URBAN TREND & ISSUES:

TERMS:• Urbanisation: the process which had led to an increasing proportion of a

country’s population living within urban areas.

• Suburbanisation : process that includes decentralization of people industries and services from the central and inner areas of cities towards edges of built up areas which results in development of suburbs and extension of built up areas to take in land that was previously rural.

• Counter urbanisation : increase in number of people living in rural areas. (people who moved out of urban areas either into rural-urban fringe or further away into countryside)

• Reurbanisation : process whereby people and sometimes businesses, are attracted back into inner urban areas that had been suffering from deterioration and decline. E.g. Gentrification: old houses and building are modernised and converted into homes that are attractive to the wealthier.

• Industrialisation : the growth of manufacturing industry.

• Centralization : the increasing concentration of economic and other activities in one place.

• Deindustrialization : the decline in numbers employed in manufacturing industry and particularly in old or heavy industries such as textiles and steel.

URBANISATION IN MEDCS AND LEDCS

URBANISATION: the process whereby the proportion of a country’s population that is classified as urban increases.

Urban populations grow in two ways:1. Migration2. Natural increase. (when birth rate is greater than death rate)

Urban growth:In MEDCs there is slow growth that is 16% for New York, London and Moscow.

In LEDCs many cities such as Lagos, Sao Paulo, Mexico city have grown faster than 100% except Tokyo and Los Angeles still have high growth i.e. over 60%.

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A. URBANISATION IN LEDCS . CAUSE OF URBANISATION IN LEDCS

1. NATURAL INCREASE 2. RURAL URBAN MIGRATION –push and pull factors.

CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASING URBANISATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:

1. Overcrowding –the resources available (include land) cannot meet demand.E.g. Many cities in the developing world during the last four decades showed a rapid increase in population with cities such as Amman, Curibita, Dar es Salaam, Dhaka, Khartoum, Lagos and Nairobi reaching to 1 million inhabitants.

2. Poor living conditions. - It is estimated 500 million people around the world live in inadequate conditions.-poorest urban inhabitants live in shanty towns which are over-crowded, housing deficiencies, inadequate water supply or non-existent waste and sewage services.30-60% of poorest urban inhabitants have no access to water, sewage and health services. 3. Others: unemployment, poverty & violence.

4. Effects of rural urban migration:(i) Shortage of housing –development shanty towns i.e. Favelas in Puerto Rico

(ii) Urban over-population- cities lack resources to meet growing population for example Egpyt import food to replace crop lost by growth of cairo across farmland area.

(iii) Decline rural area-lost of work force as young people move to urban area thus loss of agricultural productivity

(iv) High rate of natural increase

(v) Crime and other problems.

* CASE STUDIES: 1. Squatter settlement (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

(problems & ways to improve)Ref: Geography An Integrated Approach, Waugh,D., p: 443

2. Rural urban migration -UK ( where from, why –push and pull factors and problems of rural depopulation)

* Students are to read their textbook or find from internet sources the case studies for No.1 & 2 above.

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B. URBANISATION IN MEDCSPROCESS OF URBANISATION IN MEDCS:

1. Counterurbanisation -process of population decentralisation whereby larger settlements lose people while smaller settlements in rural areas and on the city margin increase in population.

2. Re-urbanisation

3. Urban renewal

4. Gentrification What? The process whereby predominantly working class areas of cities colonised by middle class residents.

Higher-income groups move back into city. Why?1. Continuing existing of high income employment in the central city.2. New patterns of household structure with increasing number of single-person

and non-children households. 3. New patterns of consumption & new housing preferences amoung younger,

affluent households, i.e. available of childcare centre for working parents.

Example of Gentrification in London (ref: Essential As Geography by Ross, S. and et al, p: 290)

(Read & produce a simple notes using mind mapping on gentrification)

5. Competition for land6. Changing accessibility and lifestyles7. Provision of infrastructure

Urban zone in MEDCs

* Students to read the case studies and produce simple notes on urban zone in MEDCs including where it is located, what is it like (characteristics), facilities found and ways to improve them)

1.CBDWhat: Centre of commercial land uses (shops, offices and entertainments) and administration in a city.

Ref: Geography An integrated Approach, Waugh, D. 426-436)

2.Inner zones –urban renewal-London Dockland (Essential As Geography, Ross, S. p: 305-307)(Ref: Geography An Integrated Approach, Waugh, D. 440)

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3.Suburbs What? Low-density residential area located in outer urban areas.Dormintory areas in character (people sleep but don’t work there), people commute to work place, varying degree dependence on the city for occupation, shopping and recreational facilities.

Suburbanisation: the growth of these areas due to migration-largely from inner urban areas.

Reasons for suburbanisation:(a) Social –car ownership, flight of middle classes from social problems on inner city & rise of consumer society where need more space needed.

(b) Planning- willingness of local authorities to provide facilities, road building programmes and suburban council estates

(c) Economics-increase job opportunities, personal affluence and rise of building societies offering mortgages

(d) Commercial- decentralisation of offices and industry and retailing

4. Rural urban fringesWhat? A zone of transition where urban land uses are extending into rural areas.

Conflicts associated with rural urban fringe:Case study: South Hertfordshire & Oxford Green Belt (Ref: geography success at A level,Spencer, K. p:101)

Controlling the spread of urban areas in MEDCs:1. Problems caused by urban growth:-urban sprawl, commuting & congestion and pollution(ref: Geography for As, Hart,C., p: 197-200)

2. Planning for response to urban problemsRef: Geography for As, Hart, C. p: 204-207)

*Students are to prepared mind map for the above. (No. 2)

Case studies:1. INNER CITY. (London) -when & why city grow up, types of land use, characteristics, decline(Essential As Geography by Ross, S. and et al, p: 305-307)

2. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN MEDCS-PROBLEMS SOLUTION i.e. traffic jam, pollution–Glasgow/Cambridge.(Essential As Geography by Ross, S. and et al, p: 301-304)

3. OUT OF TOWN SHOPPING CENTRES

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4. URBAN RURAL MIGRATION:Causes: rapid urbanisation during Industrial revolution, push and pull factors)Consequences: gentrification, second home, dormitory settlements)

*Find case studies from textbook/internet source and draw concept map

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