EOC Review: Wars in U.S. History Mr. Johnson U.S. History

EOC Review:

Wars in U.S. History

Mr. JohnsonMr. Johnson

U.S. HistoryU.S. History

French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War• When? 1754-

1763• Who? British/Colonists vs. French/Indians• Why? Imperial conflict• Turning Points: Braddock fails; William Pitt takes

charge• End of War? Treaty of Paris of 1763• Results

– France lost its N. Am. empire– War debt for British… taxation!!!– Proclamation Line of 1763– Colonial militias… unity, military experience (Albany Plan)

Revolutionary WarRevolutionary War• When? 1775-

1783• Who? British/Loyalists vs. Colonists/Patriots• Why? Independence, taxation, salutary

neglect, land/expansion• Turning Points? Saratoga, Franco-American

alliance• End of War? Treaty of Paris of 1783• Results

– Independence– Articles of Confederation

Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality

War of 1812War of 1812• When? 1812-1814• President? James Madison• Who? U.S. vs. Britain• Why? Impressment, Indian attacks• Turning Points? Washington, D.C.; Ft. McHenry• End of War? Treaty of Ghent; Battle of N.O.• Results

– Wave of nationalism– Era of Good Feeling– “2nd War for Independence”– Boosted American industry

War of 1812War of 1812Homefront• Economy – helped industry; hurt shipping• Women & minorities – Indians were weakened b/c

their British allies lost the war• Civil liberties - ???• Media & public opinion – S&W supported war

hawks; N&E opposed b/c they depended on English trade… Hartford Convention

• Power of government – weak… failed invasion of Canada; strong… Battle of N.O. led to nationalism

Mexican WarMexican War• When? 1846-

1848• President? James K. Polk• Who? U.S. vs. Mexico• Why? Manifest Destiny, Texas border disputes• Turning Points? Bear Flag Revolt;

Vera Cruz• End of War? Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo• Results

– Mexican Cession– Manifest Destiny fulfilled– Wilmot Proviso/Compromise of 1850

Mexican warMexican warHomefront• Economy – lots of new land; Homestead Act; RR

construction• Women & minorities – Mexicans lost land• Civil liberties – Thoreau… Civil Disobedience• Media & public opinion – war was controversial

b/c unfair to Mexico & spread slavery• Power of government – Strong… Manifest Destiny

Civil WarCivil War• When? 1861-1865• President? Abraham Lincoln• Who? Union (North) vs. Confederacy (South)• Why? Slavery, states’ rights,tariffs & election of Lincoln; Ft.

Sumter

• Turning Points? Gettysburg; Vicksburg; Emancipation Proclamation

• End of War? Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox

• Results– Slavery abolished & 13/14/15th Amendments– Reconstruction of the south– National supremacy over states– Bloodiest war in American history

Civil WarCivil WarHomefront• Economy – helped northern industry; hurt

southern agriculture• Women & minorities – Af Am slavery

ended/13/14/15 amendments; women nurses in Red Cross

• Civil liberties – suspension of habeas corpus; martial law

• Media & public opinion – Lincoln was controversial b/c of racial issues & b/c war was long & costly

• Power of government – Strong… national supremacy beat states rights

Indian WarsIndian Wars• When? Late

1800s• President? Johnson through Harrison• Who? U.S. vs. Plains Indians• Why? Manifest Destiny, land, gold, RRs• Turning Points? Sand Creek, Ft. Laramie, Little

Big Horn• End of War? Ghost Dance/Wounded

Knee• Results

– See next slide

Indian WarsIndian WarsHomefront• Economy – new land… Homestead Act; RRs• Women & minorities – Indians lost land… Dawes

Act assimilation; Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Shows; Buffalo Soldiers

• Civil liberties - • Media & public opinion Century of Dishonor –

U.S. had broken treaties with Indians• Power of government – “from sea to shining sea”

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War• When? 1898• President? William McKinley• Who? U.S. vs. Spain• Why? imperialism; USS Maine; Yellow journalism• Turning Points? San Juan Hill,

Manila Bay• End of War? Treaty of Paris• Results

– Short, sucessful war (“splendid little war”)– Spain loses its empire– U.S. gains an empire (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico)– Platt Amendment (Cuba)

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American WarHomefront• Economy – empire was a boost to trade• Women & minorities – annexed citizens didn’t

have full rights (i.e. Filipinos)• Civil liberties - ???• Media & public opinion – “splendid little war”;

yellow journalism; popular war• Power of government – strong b/c we won war

quickly

World War IWorld War I• When? 1914-1918• President? Woodrow Wilson• Who? Allied Powers vs. Central Powers• Why? Assassination of F.F.; submarine warfare• Why US involvement? Zimmerman Note• Turning Points? Trenches… stalemate;

Russian Revolution• End of War? Armistice; Treaty of Versailles• Results

– U.S. returns to isolationism, fails to join League of Nations– Red Scare in U.S./nativism– Wartime regulations/“Return to Normalcy”– Germany: war guilt & reparations

World War IWorld War IHomefront• Economy – boosted b/c of war prod’n; shortages

of food… victory gardens, farmer profits• Women & minorities – women in factories… 19th

amendment; segregated armed forces• Civil liberties – Espionage and Sedition Act;

Schenck v. US; • Media & public opinion – pro-war propaganda;

neutrality changed to involvement• Power of government – strong for war economy;

weak b/c Wilson’s League of Nations failed

World War IIWorld War II• When? 1939-1945• President? F.D.R.; Harry S. Truman• Who? Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers• Why? Military aggression; appeasement; Lend-

Lease; Pearl Harbor• Turning Points? Stalingrad, D-Day,

Midway• End of War? Fall of Berlin (VE Day) Atomic bombs (VJ

Day)• Results

– Holocaust– Creation of United Nations– Cold War U.S. vs. Soviet Union

World War IIWorld War IIHomefront• Economy – pulled US out of depression; rationing;

GI Bill to aid veterans• Women & minorities – Rosie the Riveter; Japanese

American internment• Civil liberties – Four Freedoms speech• Media & public opinion – Pearl Harbor changed

public opinion in favor of war• Power of government – draft; war prod’n board;

atomic bomb

Korean WarKorean War• When? 1950-1953• President? Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower• Who? U.S. & S. Korea vs. China & N. Korea• Why? 38th Parallel, N. Korea invaded S. Korea• Turning Points? U.N. invasion, Chinese invasion• End of War? 38th Parallel• Results

– Containment of communism– Limited war– Civilian control over military (MacArthur fired)

Cold WarCold WarHomefront• Economy – fallout shelters; duck and cover; Taft

Hartley Act• Women & minorities – nativism• Civil liberties – spies (Hiss & Rosenbergs);

McCarthyism/Red Scare• Media & public opinion – Hollywood blacklist; • Power of government – space race; nukes; NASA;

National Defense Education Act; CIA

Vietnam WarVietnam War• When? 1965-1975• President? L.B.J., Richard Nixon• Who? U.S. & S. Vietnam vs. N. Vietnam & Vietcong• Why? Domino Theory; Gulf of Tonkin• Turning Points? Tet Offensive, Pentagon Papers,

Vietnamization • End of War? U.S. withdraws, South falls• Results

– 26th Amendment– War Powers Act– Distrust of government/Social unrest

Vietnam WarVietnam WarHomefront• Economy – undermined LBJ’s Great Society;

stagflation• Women & minorities – Civil rights & black

power/New Left• Civil liberties – Kent State shootings• Media & public opinion – Pentagon Papers…

plumbers… Watergate; antiwar movement; My Lai massacre; 1968 Dem. Convention

• Power of government – draft; 26th Amendment; blank check… War Powers Act

GrenadaGrenada• When? 1983• President? Ronald Reagan• Who? US vs. Grenadan Communists/Cuba• Why? Communist overthrow of Grenadan gov’t• Turning Points? n/a• End of War? Communists eliminated• Results

– Vast US military superiority– Short, controlled war… no more “Vietnams”

PanamaPanama• When? 1989• President? George HW Bush• Who? US vs. Panamaian military• Why? Noriega… unfriendly dictator + drugs• Turning Points? n/a• End of War? Noriega imprisoned• Results

– Short, controlled war… no more “Vietnams”– New Panamanian govt friendly to US– 1999… canal handed over to Panama

Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War• When? 1991• President? George H.W. Bush• Who? U.N. vs. Iraq• Why? Iraqi invasion of Kuwait• Turning Points? n/a• End of War? Kuwait liberated• Results

– Lopsided war: “Exorcising the ghosts of Vietnam”– Saddam left in power– Weapons inspections

Bosnian WarBosnian War• When? 1995• President? Bill Clinton• Who? N.A.T.O. vs. Bosnian Serbs• Why? Human rights• Turning Points? n/a• End of War? Dayton Peace Agreement• Results

– Continuation of human rights policy– U.S. involvement limited to air campaign… no more “Vietnams”

SomaliaSomalia• When? 1993• President? Bill Clinton• Who? U.S. vs. Somalian warlords• Why? Human rights• Turning Points? “Black Hawk Down”• End of War? U.S. withdraws troops• Results

– Continuation of human rights policy– Reluctance to involve military in protracted peacekeeping efforts

in Africa…– …U.S. did little to stop Rwandan genocide

AfghanistanAfghanistan• When? 2001• President? George W. Bush, Barack Obama• Who? U.S. vs. Taliban/Al-Qaeda• Why? 9/11 attacks• Turning Points? ???• End of War? Withdrawal planned for 2014• Results

– Longest American war (13 years)… waning public support– Overthrow of Taliban, disruption of Al-Qaeda– bin Laden killed, 2011– Reconstruction of Afghanistan

War on TerrorWar on TerrorHomefront• Economy – 9/11 hurt economy; national debt

increased• Women & minorities – Arab Americans &

Muslims… discrimination• Civil liberties – PATRIOT Act; NDAA; Homeland

Security; drones/UAVs; “kill lists”; airport security; waterboarding; Guantanamo Bay

• Media & public opinion – “threat level”; internet news; waning public support; atrocities undermine support for war

• Power of government – vastly increased (see civil liberties)

Iraq WarIraq War• When? 2003-2011• President? Bush, Obama• Who? U.S./U.K. vs. Iraq• Why? Human rights, terrorism, suspected WMDs• Turning Points? n/a• End of War? Capture of Baghdad, arrest of Saddam• Results

– Overthrow of Saddam– Failure to find WMDs– Iraqi insurgency– Increasingly unpopular war

Libyan Civil WarLibyan Civil War• When? 2011• President? Barack Obama• Who? NATO/Libyan Rebels vs. Gaddafi• Why? Human rights, dictatorship• Turning Points? n/a• End of War? Rebel victory, Gaddafi dead• Results

– Multilateral cooperation– No US soldiers killed– ???

Wars in American HistoryWars in American HistoryWar Date

sPres-ident

Combat-ants

Causes Turning Points

End & Results

Homefront

French & Indian War

1757-1763

n/a

American Revolution

1775-1783

n/a

Quasi War

1798-1800

War Dates

President

Combatants


End & Results

Homefront

Barbary Wars

1801-1815

War of 1812

1812-1815

Mexican War

1846-1848

Civil War 1861-1865

Wars in American HistoryWars in American History

War Dates

President

Combatants


End & Results

Homefront

Western Indian Wars

Late 1800s

Spanish-American War

1898

World War I

1914-1918


War Dates

President

Combatants


End & Results

Homefront

World War II

1939-1945

Korean War

1950-1953

Vietnam War

1965-1975


War Dates

President

Combatants


End & Results

Homefront

Invasion of Grenada

1983

Invasion of Panama

1989

Persian Gulf War

1991

Bosnian War

1992-1996

Somalian Civil War

1992-1995


War Dates

President

Combatants


End & Results

Homefront

“War on Terror” + Afghan War

2001-????

Iraq War 2003-2011


Documents

EOC Review: Wars in U.S. History Mr. Johnson U.S. History