ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 1

Urban Underground Space and Benefits of Going Underground

Jean-Paul GODARDPast Vice-President, ITA

France

World Tunnel Congress 2004 and 30th ITA General Assembly

Singapore, 22-27 May 2004

ITA OPEN SESSION

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 2

The Urban Problems

• 3 Billions in 2003 – 5 Billions in 2030• 50% of the World’s Population in 2007• Will double in 38 years• Mainly in less developed regions• Very slow in the more developed regions

(1) Growth of the Urban Population

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 3

The Urban Problems(2) Allocating the « Urban Space »

to the various urban functions

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 4

The Urban Problems(2) Allocating the « Urban Space »

to the various urban functions

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 5

The Urban Problems(3) Necessity of favouring

economic development

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 6

The Urban Problems(4) Pressures on the urban environment

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 7

The Urban Problems(5) Impacts on global environment

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 8

The RELATIONSHIPbetween the CITY and its

UNDERGROUND SPACE

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 9

The Relationship between the City and its Underground Space

(1) Immediate underground level or « sub-surface »

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 10

The Relationship between the City and its Underground Space

(2) Deep level or « underground »

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 11

The Relationship between the City and its Underground Space

(3) The reliefs

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 12

BENEFITSresulting from the use of the

URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 13

UndergroundSpace

Characteristics

Protection

Opacity

Space

Containment

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 14

BENEFITSas regards

LAND USEAND LOCATION PROBLEMS

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 15

Benefits as regardsLAND USE AND LOCATION PROBLEMS

PARIS – « AUBER » Station – RER Line A

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 16

Benefits as regardsLAND USE AND LOCATION PROBLEMS

SYDNEY – Underground Opera House car park

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 17

Benefits as regardsLAND USE AND LOCATION PROBLEMS

PARIS Metro – « Meteor » Line 14

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 18

Benefits as regardsLAND USE AND LOCATION PROBLEMS

« Separate conflicting transport activities »

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 19

Benefits as regardsLAND USE AND LOCATION PROBLEMS

PARIS – Several levelsof transport facilities

below the « Nation » Square

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 20

BENEFITSas regards

ISOLATION

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 21

Benefits as regards ISOLATION(1) Climate

The « Santa Claus Village » on the Arctic Circle - Finland

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 22

Benefits as regards ISOLATION(1) Climate

Underground storage facilities- Kansas City - USA

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 23

Benefits as regards ISOLATION(2) Earthquakes

Kobe earthquake – Japan - 1995

Severe damage to the City Hall Almost no damage to the underground shopping mall

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 24

Benefits as regards ISOLATION(3) Noise and vibration

Church in the rock – Helsinki - Finland

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 25

Benefits as regards ISOLATION(4) Multi-purpose

service tunnels

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 26

BENEFITSas regards

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 27

Benefits as regardsENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

(1) Aesthetics

Car park in Marseilles - France

BEFORE AFTER

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 28

Benefits as regardsENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

(2) Public utilities

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 29

Benefits as regardsENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

(3) Traffic tunnels

The « Central Artery » - Boston - USA

BEFORE AFTER

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 30

Benefits as regardsENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

(4) Underground car parks

Underground car park below a schoolyard – Stockholm - Sweden

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 31

BENEFITSas regards

TOPOGRAPHY

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 32

Benefits as regardsTOPOGRAPHY CONSTRAINTS

Metro Line crossing the « Butte Montmartre » - Paris

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 33

The Trans-Tokyo Bay Highwyay

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 34

Benefits as regardsTOPOGRAPHY CONSTRAINTS

« 3D Planning »

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 35

How to getMORE BENEFITS

from the use of theURBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE ?

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 36

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(1) Safety, psychological and health aspects

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 37

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(2) Protection of the underground environment

Paris - Catacombs Paris – « Grand Louvre »

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 38

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(3) Relations between underground structures and the ground surface

Paris – Metro Line 1 in Neuilly Lyon – Portal of the Fourviere Tunnel

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 39

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(3) Relations between underground structures and the ground surface

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 40

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(3) Relations between underground structures and the ground surface

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 41

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(4) Construction techniques

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 42

Paris - Champs Elysées Avenue

Maintaining treesduring the construction

of an underground car park

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(4) Construction techniques

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 43

Construction disruption with Cut & Cover methods

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

(4) Construction techniques

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 44

How to get more benefits from the use of the urban underground space ?

• Site investigation• Location and features of existing underground

structures, facilities and public utilities• Economical considerations• Assessment of the projects• Risk analysis

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 45

Risk analysis• Financial risks

• Public acceptance for the facility

• Changed ground conditions

• Construction risks

• Contractual risks

• Environmental risks

• Risks in operation

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 46

Criteria for an optimum useof Urban Underground Space

Source : R.Sterling & J-P.Godard

• Take into account the needs of the Community• Maximize the benefits from the use of the

underground as developable space• Reinforce the positive features of the surface urban

environment• Make the most effective use of the features and

properties of the geologic setting• Design for « sustainability » in the use of the

subsurface space

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 47

FromUrban Underground Space

Usetowards

Urban Underground Space Development

ITA Open Session - Singapore - 25 May 2004 48

Expanded Use of Underground Space

Henard’s Project - France (1903)

Urban Underground Space Development