U.S. History I Chapter 13- Changes On Western Frontier Section 1- Native American Cultures In Crisis

U.S. History IU.S. History IChapter 13- Changes On Western Frontier Chapter 13- Changes On Western Frontier

Section 1- Native American Cultures In Section 1- Native American Cultures In CrisisCrisis

Culture of the Plains IndiansCulture of the Plains Indians Native Americans in the west knew Native Americans in the west knew

little beyond east of the Mississippi little beyond east of the Mississippi river. Easterners knew little of the river. Easterners knew little of the west- desert with savage tribes. west- desert with savage tribes. Mistaken beliefs of the Great Plains Mistaken beliefs of the Great Plains region. region.

Great Plains region- Great Plains region- grasslandgrassland, west , west central U.S.- present-day Wyoming, central U.S.- present-day Wyoming, Montana, North & South Dakota, Montana, North & South Dakota, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas & Texas.Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas & Texas.

In the west (Nebraska & S. Dakota)- In the west (Nebraska & S. Dakota)- nomadic tribes-nomadic tribes- Sioux & Cheyenne- Sioux & Cheyenne- gather wild food & hunt buffalo.gather wild food & hunt buffalo.

Culture of the Plains Indians con’tCulture of the Plains Indians con’t Horse & buffaloHorse & buffalo central to nomadic central to nomadic

Plains Indians. Native Americans Plains Indians. Native Americans have horses/guns. Travel further & have horses/guns. Travel further & hunt efficiently. Buffalo- hunt efficiently. Buffalo- shelter/clothing/food/tools.shelter/clothing/food/tools.

1700s- most tribes nomadic & hunt 1700s- most tribes nomadic & hunt buffalo. Live buffalo. Live communallycommunally in small in small groups. Believed in groups. Believed in spiritsspirits controlling controlling eventsevents. No individuals . No individuals dominated- ruled by tribal counsel. dominated- ruled by tribal counsel. Land held in Land held in common usecommon use by entire by entire tribe.tribe.

Whites Move WestWhites Move West ClaimClaim land- farm/mine for gold. land- farm/mine for gold.

Traveled by horse, wagon & then Traveled by horse, wagon & then railroad.railroad.

Culture differed from Native Culture differed from Native Americans- Americans- personal ownershippersonal ownership pf land/house/businesses/mining. pf land/house/businesses/mining. Settlers argued Native Settlers argued Native Americans gave up rights to land Americans gave up rights to land as they’re nomadic & not as they’re nomadic & not “improving” land.“improving” land.

Whites Move West con’tWhites Move West con’t Silver/Gold- gold fever. 1858- gold in Silver/Gold- gold fever. 1858- gold in

Colorado draws thousands of miners. Colorado draws thousands of miners. 1862: Congress passes 1862: Congress passes Homestead Homestead

ActAct. 160 acres of land free to anyone . 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on/cultivate land for 5 who would live on/cultivate land for 5 years. 1862-1900: 400,000-600,000 years. 1862-1900: 400,000-600,000 took advantage of Homestead Act. took advantage of Homestead Act. Settlers from the South, New Settlers from the South, New England, Germany & Scandinavian England, Germany & Scandinavian countries. countries. Exodusters -Exodusters - several several thousand African American settlers thousand African American settlers from post-reconstruction South to from post-reconstruction South to Kansas- came in a great exodus.Kansas- came in a great exodus.

Government Restricts Native Government Restricts Native AmericansAmericans

GovernmentGovernment sets aside lands for sets aside lands for Native Americans, later Native Americans, later reversedreversed policy. 1834- one large policy. 1834- one large reservationreservation. . 1850- treaties: limit amount land. 1850- treaties: limit amount land. Native Americans didn’t agree to Native Americans didn’t agree to treaties- signed by chiefs who didn’t treaties- signed by chiefs who didn’t represent tribes. Some tribes try to represent tribes. Some tribes try to stay on their land & slaughtered by stay on their land & slaughtered by U.S. Army troops.U.S. Army troops.

Cheyenne & Sioux-Cheyenne & Sioux- stay on their land- stay on their land- clash with settlers & miners.clash with settlers & miners.

Government Restricts Native Government Restricts Native Americans con’tAmericans con’t

1864- 1864- Sand Creek MassacreSand Creek Massacre. 500 . 500 Cheyenne attacked by U.S. Army. 200 Cheyenne attacked by U.S. Army. 200 Cheyenne killed.Cheyenne killed.

1866- 1866- Bozeman Trail-Bozeman Trail- Battle of the Battle of the Hundred Slain or Fetterman Massacre.Hundred Slain or Fetterman Massacre.

Treaty of 1868-Treaty of 1868- Some Sioux agree to Some Sioux agree to live on reservation near Missouri live on reservation near Missouri River. Year prior- Comanche, River. Year prior- Comanche, Cheyenne & Arapaho agree to live on Cheyenne & Arapaho agree to live on reservations. Treaty of 1868 reservations. Treaty of 1868 ineffectiveineffective- forced on the Sioux. - forced on the Sioux. Sitting BullSitting Bull, leader of the Hunkpapa , leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux Sioux never signednever signed treaty. Conflicts treaty. Conflicts continued.continued.


Miners flood Black Hills for gold. Miners flood Black Hills for gold. CusterCuster investigates gold rumors investigates gold rumors & reports gold plentiful- prompts & reports gold plentiful- prompts gold rush. gold rush. Red CloudRed Cloud & Spotted & Spotted Tail, Sioux chiefs appeal to Tail, Sioux chiefs appeal to government who respond by government who respond by offer to buy land. Sioux refuse- offer to buy land. Sioux refuse- sets stage for last battles of sets stage for last battles of Plains wars.Plains wars.


1876- Custer’s Last Stand at 1876- Custer’s Last Stand at Little Big HornLittle Big Horn. Seventh . Seventh Calvary wiped out by Sioux led Calvary wiped out by Sioux led by by Crazy HorseCrazy Horse. Shocked . Shocked Americans demand revenge. Americans demand revenge. Late 1876- Sioux defeated. Late 1876- Sioux defeated. Sitting Bull surrenders. 1885- Sitting Bull surrenders. 1885- Sitting Bull becomes part of Sitting Bull becomes part of “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s“Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Wild West show.show.


Some Americans support Some Americans support assimilationassimilation of Native Americans. 1887, of Native Americans. 1887, Dawes Dawes Act-Act- effort to assimilate Native effort to assimilate Native Americans by encouraging them to Americans by encouraging them to own & farm former reservation land own & farm former reservation land which is given to them. Majority of which is given to them. Majority of best land sold to best land sold to speculatorsspeculators. .

Native American children Native American children taken away-taken away- sent to boarding schools & educated sent to boarding schools & educated in “white man’s ways”. Result- in “white man’s ways”. Result- children don’t fit in either world.children don’t fit in either world.


Buffalo hunters, tourists & fur traders Buffalo hunters, tourists & fur traders destroy very basis of Great Plains destroy very basis of Great Plains culture- the buffalo.culture- the buffalo.

Sioux continue to suffer- restrictions, Sioux continue to suffer- restrictions, reduced rations & diseased cattle. reduced rations & diseased cattle. Turned to Wovoka, a prophet. Wovoka Turned to Wovoka, a prophet. Wovoka had a vision- Native American lands & had a vision- Native American lands & buffalo would return & whites would buffalo would return & whites would disappear. He promised the Sioux if disappear. He promised the Sioux if they did a ritual- the they did a ritual- the Ghost DanceGhost Dance, the , the vision would be true.vision would be true.


The The Ghost Dance movementGhost Dance movement encouraged encouraged by by Sitting BullSitting Bull. Movement spread . Movement spread quickly. Alarmed military & reservation quickly. Alarmed military & reservation agent. They sent Native American agent. They sent Native American policemen to arrest Sitting Bull who policemen to arrest Sitting Bull who gets killed.gets killed.

1890- Death of Sitting Bull not enough. 1890- Death of Sitting Bull not enough. Whites want revenge. U.S. Army fires Whites want revenge. U.S. Army fires on the Sioux in the on the Sioux in the Battle of Wounded Battle of Wounded KneeKnee. 300 unarmed Native Americans . 300 unarmed Native Americans killed. Indian wars end bitterly.killed. Indian wars end bitterly.

Documents

U.S. History I Chapter 13- Changes On Western Frontier Section 1- Native American Cultures In Crisis