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Urinary tract infection in pregnancy · 2018. 12. 7. · The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB. Relief of symptoms occurs in more

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Page 1: Urinary tract infection in pregnancy · 2018. 12. 7. · The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB. Relief of symptoms occurs in more
Page 2: Urinary tract infection in pregnancy · 2018. 12. 7. · The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB. Relief of symptoms occurs in more

Urinary tract infection in pregnancyKittisak Petchsila

Advisor:Putthaporn Thongphanang

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3

Asymptomatic bacteriuria- Silent (without symptoms) infection.- May lead to pyelonephritis if left untreated.

Acute urethritis or cystitis - Symptoms including pain or burning with urination, frequent urination, feeling of needing to urinate, and fever.

Pyelonephritis- A kidney infection.- Symptoms of acute cystitis plus flank (black) pain. - May lead to preterm labor, severe infection, and sepsis.

Urinary tract infection

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Complicated UTI-structurally and functionally abnormal urinary tract.-underlying disease prone to complicated UTI.

1. male gender , elderly2. Pregnancy3. catheter or stent or instrumentation

Uncomplicated UTI-no structurally and functionally abnormal urinary tract. -no underlying disease prone to acquire UTI.

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PHYSIOLOGY

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N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar15;366(11):1028-37.

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Urinary tract infection

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RISK FACTOR

Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;4(10):631-5

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Asymptomatic bacteriuria

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Screening for bacteriuria in pregnant women are beneficial from 2-7% of pregnant women

are bacteriuria in the first trimester .

Pregnant women with a prior history of urinary infection or of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have bacteriuria.

If untreated, 20- 30% of bacteriuria women develop acute pyelonephritis later in pregnancy.

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Maternaland

Perinataloutcome

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Little PJ. The incidence of urinary infection in 5000 pregnant women. Lancet 1966;2:925-8.

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การตรวจวินิจฉยัภาวะที่มีแบคทีเรียในปัสสาวะแบบไม่ปรากฏอาการ แนะน าให้ใช้วิธีเพาะเชือ้จากปัสสาวะ ( การตรวจคดักรองโดยใช้แถบวดั ( หรือการตรวจปัสสาวะด้วยกล้องจลุทรรศน์ ( ไม่ไวพอส ำหรับให้กำรวินิจฉัย

เกณฑ์กำรวินิจฉัยกำรมีแบคทเีรียในปัสสำวะแบบไม่ปรำกฏอำกำร▪ ตรวจพบเชือ้แบคทีเรียโดยวิธีการเก็บตรวจปัสสาวะ 2 ครัง้ (2

ผลการเพาะเชือ้ พบเชือ้แบคทีเรียก่อโรคชนิดเดียวกนั ปริมาณเชือ้มากกวา่หรือ เท่ากบั 105

▪ ตรวจพบเชือ้แบคทีเรียโดยวิธีการสวนผ่านท่อปัสสาวะ ( ผลการเพาะเชือ้ พบเชือ้แบคทีเรียก่อโรคชนิดเดียว ปริมาณเชือ้มากกวา่หรือเท่ากบั 102

DIAGNOSIS

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Urine dipstick testing has replaced microscopy because it is cheaper, faster, and more convenient.

The presence of either nitrite or leukocyte esterase is considered a positive result, with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 82%.

Nitrite tests may be negative if the causative organism is not nitrate-reducing (e.g., enterococci, S. saprophyticus, Acinetobacter).

Urine dipstick testing

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Page 22: Urinary tract infection in pregnancy · 2018. 12. 7. · The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB. Relief of symptoms occurs in more
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▪ เป็นยาปฏิชีวนะที่ใช้บอ่ยในเวชปฏิบตัิ ยงัไม่มีรายงานเร่ืองความผิดปกติของทารกในครรภ์ ( อย่างไรก็ตามปัจจบุนัพบว่ามีอบุตัิการณ์ของเชือ้ดือ้ยาสงู▪ เป็นอีกทางเลือกในกรณีที่เชือ้แบคทีเรียดือ้ตอ่ยาชนิดแรก เป็นยาปฏิชีวนะชนิดรับประทานท่ีใช้บอ่ยในสตรีตัง้ครรภ์▪ มีความปลอดภยัตอ่ทารกในครรภ์ สามารถใช้ได้ในทกุช่วงอายคุรรภ์อบุตัิการณ์ของเชือ้ดือ้ยาต ่า อาการข้างเคียงท่ีพบได้บอ่ย ได้แก่ คลื่นไส้ ปวดศีรษะ อย่างไรก็ตาม แนะน าหลีกเลีย่งการใช้ยาชนิดนีใ้นผู้ ป่วยไตวาย และรายที่มีภาวะ เน่ืองจากอาจท าให้เกิดภาวะโลหิตจางจากเม็ดเลือดแดงแตก ( ได้ ควรระมดัระวงัการใช้ยาในขนาดสงูหรือระยะเวลานาน เพราะอาจเป็นพิษตอ่ตบัและปอด

ANTIBIOTIC

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ไมแ่นะน าให้ใช้ยานีใ้นไตรมาสแรกของการตัง้ครรภ์เน่ืองจาก สมัพนัธ์กบัภาวะหลอดประสาทไม่ปิดในทารก ( นอกจากนี ้ควรหลีกเลี่ยงการใช้ยานีห้ลงัอายคุรรภ์ 32 สปัดาห์ เน่ืองจาก อาจท าให้เกิดภาวะตวัเหลืองในทารกแรกคลอด และเกิดความผิดปกติทางสมอง ( ได้ นอกจากนีย้งัท าให้เกิดภาวะโลหิตจางจากเม็ดเลือดแดงแตก ( ในกรณีที่ทารกมีปัญหา ได้อีกด้วย มีอบุตัิการณ์ของเชือ้ดือ้ยาต ่า จากการศกึษาพบวา่ยาชนิดนีม้ีประสิทธิภาพในการรักษาแม้จะรับประทานเพียงครัง้เดียว อย่างไรก็ตามข้อมลูการใช้ในสตรีตัง้ครรภ์ยงัมีไม่มากนกัเมื่อเทียบกบัยาชนิดอื่นท่ีกลา่วข้างต้น อาการข้างเคียงท่ีพบได้บอ่ย ได้แก่ ท้องเสีย คลื่นไส้ ปวดศีรษะ

Page 30: Urinary tract infection in pregnancy · 2018. 12. 7. · The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB. Relief of symptoms occurs in more
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30 % of women fail to clear asymptomatic bacteriuria following a short course of therapy , a follow-up culture should be obtained as a test of cure.

We typically perform this a week after completion of therapy. In addition, we usually repeat urine cultures monthly until

completion of the pregnancy because of the risk of persistent or recurrent bacteriuria.

Follow-up

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If the first follow-up culture (test of cure) is positive for bacterial growth [≥105 cfu/mL] with the same species (persistent bacteriuria)

We have had success with nitrofurantoin, 100 mg orally at bed-time for 21 days (Lucas, 1994).

For women with persistent or frequent bacteriuria recurrences, suppressive therapy for the remainder of pregnancy can be given.

We routinely use nitrofurantoin 100 mg orally at bedtime.

Recurrent bacteriuria

Williams Obstetrics. 24th ed. Chapter53, Renal and urinary tract disorders; p.1051-68.

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Acute urethritis or cystitis

Cystitis is characterized by dysuria, urgency, and frequency, pyuria and bacteriuria are usually found. Microscopic hematuria is common, and occasionally there is gross hematuria from hemorrhagic cystitis.

Almost 40 % of pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis have preceding symptoms of lower tract infection.

Women with cystitis respond readily to any of several regimens. The duration of therapy should be 3 days for the initial infection and 7-10

days for a recurrent infection. Single-dose therapy is not recommended in pregnancy.

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Treatment

3-7 days

Page 38: Urinary tract infection in pregnancy · 2018. 12. 7. · The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB. Relief of symptoms occurs in more

Acute urethritis or cystitis

The antimicrobial agents used to treat cystitis in pregnancy are similar to those for ASB.

Relief of symptoms occurs in more than 90% of women within 72 hours after treatment initiation

Lower urinary tract symptoms with pyuria accompanied by a sterile urine culture may be from urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Mucopurulent cervicitis usually coexists, and azithromycin therapy is effective.

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Acute urethritis or cystitis

In pregnant women with acute cystitis, urine culture should be performed 1 to 2 weeks after completion of therapy. If it is positive, a different regimen than that used initially should be started.

Continuous prophylaxis is recommended for women who have three or more symptomatic UTIs in a 12-month period.

Either nitrofurantoin or TMP-SMX double strength (DS), one tablet of either drug daily, is recommended.

Daily or postcoital prophylaxis is an alternative option; cephalexin (250 mg) or nitrifurantoin (50 mg) for single dose.

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Acute pyelonephritis

Renal infection is the most common serious complication of pregnancy. Renal infection develops more frequently in the second trimester, and

nulliparity and young age are associated risk factors. Pyelonephritis is unilateral and right-sided in more than half of cases, and

it is bilateral in a fourth. There is usually a rather abrupt onset with fever, shaking chills, and

aching pain in one or both CVA. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting may worsen dehydration.

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Acute pyelonephritis

E coli is isolated from urine or blood in 70-80 % of infections, Klebsiellapneumoniae in 3-5%, Enterobacter or Proteus species in 3-5%, and gram-positive organisms(B Streptococcus and S aureus) in 10%.

Pyelonephritis is not only a serious risk for preterm labor and delivery but also a serious threat to maternal well-being.

Up to 20% of pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis develop evidence of multiorgan system involvement secondary to endotoxemiaand the sepsis syndrome.

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Acute pyelonephritis

The differential diagnosis includes, chorioamnionitis, appendicitis, placental abruption, or infarcted leiomyoma.

Plasma creatinine is monitored because early studies reported that 20% of pregnant women developed renal dysfunction.

Acute respiratory insufficiency, the most common serious complication of severe sepsis, develops in 2-8% of pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis.

In some cases, respiratory insufficiency from endotoxin-induced alveolar injury may be so severe that it causes ARDS.

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Acute pyelonephritis

Patients requiring hospitalization are those with high fever, high white blood cell count, vomiting, dehydration, evidence of sepsis, or no response during an initial period of observation.

Antimicrobial therapy usually is empirical, and ampicilin plus gentamicin; cefazolin or ceftriaxone.

Patients should respond within 48 hours. For patients who do not respond, investigation for urinary obstruction or

complications of renal infection (e.g., perinephric abscess). Once hospitalized patients have been afebrile and asymptomatic for 24-48

hours, they may be discharged to complete a 14 days course of therapy.

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Recurrent pyelonephritis during pregnancy occurs in 6-8 % of women.

As a result, low dose antimicrobial suppressive therapy with an agent; nitrofurantoin (50 to 100 mg orally at bedtime) or cephalexin (250 to 500 mg orally at bedtime).

Preventing recurrence

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Take home massage

Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection during pregnancy.

Organism that cause urinary infection, Approximately 90% of Escherichia coli.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria, The incidence during pregnancy is 2-7%. If Asymptomatic bacteriuria is not treated, approximately 25% of

infection women will develop symptomatic infection. AAFP and USPSTF, recommend screening for bacteriuria at the first

prenatal visit(12-16wk).

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Take home massage

Asymptomatic bacteriuria, Duration of treatment can be treat for single-dose therapy or 3-7days regimen.

Recurrent bacteriuria, We routinely use nitrofurantoin, 100 mg orally at bedtime.

Renal infection develops more frequently in the second trimester, and nulliparity and young age are associated risk factors.

The differential diagnosis includes, chorioamnionitis, appendicitis, placental abruption, or infarcted leiomyoma.

Antimicrobial therapy usually is empirical, and ampicilin plus gentamicin; cefazolin or ceftriaxone, and consider continuous antimicrobials therapy for 14 days.

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