not reclassified unless its population decreases

by 25 percent from the census figures that last qualified the city as first class.

Ex. Makati City, Muntinlupa City, Taguig City

2. Second Class

Cities with a population between 20,001 and 100,000.

Ex. Navotas, Legaspi Albay, Tanauan Batangas.

3. Third Class

Cities with a population between 10,001 and 20,000.

Ex. Roxas City Capiz, Tagbilaran Bohol, Malolos Bulacan.

4. Fourth Class

Cities with not more than 10,000 inhabitants.

Ex. Iriga Camarines Sur, Cavite City, Samal Davao del Norte.

III. Factors Affecting Urban Growth

1. Population

> limited space, unemployment, etc.

> rising population rate dictate the demand for development.

2. Religion and Cultural Factors

> people with common beliefs tends to group themselves and nestle among their comfort zones thus producing a

more specific community that would soon grow.

3. Technology

> innovations lead to the “moving-forward” type of development that would trigger growth of a

community from simple village to a industrialized urban area.

4. Agriculture

> fast changing industry compromises the agricultural portion of a vicinity thus must have careful planning and must

be moved away from the city.

5. Economy

> as cities grow and gaps in wealth disparity widen,

> economic problems rise, one issue that can occur is the separation of the wealthy and the poor in urban areas as a result of unequal access to economic opportunities,

> resulting in the creation of slums (are usually characterized by slack (loose) economic activity and a lack of opportunity for residents.

6. Transportation

> highly complex because of the modes involved, the multitude of origins and destinations, and the amount

and variety of traffic.

7. Tourism

> influx of local and foreign tourists

> due to rich history and heritage of any civilization results to fast growing urbanism

8. Industrialization

> the Industrial Revolution of the period increased the number of urban jobs and encouraged rural residents to move to urban centers for work and improved standard of living.

9. Safety and Sanitation

> having lots of people living in close proximity can lead to the spread of disease and crime levels can rise along with population density.

> because of changing times, utilities are introduced in a more urbanized area.

10. Gentrification

> Urban planners usually seek to offset urban decay through gentrification, whereby wealthier citizens are urged to buy property and invest in poorer neighborhoods under the assumption that it will help improve conditions for all in the area.

11. Human Factors

* Political - intervention of the government like RH Bill

* Economic - increase in cost of commodities, fuel, etc.

* Sociological - peace and order, crimes, drug addition, etc.

12. There are better basic services as well as other specialist services that aren’t found in rural areas.

13. Health is another major factor

14. Urbanization

> occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to

reduce time and expense in commuting and transportation.

15. Water Supply

> as an essential for daily living, sustainable water supply as limited resource, alternative developments in search for new sources of water. (Water supply is limited because of many people migrate in urban areas)

16. Environmental Problem

> pollution, as one major threats, atmospheric pollution is also known as air pollution, potential of exposure to the radiation, producing an effect to every organism.

17. Food Production

> as the population increases, the doubt in the ability of the agriculturists to meet the demands of the consumers. Because of growing population, food production is limited.

Quality of soil is not that good enough because of the expansion of urban areas.

18. Urban Sprawl (spread out/collapse)

> summation of the other factors mentioned above

IV. Stimulus of Urban Growth

Stimulus

> something that attract people to live, settle, work, put up business operations

> an agent, actions, or condition that unites or rouses people to action; an incentive.

Something that rouses or incites to activity : as

a. incentiveb. stimulantc. an agent (as an environmental change - what kind of

environment you will have, is it a peaceful and secured environment

Example

- pay raise is stimulant for production

- heat and light are physical stimuli

- Ringing of the bell stimulates a student to move another class

Stimulus to Urban Growth or Causes of Urban Growth

1. sudden changes within a city

2. cheaper real estate and housing costs

3. need for businesses to be near sources of labor

4. increase in commercial lending practices

5. increase family income

6. higher property and business taxes in the cities have pushed business to the suburbs where taxes are generally low.

4. aggravation of chronic traffic problems in the traditional central business districts (CBDs)

Effects of Urban Growth

* Infrastructure outside the urban

* Commute to cities in their automobiles

* Increasing dependence on automobiles

* Concerns over environmental issues

* Disintegration of the social capital

* Reduced housing

V. Urbanism: Growth of Cities

Brief Introduction

* Urbanism

- the characteristics way of life of a city dwellers

- study of physical needs of urban societies

- character of life in the cities, urban life, organization and problems

- movement of the population to, or concentration of the population in, the cities

New Urbanism

- approach to designing cities, town, neighborhoods, although the term new urbanism emerge during late 1980’s and early

1990’s.

The Principles of New Urbanism

1. Accessibility

- most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work

- pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street, porches, windows and doors

- tree-lined streets; on the street parking, hidden parking lots

- garages in rear lane, narrow, slow speed streets.

2. Connectivity

- interconnected street grid network disperses traffic and eases walking

- a hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys

- high quality pedestrian network and public realm (kingdom, empire, territory) makes walking

pleasurable

3. Mixed-Use and Diversity

- a mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site

- mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks and within buildings.

- diversity of people of ages, income levels, cultures and races

4. Mixed Housing

- range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

5. Quality Architecture and Urban Design

- emphasis of beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating sense of place

- special placement of civic uses and sites within community

- human scale architecture and beautiful surroundings nourish human spirit

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure

- discernable center and edge

- public space at center

- importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art

- contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk

Urban Sociology Lecture 02 - July 16, 2014

URBAN ECOLOGY: CONDITIONS OF CITY GROWTH

I. Definition of Terms

Ecology - a branch of biology dealing with the relations and

interactions between organisms and their environment.

Urban Ecology

- In Natural Science, it is one branch of ecology that deals with the urban communities, habitats, and ecosystems, organizations and their site conditions as well as structure.

II. Importance of the Study of Urban Ecology

1. identify and understand the natural systems within a city2. identify the threats that face the natural system within a city3. develop awareness among citizens that their city is a part of

living ecosystem with valuable resources4. achieve greater sustainability, both for humanity and the

natural world

III. Key Players In A City

Leading agents: financial institutions, which establishes the conditions for investments -

o Industrial Firms - factories, manufacturers, processing centers

o Developers - real estates, mid and high rise buildings/condominiums

o Investors - capitalists, financiers, public-private partnerships, manufacturers, distributors, etc.

o Companies - trading, shipping, recruitment, , food supply, drug companies, etc.

o Institutions - schools, training centers, churches, religious sectors, etc.

Government Agents - a representative or official of a government or administrative department of a government.

o Office of the Presidento Departments – Bureaus, Attached Agencieso Commissions - Civil Service Commission, Commission on

Elections, o Administrations o Authorities - Police, Military, Mayors, Senators,

Congressmen andSenators and Environmental/Traffic Enforcers.

Families - a basic social unit consisting of a parents and their children, considered as a group whether dwelling together.

On the basis of marriage:

Polygamous - practice of having more than one mate at a time

Polyandrous - custom of having more than husband at the same time in societies where this is legal.

Monogamous - having only one husband, wife, or partner, having only one husband, wife, or sexual relationship at a time. (faithful)

On the basis of the nature of residence

Family of matrilocal residence Family of patrilocal residence Family of changing residence

On the basis of size and structure

Nuclear or single unit family Joint Family

On the basis of the nature of relations

Conjugal family (relating to by marriage) Consanguine Family

(related by blood or birth)

IV. Positive Effects of City Growth That Caused Urban Migration

Migration - sufficient supply of electricity in the urban areas due to more people and more income for the distributors like Meralco,

Water Supply - more dams built for people and don’t have to pump wells just to get water

Food - sufficient supply due to more factories, continuous supply of food from the rural areas

Communication - capable of buying a communication device such as cellphones, landlines, internet, ipad, etc.

Transportation - people can choose whatever transportation they want to ride in order for them to their destination, it can be jeepney, bus, LRT, MRT, TRICYCLES, FX, shuttle service, etc.

Job Opportunities - more available jobs in the city

Education - people want to be educated so that they can get a better job, thus triggers the expansion of schools and universities.

Health Care - people could get free check-ups or have membership for a health card or discount card. Ex. Philhealth

Tourism - facilitates an interaction between communities and visitors. If a city has a strong tourism more jobs will be available. If tourism increases poverty reduces.

Safety and Sanitation - because of the changing times, utilities are introduced in a more urbanized area.

Urban Sprawl - this is a summation of the other factors mentioned above.

V. Negative Effects of City Growth

Less Pollination

- Because of urbanization a disturbance occurred on the life of bees. Bee colonies are decreasing because pesticides genetically modified crops, toxins in the environment, climate change, etc. Bees are the number one pollinator in the earth without them there will be no food for us.

Health Problems - urbanization caused more pollination in the natural environment that caused health problems not only to humans but also to animals

Urban Migration

* Squatters

Because some people can keep up with the fast development in the city, they end up being unemployed and become an informal settlers because it will cost less than having their own house.

* Drifters

Some find their luck in the city then end up not achieving anything and had no choice but sleep in the

streets. Others want to stay in the street because they just ask for alms.

Desperate people lead themselves to commit crimes because they can’t figure out where to get money from especially in times of needs.

Urban Footprint (trail, footsteps, imprints, marks, traces)

Landfills - Because more people are living in the city there are more waste production and the most common method to deal with it is through landfills. If landfills are done in an improper way it can contaminate the soil that will affect the whole environment.

Mining

- People get minerals from caves to make other building materials or jewelries. People do not mind the dangers of continuous mining of minerals.

- It can cause landlines and mineral leaks that can contaminate the fresh water.

Quarrying

- People get limestone from the earth and use it as one of the ingredients in producing cement and other building materials.

- People do not know that cement production is a primary contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases plus because of high demand for cement there is a need for more quarrying thus changing the shape of the surface and minerals from the surface decreases.

* Reclaiming Wetlands

Because of growing population there is demand for further expansion even the coastal areas wherein developers or government officials do not consider the dangers that might occur.

* Land Conversions

Another method of urban expansion where agricultural areas are converted

to urban areas thus decreases the food production for the whole community.

> Urban Atmosphere

* Heat Island Effect

Conversion of space into an urban environment that absorbs and

stores it in large thermal masses, (aspalt)

* Burning Fossil Fuels

People use the fuel to make gas for our cars, to make electricity for our

own homes, to run factories and power plants.

* Factories

Billions of factories around the world releasing pollution.

> Urban Water

O Lack of water for irrigation0 Water Pollution0 Sedimentation

Because of undisciplined citizens of the city, water pollution occurs

Because of continuous mining and/or construction of roads and building sediments go to rivers or any water bodies which will cause contamination on the water.

VI. LIMITATIONS OF URBAN GROWTH (SEEP)

1. Ecological

* Waste disposal* Sustainability

2. Social Limitations

* Technology* Education* Medical Services* Amenities

3. Political limitations

* Government* Police* Military

4. Economic Limitations

* Currency* Trade* Industry* Job

There are also limitations when urban area is growing. As the urban grows, our ecological, social, political and economical are being limited also.