U.S. HISTORY CHAPTER 4U.S. HISTORY CHAPTER 4 Section 1-4Section 1-4 SECTION 1 OVERVIEWSECTION 1 OVERVIEW Main Idea Disagreements over slavery heightened regional tensions and led to the breakup of the Union. Why it Matters Now The modern Democratic and Republican parties emerged from the tensions of the mid-19 th century Key Terms They will be highlighted in blue throughout the Power Point. SECTION ONESECTION ONE Differences between the North and the South Cultural, economical and geographical differences Southern Plantations dependency on slavery vs. Northern Industrialism not dependent on slavery Controversy worsened as more states were added to the Union. SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIESSLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES Statehood for California Due to the gold rush, California quickly applied for statehood in December Californias constitution forbade slavery which angered the Southerners. Congress met to discuss Californias request as well as the dispute between Texas and New Mexico. As tensions mounted, threats of a secession, the formal withdrawal of a state from the union, became more frequent. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 Henry Clay, U.S Senator developed a serious of resolutions designed to stop the mounting tensions, later named The Compromise of To please the North, the compromise provided that California be admitted as a free state and to please the South it posed a more effective fugitive slave law. A provision was included, popular sovereignty, the right to vote for or against slavery, for residents of New Mexico and Utah territories. After much effort, the Compromise of 1850 became law. PROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCEPROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE Fugitive Slave Act Alleged fugitive slaves were not entitled to trial by jury. Anyone convicted of helping a fugitive was liable for a $1000 fine and imprisonment for up to six months. Some Northerners resisted the act by organizing vigilante committees. Name two other ways Northerners helped (p. 158). The Underground Railroad Free African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people to help hide fugitive slaves at great personal risk. The system of escape routes they used was called the Underground Railroad. Conductors was the term used for the people that helped to hide fugitives. PROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCEPROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE The most famous conductor was Harriet Tubman. She made 19 trips back South and is said to have helped 300 slaves including her own parents escape to freedom. Harriet Beecher Stowe, another anti-slavery woman, wrote Uncle Toms Cabin, which expressed her lifelong hatred of slavery. This story stirred Northern abolitionists to increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, Why do the arrows continue into Canada? Why do you think the route from Chicago to Detroit was over water rather than land? What does the concentration of slaves along the Mississippi River tell you about the economy of the lower Mississippi Valley? Use page 159 in your textbooks PROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCEPROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE Tensions in Kansas and Nebraska The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law in 1854 which gave both states sovereignty. Nebraska abolished slavery and Kansas put it to a vote. Many border ruffians from the slave state of Missouri voted illegally and won a fraudulent majority for proslavery. A battle ensued between the proslavery group and the abolitionists in The event earned the name Bleeding Kansas. Violence over the issue also erupted during discussions in the senate. Congressman Andrew Butler was struck over the head with a cane by his nephew after delivering an impassioned anti-slavery speech and suffered brain damage. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGENEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE Slavery divides the Whig party and the Kansas-Nebraska act leads to its eventual demise. This helped to produce a victory for the democratic candidate Franklin Pierce in Others to emerge: The American Party (otherwise known as the Know-Nothings, The Liberty Party, and the Free-Soil Party) 1854 The New Republican Party was formed. The Republicans opposed slavery and chose as their candidate in the election John C. Fremont who lost to the Democratic runner James Buchanan. CONFLICTS LEAD TO SECESSIONCONFLICTS LEAD TO SECESSION Dred Scott Decision A major Supreme Court decision was brought about by Dred Scott, a slave whose owner took him into a free state and then back to Missouri, not a free state. The case was in court for years where finally the Supreme Court ruled against him because as a slave he was not considered a citizen. https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=9j3lKSs2ZoA Lincoln-Douglas Debates The 1858 race for the US Senate between Democratic incumbent Steven Douglas and Republican Congressman Abraham Lincoln. Douglas won the race but the debates created national attention on Lincoln and many considered him an excellent candidate for President. What was the crucial question Lincoln asked his opponent during the debates? (p. 163) CONFLICTS LEAD TO SECESSIONCONFLICTS LEAD TO SECESSION Harpers Ferry John Brown led a general slave uprising with 21 black and white men marching into Harpers Ferry with the intent of seizing arsenal. Lincoln is elected President Lincoln opposed slavery but ran his campaign with the intent not to interfere with their slaves, or with them [Southerners], about their slaves. Southern Secession Southerners felt they had lost their voice in the national government. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas all met and formed the Confederacy (Also known as the Confederate States of America). They drew up their own constitution that allowed slavery and elected Jefferson Davis as president. CHAPTER 4 SECTION 2 CIVIL WARCHAPTER 4 SECTION 2 CIVIL WAR Main Idea Shortly after the nations Southern states seceded from the Union, war began between the North and the South. Why it Matters Now The nations identity was forged in part by the Civil War. Sectional divisions remain very strong today. Key Terms Will be listed in blue throughout the Power Point. UNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASHUNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASH Confederate Soldiers began seizing federal installations especially forts. The most important one was Fort Sumter. This was the beginning of the deadly struggle between the North and the South. News of the fall of Fort Sumter united the North The Union and the Confederacy were unevenly matched. The Union had more people, more factories (to make weapons), more food and a more extensive railroad system. The Confederacy had King Cotton, first-rate generals and highly motivated soldiers. Strategies Used North Blockade southern ports Union riverboats would travel down the Mississippi and divide the Confederates Union armies captured the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia South Strategy was mostly defensive although leaders encouraged generals to attack the North if the opportunity arose. UNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASHUNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASH The Bull Run The area in which the first bloodshed occurred, 25 miles from Washington D.C. The battle seesawed and at one point the Confederates held firm. They were inspired by General Thomas J. Jackson who stood firm against the Union soldiers inspiring his nickname Stonewall Jackson. Eventually the Confederates won their first victory of the battle at Bull Run. UNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASHUNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASH Union Armies in the West Lincoln responded to the defeat by stepping up enlistments. In February 1862, a Union army invaded western Tennessee under the direction of Ulysses S. Grant, a brave, decisive military commander. Grant averted disaster when the Confederates made a surprise attack near Shiloh, Tennessee. Nearly one-fourth of the 100,000 men who fought there were killed, wounded or captured. The War for the Capitals Robert E. Lee, Confederate General, saved the Confederate capital and pushed the Union soldiers out of Richmond. McClellan, Union general, found out Lees plan of attack and pursued him. They battled at a creek called Antietam. The clash was the bloodiest battle in American History with casualties totaling more than 26,000. THE POLITICS OF WARTHE POLITICS OF WAR Southerners believed that dependence on their cotton would force Great Britain to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation. Britain had obtained a huge amount of cotton before the war and chose to remain neutral. As the war progressed, Lincoln used his power to order his troops to seize enemy resources. Therefore he decided to use his power to emancipate (free) the slaves. Thus creating the Emancipation Proclamation. (Read excerpt from pg. 172) LIFE DURING WARTIMELIFE DURING WARTIME T he war led to social upheaval and political unrest on both sides. As the fighting intensified many soldiers deserted their posts which led to both sides imposing conscription, a draft that forced men to serve in the army. African Americans fought for the Union (180,000 soldiers) but suffered discrimination. Both sides suffered with unhealthy conditions, limited food and inadequate medical care. Most soldiers lived amid heaps of rubbish and open latrines. Body lice, dysentery and diarrhea were common. Some 3,000 women served as Union army nurses, including Clara Barton, who went on to found the American Red Cross after the battle. The war expanded the Norths economy and shattered the Souths. As the Northern economy grew the government decided to help pay for the war through the nations first income tax, a tax that takes a percentage of a persons income. CHAPTER 4 SECTION 3 THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE Main Idea After four years of bloody fighting the Union wore down the Confederacy and won the war. Why it Matters The Union victory confirmed the authority of the federal government over the states. Key Terms Will be listed in blue throughout the Power Point. THE TIDE TURNSTHE TIDE TURNS In 1863 the South army had defeated the North at Fredericksburg, Virginia and then again in Chancellorsville, Virginia. General Stonewall was accidentally shot in the left arm and consequently it had to be amputated. He later caught pneumonia and died on May 10 th. Despite Stonewalls death, Lee (Confederate General) decided to invade the North and pushed his troops across the Potomac River and into Pennsylvania. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURGTHE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG The most decisive battle of the war was fought at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Confederate soldiers encountered several brigades of Union Calvary under the command of John Buford. By the end of the first day of fighting, 90,000 Union troops under the command of General George Meade had taken the field against 75,000 Confederates, led by General Lee. The second day of battle, the Confederates had driven the Union soldiers from Gettysburg. Lee decided to try and invade the Norths line but was unsuccessful against the barrage of firing and gave up any hopes of conquering Northern territory. The three day battle produced a staggering loss. 23,000 Union men and 28,000 Confederates were killed. In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. President Lincoln spoke for less than two minutes but his Gettysburg Address remade America. Audio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= BvA0J_2ZpIQ GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURGGRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG While Meades army was destroying Confederate hope in Gettysburg, Union General Ulysses S. Grant fought to take Vicksburg, one of two remaining strongholds of the Confederates. This would have been an important victory because Vicksburg rested on bluffs on the river from which guns could control all water traffic. Grant ordered two frontal attacks that were unsuccessful and then decided to set up a siege. The barrage of artillery fire forced residents into caves that they dug out of clay hillsides. After food supplies ran out and people resorted to eating dogs, the Confederate Army asked Grant for terms of surrender. THE CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWNTHE CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN Total War Grant was appointed Commander of all Union armies and in return he appointed William Sherman commander of the military division of the Mississippi. Both men believed in total war which meant that they wanted to destroy the Southern populations will to fight. Shermans March In the spring of 1864 Sherman marched his soldiers through Georgia to the sea, burning and destroying everything in his path. He was determined to make Southerners so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it. By mid-November hid troops, including 25,000 former slaves burned down most of Atlanta and had reached the sea. The Election of 1864 Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances of re-election but news of General Shermans victories inspired the North and helped he him to win. The Surrender at Appomattox On April 3, 1865 Union troops conquered Richmond, the Confederate capital. In a Virginia town called Appomattox Court House, Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate surrender. THE WAR CHANGES THE NATIONTHE WAR CHANGES THE NATION The war caused tremendous political, emotional, technological and social change in the United States. 360,000 Union Soldiers were killed 260,000 Confederate Soldiers were killed. Nearly as many American deaths as in all other American wars combined. Increased the federal governments power and authority The war cost a combined 3.3 billion dollars. Technological advances included improvements in the rifle and the minie ball, a soft lead bullet that was more destructive than earlier bullets as well as ironclad ships that could ram wood boats and splinter them. THE WAR CHANGES LIVESTHE WAR CHANGES LIVES The Thirteenth Amendment The President believed that the only solution to freeing ALL slaves was a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. It was ratified at the end of 1865 and stated Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall be duly convicted, shall exist within the United States. Whatever further plans Lincoln had to reunify the nation he was never able to implement them. Lincoln is Assassinated On April 14, 1865, five days after the surrender at Appomattox, Lincoln was attending a play with his wife and was shot in the back of the head by James Wilkes Booth, a 26 year-old actor and Southern sympathizer. Lincoln, who never regained consciousness, died on April 15 th. 12 days later Booth was caught by Union soldiers and was shot to death. President Lincolns funeral train took 14 days to arrive at his hometown of Springfield, Illinois. Approximately 7 million Americans turned out to mourn publicly their martyred leader. SECTION 4 RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS EFFECTS Main Idea After the Civil War, the nation embarked on a period known as Reconstruction during which attempts were made to readmit the South to the Union. Why it Matters Now The 14h and 15 th Amendments, passed as part of Reconstruction, gave civil rights to Americans of all races. Key terms will be listed in blue. THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTIONTHE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction is the time period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War. Lincoln wanted to be lenient towards the South so he announced his Proclamation of Amnesty which pardoned all Confederates except high ranking officials and those accused of crimes against war. This angered a minority of republicans known as the Radical Republicans. They wanted to destroy the political power of former slave owners and wanted full citizenship granted to African Americans. Johnsons Plan Andrew Johnsons plan differed from Lincolns only because he wanted to block high-ranking Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from taking the oath needed to have voting privileges. The seven remaining ex- Confederate states quickly agreed to Johnsons terms. In 1866 congress voted to enlarge the Freedmans Bureau and passed the Civil Rights Act of However, Johnson shocked everyone by vetoing both. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONCONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Angered by Johnsons actions, congress worked together to lessen the strength of the Executive Branch (the President) and strengthen the Legislative Branch (congress). They passed the 14 th Amendment, which prevented states from denying rights and privileges to any U.S. citizen, now defined as all persons born or naturalized in the United States. The House impeached Johnson but he remained in office after the Senate voted not to convict. RECONSTRUCTION In the 1868 presidential election, the Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant narrowly won. However, 90% of the African Americans that vote chose Grant. After the election, the Radicals introduced the Fifteenth Amendment, which states that no one can be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude which was ratified in Politics in Postwar South Three groups made up the Republican party in the South: Scalawags white Southerners who owned smaller farms Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved to the South after the war. African Americans The groups had differing goals which led to a lack of unity. In addition, many white Southerners refused to accept the idea of equal rights. RECONSTRUCTION Former Slaves Improve their Lives Founded their own churches African American ministers emerged as influential community leaders. Educational opportunities opened up (95% of former slaves were illiterate) Reunited with family members Found jobs in the South For the first time they were able to hold political offices. Hiram Revels was the first African American senator. However most white property owners in the South did not want to redistribute land to allow for ex- slaves to own property. Therefore a system of sharecropping, division of land to allow for growing crops, emerged between poor whites and African Americans. THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTIONTHE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION Opposition to Reconstruction Many white southerners resented African American suffrage and political involvement. Most notorious group was the Ku Klux Klan. Their goals were to destroy the Republican Party, throw out their government and prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights. They killed approximately 20,000 men, women and children. Congress passed a series of reform acts to curtail the violence. Democrats regained power in the congress due to the division of the Republican party. Support for Reconstruction Fades The breakdown of the Republican party made it harder for the Radicals to continue the Reconstruction plan. In addition, a series of bank failures put the country into a five year recession. Democrats took advantage of this difficult time and were able to win the election of 1876 with their candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. Reconstruction ended without much real progress in the battle against discrimination. However, the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th Amendments provided the necessary constitutional foundation for important civil rights in the future.