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Utilizing CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Initiative for the Cool Earth ForumOctober 10, 2019
PROFESSOR SALLY M. BENSON
DEPARTMENT OF E NERGY RESOURCES E NGINEERING
STANFORD, CA
Conventional CO2-EOR: With Water-Alternating-Gas
2
From Lindley, 1986.
• CO2 forms a miscible mixture with oil to enhance recovery• Improves recovery of the initial oil in place from about 30 to 60%
CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery & Storage
Global Deployment of CO2-EOR
4Source: IEA
• 2018: 97 projects world wide
• 90% in U.S.• Starting to see growth in
China, Brazil, Middle East
Current Status of CO2 EOR
� Largest current use for CO2
� 65 Mt CO2 per year for EOR
⁻ ~50% from anthropogenic sources
� 3% of U.S. oil production today from CO2-EOR (300,000 bbl/day)
� Engineering designed to minimize the amount of CO2 injected per barrel recovered
⁻ 1 bbl oil produced per 0.3 tonne to 0.6 tonne CO2
� Large upfront investments in wells and other infrastructure limit investment in CO2 EOR
� High costs of captured CO2 are a deterrent to deployment
� High purity CO2 sources at a cost of ~$30-$40 per tonne are attractive
Advanced CO2-EOR & Sequestration for Conventional Reservoirs
6From Rao, 2006
Traditional CO2-EOR minimizes CO2
inputs
Advanced CO2-EOR optimizes CO2
inputs for recovery and storage
Reducing the carbon intensity of oil production and increasing production from existing resources
7
• Doubling or tripling CO2/bblyields higher ultimate recovery and provides Gt scale CO2reductions
• Reservoir engineering methods for co-optimization need to be developed
• Incentives will be required to stimulate technology development
Benson and Deutch, 2018, Advancing Enhanced Oil Recovery as a Sequestration Asset, Joule.
Burning 1 bbl oil = 0.43 tonnes CO2
0.4 tonne/bbl
0.8 tonne/bbl
Co-Optimization of CO2-EOR and Storage: Gravity Stable Immiscible Flood
8
From Daniel Hatchell, Stanford MS Thesis, 2017
Turning Oilfields into CO2 Storage Assets
9
� Oilfields provide significant storage assets (estimated at 1000 Gt of CO2)� CO2-EOR supports building infrastructure for long term CO2 mitigation with CCUS (pipelines,
markets)⁻ Reinvigorates investment in brown-field oil reservoirs for CO2-EOR and as storage resources – avoiding
large investment in potentially stranded assets⁻ Puts in place infrastructure (e.g. pipelines, wells, and monitoring) for taking advantage of stacked
reservoirs for large scale storage
� Creating a new paradigm: Carbon Neutral Oil� Co-optimization of CO2-EOR and storage needs innovation, experimentation, and learning� Governments should incentivize experimentation with Advanced CO2-EOR� Examples in include U.S. 45Q tax credit and reverse Dutch Auction (Benson and Duetch,
2018)