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American history survey
4th classslavery in the new world,
15th – 18th centuries
announcements
• Please turn in paper # 1. You are not eligible to take the midterm exam unless you have turned in paper # 1. Deadline: Tuesday 11/8.
• Please see me after class for conflicts for Mon 11/14 midterm, 10:10 – 11:45 am.
• If you saw Amistad, you may write a 3 – 5 paragraph review as one of your 3 papers this semester. Reviews are both objective (summary) and subjective (analysis & evaluation).
Indian reservations today
Federal & Indian land today
Atlantic slave trade – largest forced migration in history –11 million
Middle passage
Triangular trade
• Africa to New World: human cargo. • Colonies in N America to W Europe:
agricultural & other raw materials desired in Europe: tobacco, sugar (molasses, rum), rice, wheat, lumber.
• W Europe to Africa: manufactured goods, textiles, iron implements, ship wares.
Slave trade
auction block, Charleston, South Carolina
inspecting a potential “purchase”
slavery in the Caribbean -- sugar
Caribbean, aka West Indies• Overwhelmingly young
men.• Societies rapidly
became Black majority.• European whites mostly
could not stand the tropical climate.
• Sugar cultivators often worked slaves to death.
• Also Brazil.
tobacco in the Chesapeake
tobacco
• The major colonial export in 18th c.• Required year-round attention & many steps in process.• W Africans had been agriculturalists.• 17th c – societies with slaves; owners, servants, slaves
worked together. 1st generation slaves had previous experience elsewhere & participated in & utilized British culture (church, legal system, etc.)
• 18th c – slave societies – elite owned large plantations w hundreds of slaves. Increasingly African-born, saltwater slaves, direct from African interior.
Slavery in the urban north
Northern cities
• New York had largest proportion of slaves. • NY, Boston, Philadelphia, Newport – port
cities, men’s work in shipping, transportation, & ship-building; women’s work as domestics, weavers, etc.
• 10 – 20% of population in 17th & 18th c.• Northern merchants began to replace British
as slave traders.
Slavery in South Carolina, rice
Lower South
• Slave societies; slavery was model for whole culture.
• Rice required large plantations to be profitable.
• Rise of elite planter class. • Profits put back into extension of slavery. No
diversification of economy.
significance of slave-created products
• tobacco, sugar, coffee, tea – tropical, not grown in N & W Europe• addictive• proletarian hunger-killers• sped up daily work of people who consume• sustained work force of the Industrial
Revolution & postindustrial age, including us!
development of slavery
• In 17th c North America, African slaves & European indentured servants shared many similarities. Most slaves imported from Caribbean or W African coast; previous knowledge of European world. Small # of slaves.
• 1660s & later, colonial legislatures passed laws regulating Africans – no intermarriage, heritable status, harsh penalties for disobedience, clear division from indentured servants based on race.
development of slavery
• 18th c. Africans, direct from interior, became majority of slaves.
• Southern plantation elite dominated their colonies. Less affluent whites moved west.
• Slavery differed substantially across time, across geography, across economies, and from urban to rural areas.
• Freedom for whites based on slavery of Blacks is most important contradiction in US history.
assignment for next week
• Primary sources about slavery, from Zinn & Arnove, Voices of a People’s History of the US, 51 – 61.