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Unit 6 The Post Civil War Years. U.S. History. The Post Civil War Years. SSUSH11 : Describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction. Industrial Growth. Railroads and the West Railroads played a major role in this industrial growth and expansion west - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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U.S. HISTORY
Unit 6The Post Civil War Years
The Post Civil War Years
SSUSH11: Describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.
Industrial Growth
Railroads and the West Railroads played a major role in this
industrial growth and expansion west???????HOW???????
Farmers, ranchers had easier access to eastern markets
Union Pacific (eastern company) and Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA company) built the transcontinental railroad The two companies joined their tracks at
Promontory, Utah in 1869 Large numbers of Irish and Chinese immigrants
helped build the railroad – very dangerous, many died or were injured
Industrial Growth
Railroads and Big Business Railroads contributed to rise of the steel
industry and big business Henry Bessemer developed a method for
making steel known as the Bessemer process Steel could be made cheaper, became
more affordable – leading to faster expansion of railroads and constructions
Buildings became taller (skyscrapers)
Industrial Growth
Giants of Big Business A few men got rich developing the railroad
industry – known as “robber barons” Crooked in their dealings
Cornelius Vanderbilt: extended his New York Central railroad to reach Chicago in 1869
Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry Sold his business to J.P. Morgan for $500 million –
Carnegie became the richest man in the world
Industrial Growth Giants of Big Business
Continued… John D. Rockefeller established
the nation’s first trust, Standard Oil (a trust is a business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system) Trusts destroy competition by
creating monopolies (only one supplier of a product)
Used vertical integration – one corporation owns the company that produced the finished product and that provides the necessary materials
Industrial Growth
Thomas Edison Most impactful inventor
Phonograph recorded sound Motion picture camera eventually made
movies possible most remembered for the Electric light
bulb Transformed people’s lives; could work at
night in factories, homes, offices Came up with the idea for central power
companies
Review
Please put all text books under the desks (not on the floor) and put EOCT books back on the table by the door.
1. What role did railroads play in opening the West and contributing to the rise of big business?
2. Chinese and Irish immigrants are remembered for A. their contributions to the steel industry. B. their contributions to building the
nation’s railroads. C. their refusal to work for giant’s of big
business. D. working together to found the nation’s
first trust.
Review
3. John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil industry by A. refusing to use railroads to ship his
products. B. focusing only on oil production and
allowing other people’s companies to supply him with the materials he needed for production.
C. establishing a trust. D. hiring large numbers of Chinese workers.
4. Describe the impact of Thomas Edison’s light bulb.
Western Growth
SSUSH12: Analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.
c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.
Western Growth Reasons for Moving West
Religious faith – Christian missionaries attempted to spread their message to Native Americans Mormons moved west to escape
persecution Gold motivated others (California
Gold Rush of 1849) Became the leading reason for
conflict between white settlers and Native Americans
Available land also drew people west
California Gold Rush
Western Growth Farming, Ranching, and Mining
Settlers had to live in sod houses John Deere’s steel plow allowed
farmers to plant crops in the Midwest and plains by enabling them to cut through the tough prairie sod
Windmills allowed farmers to harness the wind’s power to pump water to the surface
Railroads allowed farmers to import needed equipment from the East and shipping products
Western Growth
Farming, Ranching, and Mining Continued… Cattle ranching techniques were learned
from the Mexicans – also taught settlers how to herd, raise, and drive cattle to market Imitated Mexican dress (cowboy hats, chaps)
“Cow towns” popped up as settlements where ranchers could herd their cattle onto trains to be shipped east to market
Mining industry became important because of the discovery of gold Mining camps/towns famous for gambling,
prostitution, drinking Corporations eventually dominated
industry
Western Growth
Women, Immigrants, and African Americans out West Women experienced greater freedom;
took on nontraditional roles Chinese and Irish immigrants came
to work on the railroad African Americans moved west after
the Civil War (Black Exodus) Served as cowhands and soldiers (Buffalo
Soldiers)
Impact on Native Americans
Buffalo and Reservations Plains Indians depended on the buffalo
for food, clothing, and shelter Settlers and fur-trappers killed great
numbers of buffalo By 1889, 1,000 buffalo were left on
the continent Native Americans were forced onto
reservations (land set aside by the government) Constantly moved whenever gold was
discovered
Impact on Native Americans Violent Confrontations
Sometimes Native Americans resisted white settlement
Cheyenne warriors launched several raids on mining camps in 1861 US forces killed 270 Native American
women and children Sioux Indians, under chiefs Red Cloud
and Crazy Horse, and US general George Custer engaged in the Battle of Little BighornSioux killed Custer and 200 of his men (“Custer’s Last Stand”) – last great victory for Native Americans
Impact on Native Americans
Violent Confrontations Continued… Nez Perce tribe killed several white
settlers when the US government attempted to remove them from the Oregon Territory
Chief Joseph attempted to escape with his tribe to Canada but was stopped 30 miles from the border Forced to settle on reservations in
Oklahoma Many died from sickness and
malnutrition
Impact on Native Americans Wounded Knee
The last notable armed conflict between US troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at Wounded Knee Sioux believed the Ghost Dance would
bring back the buffalo, get back lost land, and banish the white man from earth
Sioux leader Sitting Bull was accused of mounting an uprising U.S. soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull
and killed him in a gunfight During a pursuit of the Sioux to
Wounded Knee Creek 150 Native Americans were killed (most unarmed; included women and children)
Review 1. Which of the following would be the best
way to describe the US government’s approach to dealing with Native Americans on the frontier? A. Negotiations, in which the aim was to
share land peacefully with the tribes that had lived there for generations.
B. Compensation, in which the US government paid tribal leaders whatever amount of money the two sides agreed the land was worth.
C. Barter, in which Native Americans surrendered land in exchange for citizenship rights and the guarantee of being given land for families to own and farm.
D. Conquest, in which the United States used its military to take Native American lands and relocate tribes to areas designated by the US government.
Review
2. Describe what occurred at Wounded Knee and tell why it is significant.
3. What role did African Americans and women play in western expansion?
SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.
a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.
James A. Garfield: 1881 Republican Assassinated by a
lawyer who was mad about not getting a government job
Urban Growth and Immigration
Urban Growth (Growth of US Cities) When cities increase in size it is
called urban growth Out west, new towns grew out of
nothing because of railroads and western settlements
In the East, population increased due to industrialization and job opportunitiesNew York City saw the biggest growth
Urban Growth and Immigration
Most immigrants in the East came from Europe
Immigrants on the West coast came largely from China
Some came seeking a better life, others to escape political persecutions By 1880, 80% of New Yorkers
were foreign born
Immigration
Ellis Island Opened in 1892 to handle large
numbers of immigrants Located on a tiny island near the
Statue of Liberty Cultural pluralism is the presence
of many different cultures within one society
Angel Island Located in San Francisco Accepted Asian (mostly Chinese
immigrants)
Immigration Problems and Concerns Caused by
Immigration Many Americans looked at immigrants
negatively – felt they were taking jobs Ethnic ghettos – neighborhoods where
immigrants from a certain region or country tended to live together (seen as a sign of disloyalty by natives)
Religious differences – most US citizens were Protestants, arriving immigrants were Catholics Before the Civil War most immigrants came
from western Europe – Protestant whites At the end of 19th century/early 20th century
immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe – Catholic, Jewish
Immigration
Nativism and Restrictions on Immigration Nativism – opposition to immigration
As nativism grew, anti-immigrant groups formed; immigrants became victims of violence and discrimination
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Prohibited Chinese immigrants from
legally coming to the US; repealed in 1943
Living and Working Conditions
Whole families had to work because of low wages Men, women, children worked in mills and
factories – 12 hrs. a day, six days a week Child labor became a common practice
Children as young as five worked in factories Work hours were long, wages low,
conditions dangerous Private contractors set up sweatshops
(makeshift factories-poorly lit, poorly ventilated, unsafe)
Living and Working Conditions
Living conditions were hard Many migrants and immigrants lived in
urban slums (poor, inner-city neighborhoods) in housing called tenements (overcrowded apartments that housed several families) There were open sewers that attracted
rats Air was dark and polluted from steam
engines and boilers Fire hazards
The New Urban Lifestyle and Entertainment
Transportation changed Electric trolleys followed by subways and
trains allowed people to live outside the inner city
Development of suburbs – middle and upper class moved further out
Urban factory workers worked by the clock and had time for leisure and entertainment Men frequented saloons; women enjoyed dance
halls and cabarets; families went to amusement parks and vaudeville shows
Movie industry and spectator sports became popular (boxing, horse racing, baseball)
Review 1. Which of the following statements would a
nativist most support? A. “Since the US is supposed to be the land
of the free and the country of opportunity, then let all those who desire freedom and a better life come to the U.S.”
B. “immigration is bad for this country. Immigrants take jobs that otherwise would go to those born here, and their ways pollute and corrupt our way of life. We need laws to prevent immigration.”
C. “Cultural diversity is a good thing. It is our differences and the way foreigners hold on to their traditional ways that make our nation great.”
D. “God bless the Irish, the Polish, and the Jewish immigrant. Give ‘em a home here, I say. But blast the Chinese. Keep ‘em out by all means.
Review
2. What were some of the living and working conditions faced by poor laborers and immigrants to the US in the big cities?
3. How did industrialization and urban growth affect lifestyle in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Sponge: Friday, March 231. What kind of working conditions
existed in the late 1800s?2. Do those conditions exist now in the
U.S.? If not, why do you think we have better working conditions?
3. What major sports leagues have dealt with strikes in the last few years?
If you weren’t in my ELT or Mr. Frazier’s yesterday afternoon, you need to get notes from me.
Chester A. Arthur: 1881-1885
Republican
The Rise of Labor Unions Samuel Gompers and the AFL
Labor unions – organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members Grew out of poor working conditions American Federation of Labor (AFL)
was the most influential – led by Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, working hours, working
conditions – used strikes, boycotts Also believed in collective bargaining
(negotiate as a group), mediation (use a neutral third party- decisions legally binding), arbitration (mediating third party’s decision is legally binding)
The Rise of Labor Unions
American Federation of Labor (AFL) was the most influential – led by Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, working hours,
working conditions – used strikes, boycotts
Also believed in collective bargaining (negotiate as a group), mediation (use a neutral third party- decisions legally binding), arbitration (mediating third party’s decision is legally binding)
The Rise of Labor Unions Strikes and Confrontations
Employers hated unions and took measures against them Some threatened to fire workers who were
members Turned to courts to intervene in strikes
The Rise of Labor Unions Pullman Strike 1894: railcar factory
near Chicago George Pullman laid off of workers and
reduced wages by 25-50%; employees went on strike to protest these actions and the company fired them
Eugene V. Debs led a boycott of Pullman cars nationwide Other railway workers refused to switch
Pullman cars on or off trains Pres. Cleveland sent in federal troops to
end strike and restore peace because it affected US mail
Set a precedent for factories to involve courts to end strikes
Big business and the US govt feared that labor unions would negatively impact capitalist economy
The Pullman Strike was important because it was the first time a federal injunction had ever been used to break up a strike.
George Pullman was no longer regarded as an enlightened employer who took care of his workers, but as a greedy and intolerant man.
Grover Cleveland: 1885-1889 1st Democrat president
after the Civil War Left office after first
term, then was elected again four years later
Angered railroads by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by Government grant; forced them to return 81,000,000 acres.
Also signed Interstate Commerce Act, the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads.
SSUSH14 Explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.
a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.
b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.
Reasons for Expansion Imperialism: When a country looks
beyond it’s borders to acquire more land.
??????????Why??????????? Access to more markets= ECONOMIC
GROWTH! National Security National Pride (Part of our destiny) Toward the end of the 1800s, many
Americans believed we should expand
Reasons for Expansion
Isolationism versus Imperialism Some Americans advocated
Isolationism, that is, that we should not acquire and control foreign territories
Isolationists felt that acquisition of foreign territories would pull America into foreign conflicts.
Are Americans being Hypocrites???
The Pacific
Both political leaders and businessmen in the US wanted to trade with China and other nations in Southeast Asia.
To promote unthreatened access to Southeast Asia, Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.
The U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898
Chinese Exclusion Act-1882 In 1870 an economic depression hit the west coast
and people in places like San Francisco began resenting the cheap labor Chinese people offered and the fact that they were competition for jobs.
Racism and violence increased against Chinese immigrants
In the 1880s the need for railroad labor lessened and gov’t felt increased pressure to regulate Chinese immigration
1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which prohibited further immigration from China for ten years
*Extended until 1943*
Work Period
Work with your study partner to complete the standard break-down sheet for Standard 14 This is a high-value assignment: do a
thorough job with complete definitions and explanations for 50 points
Sponge: Monday, March 26
Read the following sections in the textbook on pages 552-553: (1) Cubans Rebel Against Spain and (2) War Fever Escalates.
Answer the following questions based on your reading:1. How did Spain treat Cuba as a colony?2. How did American media contribute to
the call for America to go to war against Spain?
SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.
b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.
President McKinley 1897-1901
His second term, which had begun auspiciously, came to a tragic end in September 1901. He was standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition when a deranged anarchist shot him twice. He died eight days later.
The Spanish-American War
In the late 1800s, Cuba was still under the control of the Spanish who ruled with military troops and with brutality in response to rebellions
The use of propaganda had many Americans urging the United States to declare war on the Spanish and help free Cuba from Spanish rule.
The Spanish-American War
February 15th 1898: A US battleship, the USS Maine, exploded while anchored in a Cuban Harbor.
Immediately, newspapers blamed the Spanish for the explosion.
The Spanish-American War
Congress declared war on Spain in April 1898
Theodore Roosevelt commanded the volunteer group known as the “ROUGH RIDERS” who fought in Cuba
The Spanish-American War
Upon hearing of declaration of war, US Commodore George Dewey set sail for another Spanish colony…….
THE PHILIPPINES
Where are the Philippines?
The Spanish-American War
U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish Fleet in the Philippines and quickly seized control there.
Meanwhile in Cuba, Roosevelt won praise for leading the Rough Riders in charges at Kettle and San Juan which gave the United States victory in Cuba against the Spanish.
The Spanish-American War
In three short months, the United States had easily defeated the Spanish in both Cuba and the Philippines.
“A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR”
CUBA, PUERTO RICO, GUAM
The Spanish-American War officially ended with the Treaty of Paris 1898 The Teller Amendment promised the
United States would allow Cuba to stay independent and not annex the territory.
However, to protect U.S. business interests in Cuba, President William McKinley installed a US military government for 3 years to restore stability.
CUBA, PUERTO RICO, GUAM
In the 1900s, when Cubans began drafting their own constitution, the United States continued to exercise its influence by insisting that the document include the PLATT AMENDMENT Put limits on what the Cuban government
could do Gave the US two naval bases in Cuba Allowed for US intervention in the region
whenever the US thought it was necessary. Stayed in effect until the early 1930s
CUBA, PUERTO RICO, GUAM
Puerto Rico and Guam both became US territories as part of the Treat of Paris of 1898.
Where is Guam?
Where is Puerto Rico?
THE PHILIPPINES
Isolationist thoughts: We understood CUBA, but why THE PHILIPPINES????
Roosevelt, and others saw the Philippines as crucial for protecting US economic interest in Southeast.
Where are the Philippines?
THE PHILIPPINES
Meanwhile, Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo launched a resistance movement against any U.S. occupation. Filipinos used Guerilla warfare to fight
the US. In 1902 the Philippines became an
unorganized territory of the US. It gained its independence in 1946.
Work Period: March 26
Correct your checkpoint from Friday—peer tutoring for the questions that you missed; write out the questions that you missed and the correct answer, plus an explanation for why the correct answer is the right one. (Don’t say “I messed up” or “Because C is right.”)
Notebook checks while you work on quiz corrections.
Sponge: Tuesday, March 27
1. Who was John D. Rockefeller, what was his company’s name, and what was significant about his company?
2. What is vertical integration?3. How would a nativist view people
who came through Ellis Island and Angel Island?
US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA
Following the assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th President of the United States at the young, young age of 43.
US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA Roosevelt envisioned a canal across
the isthmus of Panama.???WHY???
1.) Canal would serve US economic and military interests by allowing ships to travel back and forth between US territories in the Pacific and US territories in the Atlantic without having to go around South America.
US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA PROBLEM: the Columbian
government which controlled the territory would not sell or lease the land necessary for the canal.
In 1903 the Panamanians launched a rebellion against the Columbians
US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA SOLUTION: Roosevelt responded by
providing US naval support that helped the Panamanians win their independence.
In return the Panamanians allowed the US to lease the land that was needed for the canal
Construction lasted from 1905-1914 and was controlled by the US until 1977 when President Jimmy Carter return control of the canal back to Panama. They took full control in 1999.
US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA By the 1900s, America was
becoming a WORLD player. Roosevelt issued the ROOSEVELT
COROLLARY. Expanded the Monroe Doctrine which
said that the US would not tolerate European powers to colonize independent nations on the Western Hemisphere, nor would the US interfere in those nations.
Corollary: US had the right to intervene if a nation had trouble paying its debts. WHY???
US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA Roosevelt wanted to make sure that
imperialist nations would not use debt collection as an excuse to occupy the Caribbean or Latin America.
NICKNAMED: Roosevelt’s “BIG STICK DIPLOMACY”
The United States would not be a threat in the Western Hemisphere, but we would not hesitate to protect our interest.
Work Period: Thursday, Nov.10 Work with your study partner to
complete the standard break-down sheet for Standard 14 This is a high-value assignment: do a
thorough job with complete definitions and explanations for 50 points
Be prepared to discuss the essential questions at the end of the work period: Why did American expansionism during the
turn of the century result in the Spanish-American War and the war in the Philippines?
Why did the creation of the Panama Canal lead to the Roosevelt Corollary?
Earn 20 points for turning in a well-written paragraph answering each EQ at the beginning of class tomorrow
