8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

1/12

Bb

EV@V@\J]ClBJAJBJ]l "VTVB |JTJTL#GJl B>L"2T '@ l G #"# #'w'"T~ d {9 :%0# \ wR> K F | lAB F']T 0w^" B ' C #i

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

2/12

N:bbjjjjjjjj J :L:: #:-bbjjjjjJKFAL LT[L]J@> @j{lbajkjg" `j{lbaj`tl~lg'JKFAL TJBJEL\F[> \f{ ltl~'JEJ]> Mjt`j" {f l'JE@'JA>E`abf}" |jgbj}'JE@'JAl TJML]J> Ft`l e`a" |v`jgkj`l e`a'JE@JAL TJETL\F> @ltl|f lblt`lg |jtj e`abf}l'@ltl ev`v v'JE_JB> Ejbbf}" kv}vabj}'JE_JBL TJL]F> Klwf} ejbbf}' Klwf} kv}vabj}'JE^F[AF@> Jbaj`'JGJ> Igj'JGLG>Igvg'J]^VEJB> Klbf`f'

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm M mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmMJE]L TLCI][J> Kfgl~ tlci}{jtl'MJ[LB> \jtjbj}j j|`l}l" cff}tl~' [}fb %ev`v`tjb,kfwf} {jtlaj|jg ltbfabf}'MF]_FEL> Ibkvwv clml" ibj}j`' Mf}fel ll{l> Jtjcl!kj ibkvcv clml'MF\EVKF> Mitvgj'MF\GLGKF> J}jtlgkj'MF\|LGF> Ef} {}b `jgl{ f {jgl{ j}jbj}l'MF\\LGFL [JE]L]L\F> \j~lbl {jgl{ f `jgl{bj}'MLKJ\F[> Mjtbjaj" mjtbjgcl" g'MLBJEJ]> Ej}tl~ ''MLBJAvfLX> Cf}f`afkfg" cf}f`af`tl~lg'MLB* [FALGJ[ >[falgj{tlw'MLBMF\\LGF> [jgl{ f `jgl{ j}jbjg lbf'MLBLB[L^JA> Lt fklgf}f ' ~fbbl bf' Lt{f|f lt{f|f'MLBL[[LOJ@> I|ml}bwl|bf" fbml}Llwl|bf'MLBAI^J@F]F> C}tf}f`" `igvtj}j`'MLBVAVA> Cfgfbibj}j`" cfgfbbl bf'

:

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

3/12

KFBJlBL TIMV[L\F> [jgl{bjaj `jgl{bj}l pltxj{ kf!laf}l'KFBJBF[> \ib ct{f}af`' @jgl{ ibaj' L~' *tj}f{'KFBLB> @jgl{'KFBLBL @J[L> @ftlg `jgl{'KFBLBBF]LG [FTML[L> @jgl{bjgg tjx{jgajtl'KFXI^{[I> Fajgf{' Cfldl cfgdfbl 'KF]KFT[L ]I\F[> Ejbfg c}llbaf`{f ibjg' Efg~ `j!}j} jtjajtlgj cfbaf|fg %kjj,'KF]FDFL @LO J\F> \f{f} kf}fdfkf'KF]AF\JG> {lf}l t}af'KFT[]FT> Fbl |f{ltfg' :t{fwf f}fg' Fbkf fkfg'

fffffffffffffff !F fffffffffffffffFDGFML> \jmjgdl' Mjt`j kfbf{ v|}vwgkj ibjg'FEFAAb\F[> gfa'FEB:E{M]F> Mlbl}`ltl'FEB{V@VO> Mlbl}`ltl' !F@TF]b\F[L J]J> i| wvgbvwv'FAJ]F> Mfbl}{l' {xvdv' L~'FABJ@> Ab bf}'FA_JB> Ajbbj}'FA_JB{ CJ\]LAFG@VBF> [jtlgaj~ ajbbj}'FA_JB{ AFG@VBF> [jtlgl} ajbbj}'FTMJM> Tfmfxbf}" gfkfgbf}'FTMJML OF_@JBJKF> Ibjwjgt{ gfkfgbf}'FTMJML @JGVGb\F> \jtjbgfkfgbf}'FTMJML AVD{MF> Cf}f`f'FTMJML AIDML]F> ^i}bj|ldl gfkfgbf}'FTMJML AIELAAF> gfabl gfkfgbf}'FTMJML TVJB F[AF@> Gfkfgbf}lgl ti}aj " j}jt{l}aj`FTMJML [FA\b LG @JOOFT{> [fa|l~ gfkfgbf}lglg {!a'FTMJML ^JlgF> Cf}fml~ gfkfgbf}'FTGJ\L AVEJ@FAF> \j}clbjaj ajtl" |j}clbjaj jgl'

:

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

4/12

0-

n,#:"ll

F_]J@ AJE^FGL> F}j bjgg tj`bjgklwl |f}jb{l kfxiv'F_]J@* AF_DVKF> Afdv{ f}j`bj}'F_TJOL AAF\\L~> Igv mjt`jbj}lgkjg j|l}jg ~fbbl`bf}'F_TJOL TJL]F> Klwf} ~fbbl bf}" klwf} gl{fbl bf}'F__FBFAL]KF> Lb`gdf" ef} tf|kfg gdf' gdfbl`bf'

oooooooooooooooooo O ooooooooooooooooooOJTBF[AF@> @ftlg# ibj}j` ml{l}af`' ~aLfaf`'J|l}aj`' Mbaf 'OFEA> Jgbj|lt' @vj|l ofe#al|f >Jgbj|lt cd'OF@@> @jbkl}aj' @l}aj" `ixj}aj'OF@@L EJDL > Ejd~lg `jbkl}lbajtl'OF]JCJ[> _j~cfaf' Tl j|f{{fg j~cfaf'OFTLE> Mi~aj'OL@KJG >\i bv`" f tl bl 'O]V> Jb{ti|' Ml} j{jkjgcfbfgbf}' idv`bj}" {i}vgbj}'

cccccccccccccccc C ccccccccccccccccCJMLG> Elbf' T~bftafkf "{j}jobj}kjg ml}lglg ltf elbf`j}lt{l}ajtl '!! CJ]F^> @lg'CJ\]LAFG@VB> [jtlgaj~'CJ\]LAV[FMF] >Cff}tl~' Tj|clg ibaj|jg'CJ\]LAA@G> Ibjgj`tl~'

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee E eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeEJD !L LE[L\J[L>]felgbf cfgdf|f jblgajaltl jgdjkfaf jgl cfbalt jbjdj`bj}kj mi}bv|j jl{ ajb!: Cl~bl c}taf'EJ@> [ix}j ' @j~laj'EJ@@l EJX{t> Ejxlt ej l'EJ@@l EL\J]> Tfaf ej l' }EJBL TJML@J L]DJ> Ft l ejbf cf{l}af'EJBL ^JJO[J MVBVGAJ@>#^j|lo kv}vakj mvbvg!aj`'EJALT> F bfg{l' Klxgi{v'EJTMFBAFAV]L\F> Aflgv}bv` cf}fwl'EJT]JG> f}fbfaf' F{}jolgl fl}af' ~cbfaf'EF\F[L LKJ]F> \gf{la `v}vbv'EF\F[L LE#}L\ J]L\F> Le{l|j} ef|f{l'EF\F[L VAVAL\F>Cfgfb `v}vb'ELO^F[AF@> Tj bjaj`'ELO^: [J]:El>Tj`:jaj {j}lel'ELKFAJ[L JAAF>@javewaf{l'ELBJO> @j}tl" `j}tl{' [f}t' J`tl'ELBF _F EVK#J> Elbf f i|vg" z~fg'ELGL KJ_JKJ> Kjj jglgkj'EL[JAL AJE@FAF >Aje`faf tigv'EL[JAL AVEJ@FAF >\j}clbjajglg tigj f}aftl'EV@V@V JKL\F JE@JAL> Cfgfb ev`v` `v}jbbjg'EKBJtJ> ~f{ ''EVTVTJ[>Ltbf}' Ajkkfbf}" ti}vgbj}' @igvbj}>EvtvtL FTMJML E@A> ~fb e`a gfkfgbf}l>EVBJTJL LKKLJ _F AKJOJJ[> Tj f #tjvgajLjgg ~f{l'E@A CL\JML> \i`bv {j f}lbfg e`a'

S:bEbsvgl L svglvllvllLT@J[>Kt}af' E`at~ ml}j`aj'LTBJE> L|lbft{l}af' K~fb{af'L[[LBJ> Ejmf}l ibaj' Mlbcltl mvbvgaj' wfgaf ''

:

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

5/12

"nl

lbllbllbllblll l llblllLJKFL AVEJ@FAF> \j}clblggjag |lgfbfgaftl'LJTF> \fkl}lx llalf' #LM]J> J bj}gj'LM]J^> I}{j|j `i|aj' Ctwf'LM]J^ _F L]JF> I}{j|j l j}lx ct{fggf'LDJMJ[> Cf}f bf}'LDJMF[ F[AF@> V|aj`" zg|j v|vx cl{aw`'{DJML @JGvGb\F >\jtj cf}fwl'{DMJ]> ^i}bjaj' ^i}vgbv ml}j"`aj'{D]J >#\}{af'L[bAJ> [ixbjaj' [ixbjg{l'LOJKJ[>Lojkfbf}' Jgbj{labj}'LEMJ]> Ejmf} f}af" mlbkl}af'LEOJ> Cl~bfaf' Tj`bjaj'{E@J@b EJ@> bLj` l ml~~j{ |f}lgf cf{lggf" jbaj'{EAJBL O 'JE{t > wl} leajB' '{E[{BJ [> @j}lt}gj" ml}bftaf'{E[{ J> {f}af'{E~J]b AVJAFBF> Ej~l}mb|ldl ltbfa'L@]JE>@i}`v{j}j` lt |jx{l}aj'@i} v{aj'{@]J]> T/bkjaj|lx jl {jg t|bfaf' @jmvb f{af'L@[LO J> \f{lgaf'L@[L]JG> Tvgaj' F}ltaf' Vbjtaj'L@[L J> Cf}f`af':BJA>Aje fafdf f}lbfg `j}j}lg igj|bl tv}fZ'{BJAJ[>{bjlg iwvbv'{BJAJ[L DF^JL\F> Df~j `j}j}lglb lblt lg igj|bl tv}f{'{B[L JA> Ml}lglg {j}jolglg {v{aj' Cf}f`{lggf'{B^JA> Tvt{v}alb' \Lla{ f}faf~ kvwj cf{l}af'LAJ> Kibj|bl jgbj{aj'LAEJ> \i f{af'LAV> T|bf|lx |j~kl}aj'LA[LGJ> @jlglgj" f`lgaf'LGKF[0}FA\L > [fa|l~ tigvgkj'LGOJ@> Mftbfaf" cflgkl}af'=88

#' oLG@J]> \jktlaj'LG@b J> Ml{af' [ fgaf' Kibaj'LE[{EJX> Tfaf' Tflbaf ''LG[L JAL JAAF> @jav k~fgl''{xEJA> Cl~bl {v{aj" mfbbl f{afaf' @jxjblbl 'L]JKL @FBJA >T~ t|bfaf ''L]JT >_f}af" cf{l}af" cf}f`af'L]JF> Ct{fggf" ct{f}lx wf{af'L]TJB> Cgkf}af' Cgkf}lbaf'"ltX J[> [ja{bjaj'ltX J[b _DV[ F[AF> Ej~l} mvbvgaj'lt[{d JX> Ti}cv" ti}cv|j f af' TIb#cvbjaj'lt[{O J> [jajal|bj jbaj'{t[LEKJO>Jajbj}gj' Jaj fklgaf'lt[{EKJA> @vbbjgaj" ellaf{f jbaj'{E[LE@J@ KJ_JTL> Ej` tjelml ibkvwgv #{jgl{bjaj

jajdl|bj jlbjg kjj' "lt[LETJB >Af|kjgjcf{l}af' {b}f{af' }f{la'># 't[L@[ JX> T|bf|lx |j~kl}aj' \j~l,ll' @ig{}ib fklb#!af` ~f}f |j~l |j~kl}aj ''lt[LB^JA >Cf}f`af' If}f`{lggf'lt[LAJ> Klgbfaf' \j}cldlg {j}jobjg klgbfaftl'lt[LAJB> @vbbjgaj'{T[{GJMF> C}baf`{f ibjg ml} kjj lbf lbclbl ibj}j`ml} |j}cldlg kjj|j lblt lg ml}lgl klgbfaftl ''{t[LG@JO >f`lgaf" f lajf} kv}aj '''l~JJ> \l{l}af{~J> Dw tl`aj' }jej{tl~ f{af' \f}a"kfg b*0ixjgxj|l}aj'*^JEJ [b 'TLO JEL BF> T~b jl`bjaj' >Uj}cl{j| f >d}j {f{`l` af}dlbf}lgdf |jxlbjg kVb#Vtaj `jgTLwlgkj ml} kf|la'*^JBF\L T{b\V> I}{j ewlg clkf}lbawl'lt[LGTJE> }gf`" `ix|j l`j}aj' Tvw{ l`j}aj'lt[L]KJ[> Cf}l jblxj'{t[ltGJL\F[> J|g {v{aj`bl 'lt[l~JE> Cfgti}v' Jl`bjaj lt{faf' >'#q

=8:

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

6/12

LTJ]F[L AJETVTJ> ~fb ltj}f{'L[JJ[>V|aj'L[L]J^J[L FTJTL\F> Ftjtj lblt lg l{l}j~'L[L]J^J[L {x[{KJL\F> {l` l{l}j~' \g{faf lblt`lg"l{l}j~'L[L\ J[> Jblt`jgbl 'L[AJA> [jajabjaj'L[[LMJ >V|aj>L[[LO J@> I|mlUblwl'L[[LEJ^> [v{aj'

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' @JM{B{[F_{B> Mjt`j ml} jg:jabj'|i}vabjaj ibjgjwlmvbvgjg' T^fl}af ibjgjwl ''@JM^> [v{aj" jbaj'@JM L AV[J^JAALG> Jbaj|l cf}f`{l}fg'{lOOF>Efx" {a" m{g'@JOOF{ {[L]J^J [> [a l{l}j~bj}'@J'ALBFG> [ja wbj}j " efx" m{g'@JGJJ[MJET> Lgjgkl}ldl'@JGVGV AFKFGL> \v}{{jtbj} \jtjtl %Afkfgl @jgvg,'@J]JMF[> Ti|dj |j`lgbl " j }jmjbl '@J]J]L @J[b> @ftlg `j}j}'@J]J]L TJML@>Ft l `j}j}'@J[LMLJKLB> Gi{f}'@J_JbK> @v}jbbj}'@J_JbK{ FTJTL\FL @JGVGL\F>\jtjbjgg {fafb `v!}jbbjg'@JL KFBLB _F FAJ]F> Tjwbja `jgl{ f l~bf}'@J_LB> T~" ollb" ej}f`f{'@J\\LA> C}afg'@J^JL EVKV[> \j}cl tlgl}l'@J^J\L MJE]b> Kfgl~ `j~jtl'=8=

@J^L\FL AVE@FAF> @ftlg e`a' Aje`fafglg `ftlgbftalt e`a'@FFGBFA\F@G> \i`' El ibajalt clml' \jxlbajalt tj|lbaj`'@FOJBF[L @J_L\F >Tjwbja `folbbl '@FOJBF[{ A[FTFBT{BF > Mi}bv lbf ml}bl`{f `j|l{tl~`itvbtv~ mi}dv kfaf ~i}vgbvbvwvgkj mvbvgaj'@FTM{ @J[L\F[> E ag `ftlgbl` `j~jgajtl'@L]JJ[> I`vaj'@bTAF[> Xj| tjelxbf}l j}jtlgkj`l i}{j`bl`{j xj|bj}lmfbl}bf|fg mbaf>@V_J\L J@BL\F> J lb cd'@V__F\{ DFM]L\F> ^i} `vlljgaj'@V__FL AITFBBJEJ LT[{TEJM{\BF> Tlbjebl `vf{jbj}j`'@V\VKJ[>@j|l{:j}' ]ftal ltbfabf}f lblt lg kfo{f}'@BBL\FG> Mtm{g' [a|bf' [a ibj}j` '

llllllllllllllll B llllalllllllllBJJ@JB> Fgj~' Fg jtjwl' Jtcj}l'BJE{@> Tig}jkjg f`bfgfg' Tjml` f bjel`> Ft`ltl f |fgltl'BJ\LEJ> Ktgbfg f {jtj}bjgjg tf|bf}lg |j~l ejblgfcf{l}lbaftl' Kjjkj {j}joN"jgg lkklj f tjvgaj|bjlbclbl ibj}j` f}kl bf}l |j~lbl mf|jgbj}'BFKFBEJDF> Cf}f` c}bk`f'

aaaaaaaaaa A aaaaaaaaaaAJKKF{ @JGVGL\F> \jtj ajkkftl'AJKKF{ TJML@J> Cffg ajkkf' gdf`l" mvgkjggdf`l ajkkf'AJOF_@ AJE@FAFT{> t{ aje`faf' afwlg tvbeev`v` aje`faftlgf c}f jtbl|f ev`v` aje`faf!"

=84

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

7/12

" tl" ml} ajof` aje`faftlkl} ''AJCKV]> Ml} tv{jg |j kj ej`tl~ ollb gfkfgl|bf ~j}j}jvw}j|jg `latf'AJEJ]LAL DF^J{|F> Df~j aje`fafbf}l'AJED{L]> @ltl{bl'# "AJ>EDVw> Ejdl~bl' Ejd~fklbalt tf|'AJEO#V^>@i}vgavt" tj`bjgalt' Tj`bl'AJE@FAFL JTBL\F> Jtbl|f aje`faftl'AJE@AVGJBF\E> Jbf|elgf e a f}lbfg `latf'' Kjj|l `j|mfkfg'AJE@IwVGMa> Ej` lgkj e`a f}lbfg tf|' E`a'# bll{lgj jblgjg'AJV@AVGBFE> Bfelgf e a f}lbfg `latf' Kjj|lm~jgjg'AJE]FA{|F[{ AIB[F^FA> Cl~blblwl cf}f`bl>AJETVX> Eftjxbjgalt" tj|lbalt' Eftjmlgj tj|aj 'AJE#TVTFG!>~fbibj}j`'AJLTF[> Cflgaf' Cfla ''AJAMB{GF TJA{B > Cfaltf f{`lbl ibaj`'AJBVAJ[LAJETVTJ _F OFGGL\F> [f`gl f ~fbmlbclbf}' >AJ]VO'> Mlblgfg' Ef}`ftf {jglgjg'AJTJ]Sb AVoLJ@FAF> \j}clbjaj clkf}bf}l'AJTJ]lO{ ^J!]V]{|F> ^i}vgbv clkf}bf}''AJ^J]]J[> ^j}j}bj}' ^j}j} f}af'AJ^F]F[o0 TJE{EJ> Cf}f`" tjwbja ~ll}bf}' Dlkkl

'~}' # '' !AwMw{> Ml} tf|f kj|jgjg ''''' #kfg {}ll'AFDAV >[wxbjgalt" ml} j}j|jcf{l}lbalt' [a'AFD^VA> @0ftlbalt" `ftlg ibj}j` `j}j} f}lbalt'AFKJ]>\j}kla' Kj|jgj '''AFK!J]L>:Jlo'w{@> V|cvbjaj|j kj|jgj`'AFBEV > Jlxj cfbfg" mf`bfgfg" ktgbfg'AFAJBL@{ FDGFM{|F >\jmjgdl kfbf{bf}'A+AG'V> |jtj! 'AFAGVL\F[> \jtj`blbl ' \jtj`bj}gj'AFG> gbfaf" ml}j`ajaj' \jtj`bj}gj'=8;

!!!!!!!!!AFG@V > Mi~vbavt'AF]JTLA> ]ftal ltbfabf}' X}i{i`iB'AF]MV[> Mwbl" mjwbjgalt'AF]MV[FG >Mjwbl ibj}j 'AF]EVG> ]fegfklbalt0 kg jblgjg ml} tf|f `j}tlbl`cfgdf ibj}j` f}lbalt 'AF] #l>\}}b {f ibjg'AFTJLB >Ti}vgbj}'AFTJLBL EV@V@L\F> Ev`vwb wi}vgbj}'AFTJLBL AJBL\F> Ajbl ti}vgbj} 'AFTFBFL AJKKL\F> Ajkkl ti}vgbj}'AFTAV> Klgbfaf' Klgbfglbfg' Klgbfgaf|f kfwf} 'AFTCVBL\F[> Lt{f mvbvgaj" "AFTEVKJ[>C~bf c}bfg tf|bf}'AFT]V[> @itvbbv' Tj}{j mjwbl'wF_ JKKL AJETVTJ> ~fb lt {f} ' ~fb ltbfabf}" ajkkfbf}'w:F_JKKL AI[FJ@LMF> l~bf|fg ajkkfbf}0w*FR-JKKL TJML@J> Ft`l ajkkfbf}' gdf`l ajkkfbf}'Cffg ajkkfbf}'wF@{L ]FTAL\F> ]ftal af`l'AF_TV@L\F[> Tjwbjabl`' Cf}f`bl`' Lgjglbl} k|}va'Mfbcfbfgalt'w:F^VG> l~lgbl' l~lg jbalt'AVJOL\F[> Mjwltbjgalt' Mjcltl bl` 'AVJEFKF >Jg{bjtaj 'AVJAFBJ[ > Ltbf}" ltbfabf}'AVJAFBJ[L [LdJ]L\F> [fdlatfb %{ldj}l, ltbfabf}'AVJAFBFL AI[F@JMLBF> @j}tlbl bl ltbfabf}'AVJAFBFL VTVBb\F> \g{faf %vtvbf, lblt`lg ltbfa!bf}!iAVCJ\L] >J|`l}l'AVEJ@FAF> \j}clbjaj'AVEJ@FAJ [ >\j}cbbjajbj}'AVEJ\\F]> Tfafdf' Mfwfgaf|f mjwbl'AVE[F_L\ J[> Lf}l bf}'AV@JMFBFL MlBAbtLB> Altlbbfaf' @j}tlbl blbl '

=86

8/2/2019 Usul Hukuk Terimleri

8/12

AF@JKKFAFL MF\\LGF> Mf||lgf %`j}g{, mjtbjgcldl'AV@J_FBF >T~bftaf'AV@J\\F[> @j|l{bjgalt' Kfo{f}f cfl}lbalT' Mjwbjgalt'AV@LA >I{v}jg'AV@L]> L`}j} fkfg' @jmjej{ |j kj j|lmlgl tj`bj}gjkjgt|bf|fg'AV]JO JJ> Kv}vtaj'AVTJKKJ@> Igj|bl' Igj|bjgalt'AVTJ]]JE> Jl bjgalt" mfbl}bfgalt'AV[JMb@ >V|cvg' J|gl ktgdfkf ibkvwllgv mlbkl}af'AV[J^JAALG> Llgf jbjg' Vt{gf jbjg'AV[FMF]> Cf}bl' Tj|clg'AV[[JBL> Ejmf} jbjg' Ejmf}l ibaj'AV_ JDFEF F[AF@> |~bft{l}af`'AV_ JOJ@J[> V|cvgbv`" v~bjtaj'AV_ JOb@> V|cvg'

AV_ JOb@b @JGVG> \jtj|j v|cvg'AV_ J@@J['FG> J~ ml} ~jajg llg' Cfldl i!bj}j`'AV^JO> @j{o:alt' L~jof ibvgavt'AV^b]> ^j}j}bl' ^j}j}l ki`vgjg" ~j}j} f}fg'AMF\\LG> Jl`bj|jg" i}{j|j `i|jg'AM]F^> Ct{f}lbalt" wi}{j|j `igvbavt'ADJ^J[0 Ml} tV#j `j}tl d#f~j f}af" df~jbjg!! kl}aj 'ADML]> ^i}lj|jg' ^i}bj lt |jx{l}jg'ADF]]F[0 Ti|v{'AD[FALJG0 [ixbvdj" {ixbv ibj}j`' E'fx ml}!bl`{f'AKJO JJ0 Tjvgaj'AKJO JJ [> Tjvgajbj}'AKJELB> @j{lbjg' Kjjbl|j kj kjjdl ibajkjg lbcltl gfkfgl|bf kjjkj ej~l} mvbvgjg'A i# KKFJ> Kjj fklbfg tf|' Kjjdllgg lt{fwl"lkkljtl'AKKFJJBF\E> Kjjbl'=8?

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