Urbanization (A)

Link to syllabus

Link to WDI

Link to MIT Architecture web page

MENA: Map, with major cities

Data

Fig. 10.2 p. 266 (R&W). Urban Population/Total, by Regions

See next slide

Urban Population as % of TotalMENA Compared to Other Regions

Source: WDI and FAOSTAT

1950 1975 2006Middle East & North Africa 22 44 57East and South-East Asia 16 19 42Latin America and the Caribbean 42 61 78

South Asia 20 29Sub-Saharan Africa 9 21 36Industrial Countries 62 69 77

World 30 37 49

Fig. 10.3 p. 267 (R&W). Growth of Urban Population, by Regions 1970-2004

E. Asia LA MENA S.AsiaSubSAfrica

General Declinein growth rate,more rapidly inMENA & LatinAmerica

Table 10.1 p. 265 (R&W). Urban Population, MENA Countries

See next slide

Urban Population as % of Total

% Urban 1950 1975 2006Algeria 22 40 64Bahrain 64 85 97Egypt 32 44 43Iran 27 46 67Iraq 35 61 67Israel 65 87 92Jordan 36 58 83Kuwait 59 89 98Lebanon 23 67 87Libya 19 57 85Morocco 26 38 59Oman 2 34 72

1950 1975 2006Qatar 64 89 95Saudi Arabia 16 58 81Sudan 6 19 42Syria 31 45 51Tunisia 31 50 66Turkey 21 42 68UAE 24 84 77WB&Gaza #N/A 60 72Yemen 6 15 28

Sources: WDI and FAOSTAT

MENA: Populations of Large Cities

Sources: Mitchell International Historical Statistics, and Demographic Yearbook

1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 200010

100

1,000

10,000

AlgiersAmmannBaghdadBeirutCairoCasablancaDamascusIstanbulTeheranPo

pula

tion,

in T

hous

ands

Cairo, Population

Cairo (City): Population

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Year

Log

Popu

latio

n ,in

Th

ousa

nds

Population

Greater Area

Cairo: Population

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Year

Pop

ulat

ion

in T

hous

ands

Population

WDI data

Cairo, 1965 vs. 1996

Baghdad; 1849, 1944, 2003

Turkish Urbanization

Source: Saqqaf,The Middle East City, 1987

Source: Bayat (2010) New Left Review

Industrialization in Iran, 1925-

1973

Source: Encyclopaedia Iranica

Economic analysis of migration: International or Rural/Urban

Source: Pugel International Economics, Figure 15.4 page 341

W. Arthur Lewis (1915-1990) Nobel Prize Winner, 1979

“Economic Development withUnlimited Supplies of Labor,”1954

Author and editor of many books.

Born in St. Lucia, (Caribbean). Raised inAntigua.Parents were both teachers, and he received much education at home. Hisfather died when he was 7; his mother raised their five children; “I have neverknown someone as focused and hardworking.”

Econ Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor: Lewis

Rural sector has unlimited supplies of labor at fixed-subsistence-wage. (Peasant) farmers have an average product = subsistence level, suggesting a certain type of economic irrationality on the farm.

Growth of (urban) industry will draw in immigrants from countryside, until excess labor in the countryside is used up.

Major conclusion for policy: encourage investment in urban industry. Implies that there is no loss from ignoring rural development. This model tended to ignore foreign trade, although Lewis certainly was aware of its importance.

Summary of Migration Theories• Standard theory (push-pull) : migration depends on (wurban – wrural –

cost). Views migration as helpful – reducing excess rural population. Cost of migration is declining. Complications: who migrates? Brain drain. Remissions. Stage migration. Cultural changes for urban immigrants. Non-econ migration. City lights.

• Harris-Todaro model: migration depends on probability of getting a job, ratio of employed/(employed + unemployed).

Policy implication: if gov’t makes a job in city to absorb unemployed, more than one person will migrate to city. Similar result for urban benefits like transportation, education, health… Policy-remove urban bias implicit in these policies.• Informal sector-not unemployed, but underemployed! People live

and work outside of formal (“paper trail”) sector, so their incomes, health, services, tax payments, etc. are lower. Low skill, low capital. Ease of entry and exit. Low upward mobility.

Migration (ii) – Informal Sector

• Is the informal sector the result of market forces, or market failures? Gov’t constraints on markets? (Hernando de Soto: Other Path 1989). Lack of capital/labor substitutability? Part of normal growth of a firm?

• urban bias: transportation and other infrastructure, health, education. Subsidies for food, jobs, credit. Move the capital

• Policy issues are: remove informals, or legalize /remove constraints.• Informality in jobs and housing – (slums). People co-exist in both.• Informality in labor markets: Both genders. Self-employed –’manufacturing’ and services. Less

educated. Younger. (mt: Makes unemployment data meaningless)• Informality in production; small, self-financing, • mt looks at Bazaar/suqs as previous type of informality which is being

displaced by ‘modernization.’ A century ago many jobs were controlled by guilds- maybe that’s an earlier example of informality.

The Informal Sector in the Middle East: Labor and Employment Data

Informal Sector Employment / Total Non-Ag. p. 107

Source: World Bank (2004) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the MENA page 107

~40%-60%

There are some indications thatthis share isfalling.

Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, Vol. 12 2010

Changes in Informal Employment in Egypt:

1998-2006

Source: Wahba

Self-employment in the informal

sector

Source: ILO: Women and men in the informalsector

Major factor.

Informal Employment

Source: ILO Womenand men in the informalsector

In MENA, moremen than women.Opposite in LACand SSAfrica.

Who are the informal workers?

Egypt

Source:Wahba

Probability of Informal Employment in Egypt, by Gender

Source: World Bank (2004) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the MENA page 109

Men more likely to work in the informal sector than women. ‘Informality’ increased in the 1990s.

Probability of Informal Employment in Egypt, by Educational Level p. 109

Source: World Bank (2004) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the MENA page 109

Informal Employment, Egypt (I)

WDI reports 1998 population as 64.8 million; population between 15 and 65 as 58.7%, or 38 million, and labor force as 18.4 million.Survey reports 1998 population at 60.5 million, andnon-agricultural wage earning workers as 9.8 million (p. 127)Using criteria such as working on a contract, paying social security, or having a ‘regular job’ to define the formal sector, the Informal Sector/Non Ag wage workers was 33% - 46 % (p. 134)

Distribution by non-Ag WW into Formal/Informal, M &F (millions) Formal Informal Total Male 4.76 3.06 7.83 Female 1.66 0.34 1.99 Total 6.42 3.40 9.82

Source: World Bank (2004) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the MENA

Informal Employment Egypt (II)

Formal Jobs Informal Jobs Distribution by Age (%) p. 138

18-29 18.7 41.0 30-45 52.6 37.6 45-64 28.6 21.3

Distribution by Educational Level (%) p. 139

Illiterate 5.8 30.5 Read & Write 8.4 12.9 Less than intermediate 12.9 23.4 Intermediate 31.5 21.6 Higher than intermediate 12.1 3.9 University or higher 29.5 7.6

Source: World Bank (2004) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the MENA

Informal Employment Egypt (III)Formal Informal

Distribution by Regions (%) Urban 73.6 46.9 Rural 26.4 23.7 “Mobile” 0.0 29.4Distribution by Occupation % Tech & Scientific 41.4 5.7 Management 4.3 0.3 Clerical 22.2 1.7 Sales 2.4 31.7 Services 14.2 8.9

Production 15.5 51.8

Source: World Bank (2004) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the MENA

Informal Employment in Egypt (IV)

Formal InformalDistribution by Sector of Activity % Agriculture 1.8 0.4 Mining 0.4 0.3 Manufacturing 16.2 22.8 Utilities 2.3 0.0 Construction 2.7 15.9 Trade 4.7 37.2 Transport 6.0 9.6 Finance 3.2 2.2

Services 62.8 11.6

Entrepreneurs of Small and Micro-Enterprises: Lebanon

Source: Hamdan (2006) “Micro and Small Enterprises in Lebanon “

Sources of Initial Capital: Lebanon SMEs

Source: Hamdan (2006) “Micro and Small Enterprises in Lebanon “

مريدي – سوق العالمية المناشئ افضل من االولية المواد استالم يتم

العظيم العراق في الغازية المشروبات صناعة

فقط ) ( المتقدمة الدول تمتلكها والتي االوزون تكنلوجيا بواسطة التنظيف مرحلة

االوربية بالدول تدربت مهرة وبأيدي الوسط بالشرق معمل الحدث نموذج

) باليد ) والتلمس وآلية معقمة غرفة في وتتم التعبئة مرحلة

النعال هذامن مستورد

ببسي شركة

التعبئة : انتهاء بعد المعمل يطهر البايلوجية بالنظافة المتخصصين عمالنا احد عنواننا النظافة

لمنتوجاتنا سيفونة احسن الختيار يدويا السيفونات فحص يتم

تقنية وباحدث مهرة بأيدي السيفونة كبس مرحلة

والمرادين الصراصر مثل الغريبة االجسام من المنتج لخلو والفستوقية والبنفسجية السينية بالشعة فحص

UN/World Bank on Slums:Data and Photos

Table 10.3 p. 271(R&W). MENA Slums

(see next slide)

Distribution of World’s Slum Dwellers

“Slum” is defined in terms of five indexes: clean water, improved sanitation, security of tenure, durability of dwellings, and sufficient living area.Source: UN: State of the World’s Cities 2004/2005

Urban Population: % in Slums, 1990 and 2001

Percentage Urban Pop. in Slums, 1990 and 2001

1990 2001North Africa 38 28

Egypt 58 40Morocco 37 33

Sub-Saharan Africa 72 72Latin America & Caribbean

35 32

South Asia 64 59China 44 38South-East Asia 37 28

Source: UN Habitat: State of the World’s Cities

Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have highest levels. Reductions in several countries/regions.

Slum Incidence and Infant Mortality: MENA

“Slum” is defined in terms of five indexesSource: UN: State of the World’s Cities 2004/2005

Slum Incidence Related to HDI

“Slum” is defined in terms of five indexesSource: UN: State of the World’s Cities 2004/2005

Slum Incidence and Per Capita GDP

A roadside thieves’ market in Syria, selling furniture left inhomes abandoned by refugees.Source: MERIP (winter 2013)

Cairo’s Poor: on edge of city of Dead

Source: Bayat, “Cairo’s Poor: Dilemmas of Survival and Solidarity”

Informal markets in downtown Cairo

Informal Development,

Cairo

Source: El Araby (2002) “Urban growth and environmental degradation,” Cities pp. 389-400

Tehran: Squatter Settlements

Source:Sprague Photo

Gecekondu

Turkey

Sadr City, Baghdad

Sadr City (2)

Tehran Urban Problems:

Congestion and Pollution

Source: Madanipour (1999) “City Profile: Tehran,” Cities pp. 57-65

Urban Planning Problems, Cairo

Source: El Araby (2002) “Urban growth and environmental degradation,” Cities pp. 389-400

Cairo: The Ring Road

Source: El Araby (2002) “Urban growth and environmental degradation,” Cities pp. 389-400

Cairo Smog

Cairo Smog 1

Cairo Smog 2

Damascus Smog

Tehran Smog1

Tehran Smog2

Tehran Smog 3

Source: BBC article, posted on Iran’s Green Party web-page. Photo is from 1999.

Smog shuts Tehran schools

TEHRAN, Iran, December 26, 1999 (BBC) – Schools and kindergartens have been closed in Tehran as a blanket of dangerous smog envelopes the city. The blanket of smog shows no sign of clearingIranian state-radio has urged the city's 10 million residents, especially children, the elderly and the sick, to stay indoors, and for people to use public transport instead of their private vehicles. Parents of small children welcomed the government's decision to close the schools, but high school teachers and pupils were unhappy that their schools were not closed too. For several weeks, the dangerously high levels of air pollution have choked Tehran.

Tehran chokes in thick smog

Tuesday 06 December 2005, 14:59 Makka Time, 11:59 GMT   Antiquated automobiles account for Tehran's high pollution level.  Schools in the Iranian capital have been shut down and the sick or elderly told to lock themselves indoors, with the city continuing to choke on a thick blanket of yellow-brown smog.Tehran's Air Quality Control Unit said on Tuesday the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) - a standard measurement incorporating carbon monoxide, dust and other pollutants - has hovered around the "very unhealthy" level of 160 for several days.Such alerts are becoming increasingly common, with increased traffic causing the sprawling city's air to be deemed unhealthy for at least 100 days of the year. This week the situation is worse due to a total lack of wind.

Source: Al-Jazeera.net

IRAN: Experts suggest sanctions are tied to staggering pollution levels

L.A. Times. December 7, 2010 |Are Iran's attempts to deal with

international sanctions a cause of the extremely high air-pollution levels afflicting the capital city of Tehran?

A report Monday on the Persian-language news website Khabaronline says record pollution choking Tehran for the last month may be the result of low-quality gasoline Iran has been producing to counter the effects of international sanctions.

• Iran, one of the world's biggest oil producers, nevertheless had to import much of its refined fuel to satiate the demands of its population.

• But international sanctions over Iran's' nuclear program are spurring many companies to stop doing business with the Islamic Republic.

• Not to worry, said Iranian authorities. Iran can make its own high-quality gasoline.

• But as residents of Tehran are choked by continued stifling smog, consumers are becoming more doubtful.  

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Economics, Energy,

Environment, Iran, Ramin Mostaghim

• Read Later• Comments (7)• ShareThis• MOROCCO: For cheap Saudi oi

l, Rabat broke ties with Iran, cracked down on Shiites, leaked cable says

• December 6, 2010 |  7:12 am• At Saudi Arabia's urging, Morocco

broke ties with Iran and began a domestic campaign against Moroccan Shiites in exchange for economic trade-offs, an Egyptian diplomat told sources at the U.S. Embassy in Rabat, according to a leaked U.S. diplomatic cable published by the Lebanese newspaper Al Akhbar.

• "[The diplomat] said goading Iran, a country with which it had limited economic interests, and demonizing the Shi'a, a powerless minority group, was a small price for Morocco to pay for a strategy that could have major payoffs," the April 2009 cable read.

• In exchange for active Moroccan support, Saudi Arabia allegedly promised to ensure the flow of subsidized oil and compensate for the loss in direct foreign investment in Morocco resulting from the global financial crisis.

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Iran, Islam, Meris Lutz,

Morocco, Saudi Arabia • Read Later• Comments (3)• ShareThis• IRAN: Nightmarish blanket of b

rown smog continues to choke Tehran

• December 4, 2010 | 12:06 pm• Even after three days with all

government offices closed, the Iranian capital continues to be cloaked in a cloud of noxious, dangerous gas that some are describing as hopeless.

• On Saturday, normally the start of Tehran's busy week, officials shuttered all kindergartens and primary schools, according to media reports.

• Officials have tried quick fixes. They imposed rules allowing cars to be driven only on alternating days; drivers with even- and odd-numbered license plates take turns. And about 88,000 fines of $13 each have been issued to violators. Already, only cars with special permits can drive into the center of Tehran.

• But urban planners say there are too many cars in Tehran and that public transportation options are too limited; toxins in the air are reaching dangerous levels.

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Environment, Iran • Read Later• Comments (12)• ShareThis• IRAN: Contacts between Canadi

an and Iranian spy services revealed in Wikileaks release

• December 1, 2010 |  1:39 pm• Even though Canadian officials

told American counterparts that they were "very, very worried" about Iran's ambitions and actions, they continued to maintain contacts between Ottawa and Tehran's spy services, said a secret July 9, 2008, dispatch by the United States Embassy in the Canadian capital.

• Jim Judd, retired chief of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, told an American diplomat that his agency had recently talked to Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security after the agency had requested "its own channel of communication" to Canadians.

• He told Americans, "The Iranians agreed to 'help' on Afghan issues, including sharing information regarding potential attacks."

• Both Canadians and Americans are part of the international forces attempting to secure Afghanistan.

• The Canadians were deeply suspicious of the Iranians' motives and appeared to have rebuffed the offer. 

• "We have not figured out what they are up to," Judd was quoted as saying, since the Iranians want the multinational force in Afghanistan in to "bleed ... slowly."

• -- Borzou Daragahi in Beirut

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Afghanistan, Intelligence,

Iran • Read Later• Comments (1)• ShareThis• IRAN: Ahmadinejad

blames attacks against nuclear scientists on 'Zionist dogs'

• December 1, 2010 |  9:34 am• Tempers flared in Iran on

Wednesday as authorities held a funeral for Iranian nuclear physicians Majid Shahriari, who was killed in one of two reported attacks against the country's atomic brain trust.

• Iranian officials blamed the West and Israel for the attacks.

• "They mention the names of our scientists in their [United Nations] resolutions and provide the Zionist dogs with a copy and tell them to kill," President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said in a speech in Mazandaran province, according to the semi-official Fars news agency 

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Iran, Israel,

Nuclear Technology • Read Later• Comments (25)• ShareThis• ISRAEL: New chief named to ta

ke over Mossad from Meir Dagan

• November 30, 2010 |  8:16 pm•  Monday's announcement of the

next chief of Israel's Mossad ended the mystery about who will succeed leadership of the country's spy agency. Tamir Pardo, known to the public until now only as "T" and to his neighbors as the guy next door, was tapped this week to fill the formidable pair of shoes soon to be vacated by Meir Dagan, once dubbed  in the Arab press as the "Superman of the Jewish State."

• Pardo, 57, a father and grandfather, served in the Israel Defense Force's elite Sayeret Matkal unit and took part in the 1976 operation to rescue the hostages on the hijacked Air France plane at Entebbe, Uganda. Yoni Netanyahu, brother of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, was killed in the operation, and Pardo reportedly had remained a close friend of the family.

• Netanyahu's choice of Pardo met with the approval of his defense minister, Ehud Barak, despite his support for GSS chief Yuval Diskin as successor. Pardo is "the right person to lead the organization over the next few years, in light of the complex challenges facing the State of Israel," Netanyahu said.

• Pardo said he was excited about the appointment. "I have big shoes to fill and a lot of work", he told reporters, and asked that his family's privacy be respected. Mossad and Shin Bet chiefs weren't publicly identified until 1996 (for security, not privacy). 

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Babylon & Beyond,

Batsheva Sobelman, Hezbollah, Intelligence, Iran, Israel, Lebanon

• Read Later• Comments (2)• ShareThis• MIDDLE EAST: Arab media pla

y down WikiLeaks reports of support for Iran war

• November 29, 2010 |  8:20 am• Well, this is awkward.• Many of the same Arab

governments that called for an investigation into U.S. war crimes based on the WikiLeaks Iraq war log continue to ignore revelations in the latest trove of leaked documents that show Arab leaders pushed the United States to use military force against Iran.

• Headlines in the heavily state-controlled Saudi media were dominated by news of King Abdullah's ongoing physiotherapy, while the top story in the Emirati newspaper, Al Bayan, centered on Prince Mohamad bin Rashid's praise for the country's progress toward "transparency." Most mentions of the WikiLeaks documents in official Arabic news outlets were scrubbed of any reference to the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, focusing instead on U.S. attempts to control the damage to its diplomatic relations.

• Even the Qatar-based Al Jazeera, considered one of the most credible pan-Arab news outlets, tread lightly in its coverage and generally refrained from repeating the most incendiary quotes from the heads of neighboring states.

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Censorship, Dubai,

Intelligence, Iran, Israel, Media, Meris Lutz, Middle East, Nuclear Technology, Persian Gulf, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates

• Read Later• Comments (5)• ShareThis• ISRAEL: WikiLeaks

and Israel -- quiet relief, louder vindication, for now

• November 29, 2010 |  7:11 am• The morning after the first

disclosures of WikiLeaks' trove of diplomatic cables, buzz in Israel was somewhere between relief and vindication, and officials were being thankful by keeping quiet. Relations between Israel and the U.S. are based on a tight weave of shared interests, not local incidents, said deputy foreign minister Danny Ayalon.

• Gradually, more official voices were heard. The revelations show what some of us knew, said President Shimon Peres -- that the Arab countries know they have an enemy, "and it's not Israel."

• A headline in Haaretz was more direct: "Everybody hates Iran."

• If WikiLeaks didn't exist, Israel would have had to invent it, wrote Sever Plocker, noting the big leak backed Israel's foreign and defense policy and revealed "the shame" that many agree with Israel but "won't admit it openly."

• "Sorry we were right," wrote columnist Dan Margalit.

• Israel wasn't embarrassed "one bit" by the fiasco, writes Aluf Benn.  

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Babylon & Beyond,

Batsheva Sobelman, Censorship, Egypt, Gaza, Hamas, Intelligence, Iran, Israel, Media, Middle East, Palestinians

• Read Later• Comments (11)• ShareThis• LEBANON: Hezbollah accuses I

srael of framing group in Hariri killing

• November 28, 2010 |  1:52 pm• Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah

was trying to strike back against media reports seeming to implicate his group in the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.

• But he was forced to admit something big: that his highly secretive organization may have been infiltrated by Israel.

• During a speech Sunday for recent university graduates, Nasrallah claimed that Lebanese cellphone networks were compromised by Israeli intelligence services that he claimed fabricated data records to cast suspicion on Hezbollah.

• “Many people have been called in as Israeli agents based on telecommunications data, but after they undergo interrogation, it becomes evident they are not," he said. “This proves that Israel has full control of our telecommunications sector."

• Continue reading »

• Twitter: @latimesworld• Facebook: latimesworld• More in: Hezbollah, Intelligence,

Iran, Lebanon, Meris Lutz, Middle East

• Read Later• Comments (9)• ShareThis• Next» • Stay connected:

•Advertisement

•About the Contributors

• Maher AbukhaterBorzou DaragahiJeffrey FleishmanAmro HassanMeris LutzRamin MostaghimNed ParkerRaheem SalmanAlexandra SandelsEdmund SandersLiz SlyBatsheva Sobelman

Carnegie Middle East Center

•Recent News

• IRAN: Four journalists jailed on 'security' charges |  December 9, 2010, 6:38 am »

• WEST BANK: Palestinian reaction to U.S. reversal on settlement freeze |  December 8, 2010, 5:44 pm »

• WEST BANK: Israel expels Hamas lawmaker Muhammad Abu Tir from East Jerusalem |  December 8, 2010, 12:54 pm »

• GEORGIA: Leaked memos fuel debate over who started war with Russia |  December 8, 2010, 12:04 pm »

• ISRAEL, GAZA: Israel approves wider export from Gaza |  December 8, 2010, 10:45 am »

•Recent Comments

•  • RE: 

WEST BANK: Israel expels Hamas lawmaker Muhammad Abu Tir from East Jerusalem | comment by me.yahoo.com/a/OdYMp9d2q5dlq9G1Lkg_U1KFd0xTr9edV9Lt

•  • RE: 

WEST BANK: Palestinian reaction to U.S. reversal on settlement freeze | comment by Ariely

•  • RE: 

WEST BANK: Palestinian reaction to U.S. reversal on settlement freeze | comment by barryel

•  • RE: 

WEST BANK: Israel expels Hamas lawmaker Muhammad Abu Tir from East Jerusalem | comment by barryel

•  • RE: 

GEORGIA: Leaked memos fuel debate over who started war with Russia | comment by Sam

•  • RE: 

WEST BANK: Israel expels Hamas lawmaker Muhammad Abu Tir from East Jerusalem | comment by Peter

•Categories

• abu dhabi• afghanistan• africa• al qaeda• alex rodriguez• alexandra sandels• algeria• amro hassan• arab league• armenians• art• asso ahmad• asso ahmed• australia• aviation• azerbaijan• babylon & beyond• baghdad• bahrain• barack obama• batsheva sobelman• becky lee katz• books• books and literature• borzou daragahi• business• carnegie endowment• carnegie

endowment for international peace• caucasus• censorship• child brides• china• christianity• dubai• economics• edmund sanders• education• egypt• energy• environment• europe• fashion and design• film• food and drink• games• gaza• gert van langendonck• haiti• haley sweetland edwards• hamas• health• hezbollah• human rights• intelligence• iran• iran election• iraq• islam• israel• jeffrey fleishman• jerusalem• jordan• judaism• julia damianova• kurds• kuwait• labor• latin america• lebanon• lgbt• libya• liz sly• maher abukhater• marines• marines in afghanistan• marines in iraq• media• meris lutz• middle east• morocco• movies• music• muslim brotherhood• ned parker• north africa• nuclear technology• obama in the muslim world• olivia katrandjian• oman• pakistan• palestinians• patrick gallagher• persian gulf• piracy• politics• pope in mideast• qatar• ramin mostaghim• religion• richard boudreaux• russia• saad fakhrildeen• saudi arabia• science• south asia• sports• sudan• syria• taliban• technology• television• the hajj 2007• theater• travel• tunisia• turkey• united arab emirates• united nations• usama redha• video games• web/tech• weblogs• west bank• women in the middle east• yemen

•Archives

•  •

More from The Times• 24 Frames• Afterword• All The Rage• Awards Tracker• Babylon & Beyond• Big Picture• Booster Shots• Brand X• Company Town• Culture Monster• Daily Dish• Daily Mirror• Dodgers Blog• Fabulous Forum• Framework• Go Mobile• Greenspace• Hero Complex• Homicide Report• Jacket Copy• L.A. at Home• L.A. Now• L.A. Unleashed• La Plaza• Lakers• Ministry of Gossip• Money & Co.• Opinion L.A.• Outposts• PolitiCal• Politics Now• Pop & Hiss• Readers' Representative• Show Tracker• Technology• Top of the Ticket• Travel News & Deals• Varsity Times Insider

•Get the World Newsletter

• The latest in daily news developments from around the globe.See a sample | Sign up

•

Ads by Google • Visit Ruby Tuesday• Treat Your Family To A Night Out.

Buy One Get One Free Up To $10!• www.RubyTuesday.com• George's at the Cove• Ocean views, superb service.

Downtown La Jolla. Reserve online!

• www.georgesatthecove.com• LA Window & Door Screens• Get Retractable or Custom Screens

for Your Windows and Doors Today!

• www.SoCalScreen.net• Cheap Apartments• Cheap Apartments for Rent! View

Photos, Floor Plans & Discounts.• www.eCheapApartments.com• Il Fornaio Gift Cards• Give the Gift of Italy! Visit Our

Santa Monica Location.• ILFornaio.com/GiftCards

Historical Experience with Slum Clearance

Aerial view of Paris, ~1980

Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann

1809-1891Selected by Napoleon III tomodernize Paris. During 1853-1870,he built bridges, sewers, new water supplies. Is most famous for changing streets, building wide boulevards. This is said to have affected 60% ofParis’s buildings, and dislodged 350,000 people.He was visited by various MENA leaders, who wanted to reproduce this experience.

Paris street grids, before and after renewal

Scene of urban renewal in Paris

“Hausmanization” of Beirut, 1930s. (Etoile Square area)

Overlay in red shows the old town layout.

Source: Saliba (2004) Beirut City Center Recovery… p. 82

Urban Primacy in MENA

Illustration of neighborhood effects in Mosul

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/weekinreview/20060625_FILKINS_GRAPHIC.html?ex=1170738000&en=a19399ec4e7d6a58&ei=5070

Share of Informal Employment in Total Non-Agricultural Employment1975-

791980-

841985-

891990-

941995-

992000-

071985-

891990-

941995-

992000-

07North Africa 47.5 47.3 Latin America 54.2Algeria 21.8 25.6 42.7 41.3 Argentina 47.5 53.3Morocco 56.9 44.8 67.1 Bolivia 56.9 63.5Tunisia 38.4 35 39.3 47.1 35 Brazil 60 60 51.1Egypt 58.7 37.3 55.2 45.9 Chile 35.8West Asia 43.2 Colombia 38.4I ran 43.5 48.8 Costa Rica 44.3Lebanon 51.8 Dominican Republic 47.6West Bank & Gaza 43.4 Ecuador 53.5 74.9Syria 41.7 42.9 30.7 El Salvador 56.6Turkey 30.9 33.2 Guatemala 56.1Yemen 57.1 51.1 Haiti 92.6Sub-Saharan Africa 76 Honduras 58.2Benin 92.9 Mexico 55.5 59.4 50.1Burkina Faso 70 77 Panama 37.6 49.4Chad 74.2 95.2 Paraguay 65.5Guinea 64.4 71.9 86.7 Peru 67.9Kenya 61.4 70.1 71.6 Venezuela 38.8 46.9 49.4Mali 63.1 78.6 90.4 94.1 81.8 South and Southeast Asia69.9Mauritania 69.4 80 India 76.2 73.7 83.4Mozambique 73.5 Indonesia39.2 77.9Niger 62.9 Pakistan39 64.6Senegal 76 Philippines 70.5 72South Africa 50.6 Thailand57.4 51.4 51.5D.R.Congo 59.6 Transition countries 24.1Zambia 58.3 Kyrgyzstan 44.4

Moldova 21.5Romania 5.4 22Russia 8.6

Self-employed as % of Informal Sector. Source: ILO

Years 1990s 2000s Years 1990s 2000sNorth Africa 62.3 Latin America 61.2Algeria 66.6 ArgentinaMorocco 81.3 67.8 Bolivia 81.3Tunisia 51.6 Brazil 41.5 52.8Egypt 49.7 35.5 Chile 52.4West Asia Colombia 38.2Iran 65.7 74.5 Costa Rica 55.2Lebanon 46.8 Dominican R 73.8West Bank & Gaza 62 Ecuador 45.4Syria 65.5 El Salvador 65.2Turkey 10.7 37.3 Guatemala 60.2Yemen 89.2 88.6 Haiti 68.5Sub-Saharan Africa71.7 Honduras 71.7Benin 95.4 Mexico 53.7 52.1Burkina Faso 86.9 Panama 65.5 56.5Chad 92.7 ParaguayGuinea 95 Peru 60.1Kenya 42 Venezuela 68.7 71.7Mali 78.1 South and Southeast Asia57.4Mauritania 72.8 India 52.3Mozambique 63.3 Indonesia 63South Africa 25.2 20.8 Philippines 48.3

Thailand 66Transition countriesKyrgyzstan 53.4Moldova 32.1Russia 44.2

Sadr City on the Map

Baghdad map NYT Nov. 30, 2007