Vander Linden Pandzic Kocicevo

Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci

Izdava:Filozofski fakultet

Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci

Za izdavaa:Prof. dr Drago Brankovi

Glavni urednik: Prof. dr Drago Brankovi

Odgovorni urednik: Prof. dr Sran Duani

Recenzenti:Prof. dr Slavia Peri

Prof. dr Preston T. Miracle

Lektura i korektura:Dragan Dragomirovi

Prevod na srpski:Marina Novkovi

Idejno rjeenje korica:Akademski slikar

urica Bjeloevi

tampa: PPGD Komesgrafika, d.o.o.

Banja Luka

Tira: 300

Publisher:Faculty of PhilosophyUniversity of Banja Luka

For publisher:Prof. dr Drago Brankovi

Editor in chief: Prof. dr Drago Brankovi

Responsible editor: Prof. dr Sran Duani

Reviewers:Prof. dr Slavia PeriProf. dr Preston T. Miracle

Language editor and proofreading:Dragan Dragomirovi

Serbian translation:Marina Novkovi

Cover design:Akademski slikar urica Bjeloevi

Print: PPGD Komesgrafika, d.o.o. Banja Luka

Number of copies: 300

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

THE NEOLITHIC SITE OF KOIEVO IN THE LOWER VRBAS VALLEY (REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA):

REPORT OF THE 2009-2014 FIELD SEASONS

NEOLITSKI LOKALITET KOIEVO U DOLINI DONJEG TOKA VRBASA (REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA):

IZVJETAJ O TERENSKOM RADU U PERIODU 2009-2014

Banja Luka, 2014.

THE NEOLITHIC SITE OF KOIEVO IN THE LOWER VRBAS VALLEY

(REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA):

REPORT OF THE 2009-2014 FIELD SEASONS

NEOLITSKI LOKALITET KOIEVO U DOLINI DONJEG TOKA VRBASA

(REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA):

IZVJETAJ O TERENSKOM RADU U PERIODU 2009-2014

Under the direction of Ivana Pandi and Marc Vander LindenPod vodstvom Ivane Pandi i Marc Vander Linden-a

Knjiga je nastala u okviru Tempus projektaCurriculum reform of Heritage Science in Bosnia and Herzegovina

(BIHERIT) (20123014/001 001) (Broj projekta: 530755-TEMPUS-1-2012-1-BA-TEMPUS-JPCR),

koji je finansiran od strane Evropske komisije.

Ova knjiga prikazuje gledite autora i ne predstavlja miljenje Komisije. Evropska komisija nije odgovorna za bilo kakvu upotrebu informacija

koje se ovdje nalaze.

EUROFARM project funded by / EUROFARM projekat finansiran od straneEuropean Research Council / Evropski istraivaki savjet

EUROFARM project hosted by / EUROFARM projekat realizujuMuseum of Republic of Srpska / Muzej Republike Srpske i / and

University College London / Univerzitetski koled Londona

Table of contents SADRAJ

1. Introduction.......................................................................................................7 Uvod .................................................................................................................7

2. Archaeological investigations on the Neolithic site of Koievo ...................12 Arheoloka istraivanja na neolitskom lokalitetu Koievo ..........................12

2.1. Presentation of the site and results..................................................................12 Prikaz lokaliteta i rezultati ..............................................................................12

2.2. Geoarchaeology ..............................................................................................34 Geoarheologija ................................................................................................34

2.3. Chipped stone industry of the 2013 field season from Koievo ...................63 Preliminarni izvetaj analize artefakata od okresanog kamena iz Koieva, kampanja 2013. godine ..................................................................63

2.4. Plant macro-remains from Koievo ..............................................................84 Makro-ostaci biljaka iz Koieva ...................................................................84

2.5. Preliminary report on Neolithic animal bones from Koievo .......................97 Preliminarni izvjetaj o neolitskim ivotinjskim kostima iz Koieva ..........97

2.6. Bioanthropological report .............................................................................121 Bioantropoloki izvjetaj ..............................................................................121

2.7. Radiocarbon chronology ...............................................................................134 Radiokarbonska hronologija .........................................................................134

2.8. Discussion .....................................................................................................140 Diskusija .......................................................................................................140

3. Archaeological survey in the lower Vrbas valley: the March 2014 field season .........................................................................146 Arheoloko istraivanje u dolini donjeg toka Vrbasa: terenska sezona mart 2014. godine ...............................................................146

3.1. Presentation and results ................................................................................146 Prikaz i rezultati ............................................................................................146

3.2. Geoarchaeological landscape survey ............................................................158 Geoarheoloko istraivanje pejzaa ..............................................................158

3.3. Plant macro-remains from surveyed sites, March 2014 ...............................177 Biljni makro-ostaci sa istraenih lokaliteta, mart 2014. godine ...................177

4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................185 Zakljuak ......................................................................................................185

5. References.....................................................................................................190 Bibliografija ..................................................................................................190

6. Affiliation of authors.....................................................................................198 Afilijacije autora ...........................................................................................198

7. List of illustrations ........................................................................................200 Spisak ilustracija ...........................................................................................200

8. List of Tables ................................................................................................204 Spisak tabela .................................................................................................204

71. Introduction

By Marc Vander Linden and Ivana Pandi

Archaeological research on the Neolithic period in Bosnia and Her-zegovina has a long history. Through the work of pioneers such as uro Basler and Alojz Benac, several Neo-lithic sites of Bosnia and Herzegovi-na prominently feature in the special-ist literature. Unfortunately though, since the excavation of Obre I and II in the 1960s (Benac 1973a, b Gimb-utas 1974), Neolithic research in this country has been somewhat limited in scale, with the noticeable excep-tion of the work recently undertak-en in Okolite and its surroundings (Hoffman et al. 2009, Furholt 2012, Mller et al. 2013, Hoffman 2014). Furthermore, archaeological field-work has, generally speaking, been rather conservative and essentially site-focused. Landscape-oriented surveys are rare, especially when compared to several projects carried since the 1980s in surrounding coun-tries and regions from former Yugo-slavia (e.g. contributions in Chap-man et al. 1988, Chapman, Shiel and Batovic 1987).

As the distribution of Neolithic sites inventoried in the Archaeolog-

1. Uvod

Autori: Marc Vander Linden i Ivana Pandi

Arheoloko istraivanje neolitskog perioda u Bosni i Hercegovini ima dugu istoriju. Zahvaljujui radu za-etnika, poput ure Baslera i Alojza Benca, nekoliko neolitskih lokaliteta Bosne i Hercegovine zauzimaju zna-ajno mjesto u strunoj literaturi. Na-alost, od istraivanja na lokacijama Obre I i II tokom 60-ih godina dvade-setog vijeka (Benac 1973a, b Gimbu-tas 1974), istraivanje neolita u BiH bilo je donekle ogranienih razmjera, s izuzetkom nedavno poduzetog rada u Okolitu i njegovoj okolini. (Hoff-man i dr. 2009, Furholt 2012, Mller i dr. 2013, Hoffman 2014). Pored toga, arheoloka istraivanja na te-renu su, generalno gledano, prilino konzervativna i, u osnovi, usmje-rena na sam lokalitet istraivanja. Rijetka su istraivanja orijentisana na pejza, naroito u poreenju sa nekoliko projekata realizovanih od 1980-ih godina u okolnim zemljama i regijama iz nekadanje Jugoslavije (npr. doprinosi u Chapman i dr. 1988, Chapman, Shiel and Batovic 1987).

Kao to se moe dobro vidjeti na primjeru distribucije lokaliteta iz perioda neolita popisanih u Arheo-

8Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

ical Lexicon exemplifies well (Fig-ure 1), our contemporary knowledge of the Neolithic period in Bosnia and Herzegovina is to a large extent shaped by site excavations of ex-tremely varied size and quality, dis-tributed in a very uneven way across the country. Relatively high concen-trations in central and north-eastern Bosnia are noticeable, as in the Kon-jic area in Herzegovina. Otherwise, most of the territory is nearly de-void of any sites, as for instance the Bosanska Krajina.

Figure 1: Distribution of Neolithic sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina (af-ter Pandi, 2014.)

lokom leksikonu (Slika 1), nae sa-vremeno znanje neolitskog perioda u Bosni i Hercegovini je, u velikoj mjeri, oblikovano iskopavanjima lo-kaliteta prilino razliitih po veliini i kvalitetu, nejednako rasporeenih irom zemlje. Uoljive su relativno visoke koncentracije u centralnoj i sjeveroistonoj Bosni, kao na po-druju Konjica u Hercegovini, dok, inae, veina prostora skoro da nema nikakvih lokaliteta, kao to je to, na primjer, sluaj sa Bosanskom Krajinom.

Slika 1: Distribucija neolitskih lo-kaliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini (pre-ma Pandi, 2014.)

9The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

This report presents the results of several years of archaeological field-work carried out in the region of the lower Vrbas River, Republika Srps-ka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which aimed at filling this damaging docu-mentary gap. Investigations were un-dertaken during five field seasons, in November 2009, March 2010, March 2012, March 2013 and March 2014. Although the administrative settings, institutional partners and wider sci-entific goals varied over the years, the overall scientific goals were set from the beginning onwards: first-ly, through systematic field-walking and augering surveys, check for the potential existence of Neolithic sites and gather data on their environmen-tal setting; secondly, excavate, albe-it at a relatively small-scale, one of these sites in order to maximise the retrieval of both artefacts and eco-facts.

After short exploratory work con-ducted in November 2009 under the supervision of Prof. Charles French (University of Cambridge), further survey and site testing, including at Koievo (see chapter 2) were con-ducted in March 2010, as part of the Prehistoric landscapes of the Sava River project, co-directed by Ms. Iva-na Pandi (Museum of the Republi-ka Srpska), and Dr. Preston Miracle (University of Cambridge). Follow-

Ovaj izvjetaj predstavlja rezulta-te viegodinjeg arheolokog rada na terenu na podruju donjeg toka rije-ke Vrbas, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina, iji je cilj bio ispuniti ovu prazninu u dokumentovanju. Istraivanja su izvrena tokom pet sezona terenskog rada, u novembru 2009., martu 2010., martu 2012., martu 2013. i martu 2014. godine. Iako su administracija, institucional-ni partneri i iri nauni ciljevi varira-li tokom godina, opti nauni ciljevi su odreeni od samog poetka: prvo, putem sistematskog rekognosciranja i istraivanja terena arheolokom burgijom za uzimanje uzoraka tla i sedimenata ispitati mogue posto-janje neolitskih lokaliteta i prikupiti podatke o njihovoj okolici; drugo, istraiti, ak i ako se radi o relativno manjim razmjerama, jedan od tih lo-kaliteta kako bi se povealo pronala-enje i artefakata i ekofakata.

Nakon kratkog istraivakog rada u novembru 2009. godine, pod vod-stvom prof. dr Charles French-a (Uni-verzitet u Kembridu / University of Cambridge), u sklopu projekta Pra-istorijski pejzai rijeke Save, a koji su vodili ga. Ivana Pandi (Muzej Republike Srpske) i dr Preston Mi-racle (Univerzitet u Kembridu), u martu 2010. godine izvren je daljni pregled i ispitivanje lokaliteta, uklju-ujui i Koievo (vidjeti poglavlje

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ing previous research by the same group in the Vrbas and Sana River valleys (Pandi 2014: 57-80), this particular project originally focused upon the Palaeolithic period, and in-vestigations on the Neolithic were incidental. Given the positive results gained at Koievo, a new research project, Delayed neolithisation in the Western Balkans, was launched in 2011 and explicitly dedicated to the Neolithic. As part of it, a field season was conducted in March 2012, under the joint supervision of Ms. Ivana Pandi and Dr. Marc Vander Linden (then University of Leicester). Since October 2012, all fieldwork and lab-oratory research is carried out as part of a larger five-year research project, EUROFARM, which also focuses on the Neolithic period (see Vander Lin-den et al. 2013). A last digging field season was conducted in March 2013 in Koievo (directed by Ms. Ivana Pandi, and Dr. Marc Vander Lin-den, now University College Lon-don), followed by a survey in the Gradika area in March 2014 (same directorial team).

This volume is organised in two complimentary sections. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the investigations in Koievo, starting from the limited geoarchaeological and archaeologi-cal assessment from 2009 and 2010, to the 2012 and 2013 excavations,

2). Nakon prethodnog istraivanja od strane istog tima u dolinama Vr-basa i Save (Pandi 2014: 57-80), ovaj projekat se prvobitno fokusirao na period paleolita, a istraivanja vezana za neolit su bila sluajna. S obzirom na pozitivne rezultate iz Koieva, 2011. godine zapoet je novi istraivaki projekat, Odloena neolitizacija na zapadnom Balkanu, iskljuivo posveen neolitu. Kao dio tog projekta, u martu 2012. godine izvren je rad na terenu pod zajedni-kim vodstvom mr Ivane Pandi i dr. Marc Vander Lindena (u to vrijeme Univerzitet u Lesteru / University of Leicester). Od oktobra 2012. godine sav terenski rad i laboratorijsko istra-ivanje obavljaju se kao dio veeg petogodinjeg istraivakog projek-ta, EUROFARM, koji se takoe foku-sira na neolitski period (vidjeti Van-der Linden i dr. 2013). Posljednja se-zona terenskih iskopavanja izvrena je u martu 2013. godine u Koievu (pod vodstvom mr Ivane Pandi i dr Marc Vander Lindena (sada Univer-zitetski koled London / University College London - UCL), a zatim je, u martu 2014. godine, uraen terenski pregled na podruju Gradike (pod vodstvom istog tima).

Predoena publikacija sastoji se od dva komplementarna dijela. Po-glavlje 2 je posveeno istraivanjima u Koievu, poevi od ograniene

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The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

including preliminary information on the archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, and lithic technology. This relative emphasis upon archaeological sci-ence is related to the general focus of this volume upon the understanding of Neolithic landscapes, rather than mere sites. Whilst this is, in the pres-ent state of affairs, partly at the ex-pense of material culture, more clas-sical aspects of archaeological in-quiry, such as pottery which is hardly discussed in this text, will be covered in future publications. Chapter 3 pre-sents the results of the 2014 field sur-vey, and is thus more concerned with the understanding of the wider land-scape and environmental setting of Koievo and other, smaller, archae-ological sites tested in 2014. As the various analyses are still in progress, in particular within the framework of the EUROFARM project, this volume does not offer a definitive account of these many years of fieldwork. Yet, we consider that these important re-sults deserve an early publication, highlighting the outstanding archae-ological potential of the Neolithic landscapes of the lower Vrbas River.

geoarheoloke i arheoloke procjene iz 2009. i 2010. godine pa do iskopa-vanja 2012. i 2013. godine, ukljuu-jui preliminarne podatke o arheobo-tanici, arheozoologiji i kremenoj teh-nologiji. Ovo relativno naglaavanje arheoloke nauke je povezano sa op-tom usmjerenou rada na razumi-jevanje neolitskih pejzaa, prije nego na puke lokalitete. S obzirom da je ovo izdanje, kad je u pitanju trenutno stanje, djelomino na tetu materijal-ne kulture, budua izdanja e uklju-iti klasinije aspekte arheolokog istraivanja, kao to je keramika, o kojoj se u ovom tekstu malo govori.

U poglavlju 3 prikazani su rezulta-ti terenskog rekognosciranja iz 2014. godine, pa se zbog toga vie bavi ra-zumijevanjem ireg pejzaa i okru-enja Koieva i drugih, manjih, ar-heolokih lokaliteta ispitanih u 2014. godini. Budui da su mnoge analize jo uvijek u toku, naroito u okviru projekta EUROFARM, ovaj rad ne predstavlja konaan prikaz viego-dinjeg terenskog rada. Ipak, smatra-mo da ovi znaajni rezultati zasluu-ju ranije objavljivanje, istiui izrazit arheoloki potencijal neolitskih pej-zaa donjeg toka rijeke Vrbas.

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2. Archaeological investigations on the Neolithic site of Koievo

2.1 Presentation of the site and results

By Marc Vander Linden, Ivana Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan Vujinovi, Ljubia Srdi, Ljiljana Pareanin, Gary Marriner, David Or-ton, Tonko Rajkovaa and Charles French

Presentation and history of research

The site of Koievo is located in the alluvial plain of the Vrbas river, 5 km to the south of the Vrbas-Sava confluence, at an altitude of c. 98m above sea level (estimation based upon combined SRTM and Google Earth data). The site lies in a field of approximatively 150m by 150m, bordered to the South-East by the modern farmstead and associated driveway, to the East and North by a line of trees masking a small running stream, and to the South by the road linking Nova Topola to the Banja Luka road (Figure 2). It is divided in two roughly equal sectors by a gen-tle East-facing slope. Archaeological fieldwork on the site has been spread over four field seasons from 2009 un-til 2013.

2. Arheoloka istraivanja na neolitskom lokalitetu Koievo

2.1. Prikaz lokaliteta i rezultati

Autori: Marc Vander Linden, Iva-na Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan Vujinovi, Ljubia Srdi, Ljiljana Pareanin, Gary Marriner, David Orton, Tonko Rajkovaa i Charles French

Prikaz i istorijat istraivanja

Lokalitet Koievo se nalazi u aluvijalnoj ravnici rijeke Vrbas, 5 km juno od ua Vrbasa u Savu, na nadmorskoj visini od oko 98 m (pro-cjena je uraena na osnovu kombina-cije SRTM i Google Earth podataka). Lokalitet se nalazi na polju veliine oko 150 m sa 150 m, na jugoistoku omeen savremenim gazdinstvom i pripadajuim prilazom, na istoku i sjeveru nizom drvea koja prikrivaju mali potok, a na jugu cestom koja po-vezuje Novu Topolu sa Banjalukom (Slika 2). Blagom padinom okrenu-toj prema istoku podijeljen je na dva priblino jednaka dijela. Arheoloki terenski rad na lokalitetu obuhvata etiri sezone, od 2009. do 2013. go-dine.

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Geoarchaeological investigations were first conducted in November 2009 by Professor Charles French, Mr. Gary Marriner and Mr. Tonko Rajkovaa, from the University of Cambridge. Funding was provided by University of Cambridge, the Mu-seum of the Republika Srpska, and the Republic Institute for Protection of Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage. This short visit included a preliminary augering survey of the site, and visual inspection of the ex-posed profile of a modern well (Mar-riner et al. 2011; see section 2.2). Work remained limited to further au-gering and the opening of three 2x1m test pits in March 2010. Despite the small-scale of the work, the results were very promising and confirmed the presence of a Late Neolithic set-tlement on the site. Accordingly, larger trenches were opened in two different sectors of the site in both March 2012 and March 2013.

Figure 2: Koievo, site plan

Prva geoarheoloka istraivanja su, u novembru 2009. godine, izvrili prof. dr Charles French, Gary Marri-ner i mr Tonko Rajkovaa sa Uni-verziteta u Kembridu. Finansijska sredstva su osigurali Univerzitet u Kembridu, Muzej Republike Srpske i Republiki zavod za zatitu kultur-no - istorijskog i prirodnog nasljea RS. Ovaj kratki pregled se sastojao od preliminarnog istraivanja loka-liteta arheolokom burgijom i vizu-elnog ispitivanja otvorenog profila savremenog bunara (Marriner et al. 2011; vidjeti dio 2.2). U martu 2010. godine, rad na daljnim buotinama i otvaranju tri probne sonde dimenzija 2x1 m je bio ogranien. Iako je rad bio manjih razmjera, rezultati su bili krajnje obeavajui i potvrdili su po-stojanje kasnoneolitskog naselja na lokalitetu. U skladu s tim, u martu 2012. godine i martu 2013. godine, otvorene su vee sonde na dva razli-ita podruja lokaliteta.

Slika 2: Koievo, plan lokaliteta

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Results

A first series of boreholes was un-dertaken in Nov. 2009, and the sur-vey was then completed in March 2010. A total of 18 boreholes were made, spaced at 10m and 20m inter-vals. As the results have already been published elsewhere (Marriner et al. 2011; see section 2.2), we will only recall the most significant elements here. This borehole survey and the associated geomorphological inquiry have demonstrated that the archaeo-logical site sits on a gravel riverbank, related to the presence of a palaeo-channel stretching between the low-est point of the East-facing slope, and the modern stream of water to the East and North. Examinations of the profiles of two test pits (see be-low), and of a well sitting on top of the slope, indicated the existence of preserved archaeological features.

The next phase of archaeological activity dates to March 2010. Work-ing conditions were limited by heavy snowfall, and the site was obscured by a snow cover up to 30cm thick (Figure 3). Despite this, two test pits were opened. Test Pit 1 was set close to the beginning of the slope, while Test Pit 2 was located c.50m west of the modern stream. After removal of the top soil, all test pits were exca-vated by artificial spits of 10cm, and all recovered material culture record-

Rezultati

Prva serija buotina uraena je u novembru 2009. godine, a istraiva-nje je zatim zavreno u martu 2010. godine. Napravljeno je ukupno 18 buotina, sa razmacima od 10 m i 20 m. Budui da su rezultati ve objav-ljeni na drugom mjestu (Marriner et al. 2011; vidjeti dio 2.2), ovde emo samo podsjetiti na najznaajnije ele-mente. Ovo ispitivanje buotina i pratee geomorfoloko istraivanje su pokazali da arheoloki lokalitet lei na ljunkovitoj obali rijeke, koja je vezana za prisustvo paleokanala koji se prua izmeu najnie take padine okrenute prema istoku i sa-vremenog vodenog toka na istoku i sjeveru. Istraivanja profila dvije probne sonde (vidjeti ispod) i bunara smjetenog na vrhu padine ukazala su na postojanje ouvanih arheolo-kih cjelina.

Naredna faza arheoloke aktiv-nosti datira iz marta 2010. godine. Jake snijene padavine ograniile su uslove rada, a lokalitet je bio teko vidljiv od snijega dubine i do 30 cm (Slika 3). I pored toga, otvorene su dvije probne sonde. Probna sonda 1 postavljena je blizu poetka padine, dok se probna sonda 2 nalazila oko 50 m zapadno od savremenog poto-ka. Nakon uklanjanja povrinskog sloja zemlje (humusa), probne sonde su istraivane vjetakim otkopnim

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ed accordingly. While Test Pit 2 only yielded a few artefacts set in a dark beige silty material with red inclu-sions and charcoal fragments, exca-vations of Test Pit 1 reached a depth of 1m, and led to the discovery of an extensive assemblage of flint arte-facts, potsherds, and animal bones. Because of the weather, the test pit could not be bottomed on that day. Work resumed later in the month; after emptying the backfill of Test Pit 1, three further 10cm spits were done, before reaching at a depth of 130cm a level of yellow-grey sand, then interpreted at the summit of the riverbank. This last stratigraphic unit proved to be rich in material culture and bones, indicating the existence of a Neolithic archaeological site (Figure 4). Two further test pits, TP 3 and 4, were dug at 5m intervals to the north of Test Pit 1. Both test pits were characterised by a succession of modern plough soil (c. 0-25cm), and then the same dark beige silty unit as in Test Pit 2. Both were bottomed at 80cm deep and did not yield signifi-cant amount of material culture.

slojevima od 10 cm, a sva pronae-na materijalna kultura zabiljeena shodno tome. Dok je probna sonda 2 sadravala samo nekoliko artefaka-ta smjetenih u tamno be muljeviti materijal sa crvenim primjesama i djeliima uglja, iskopavanja prob-ne sonde 1 dostigla su dubinu od 1 m i dovela do otkria obimne zbirke kremenih artefakata, fragmenata ke-ramike i ivotinjskih kostiju. Zbog vremenskih prilika nije bilo mogue tog dana doi do samog dna probne sonde. S radom se nastavilo kasnije u toku mjeseca; nakon pranjenja zatr-panog dijela probne sonde 1 uraena su jo tri otkopna sloja od 10cm prije nego to se na dubini od 130 cm do-lo do sloja uto sivog pijeska, koji je zatim protumaen na vrhu okomite krivine rijene obale. Ova posljednja stratigrafska jedinica pokazala se bo-gatom u pogledu materijalne kulture i kostiju, ukazujui na postojanje ne-olitskog arheolokog lokaliteta (Sli-ka 4). Dvije druge probne sonde, TP 3 i TP 4, kopane su u razmacima od 5 m sjeverno od probne sonde 1. Obje probne sonde su imale karakteristike nastavka savremenog izbrazdanog tla (oko 0-25 cm), kao i iste tamno be muljevite jedinice kao u probnoj sondi 2. Obje su kopane do dubine od 80 cm i nisu sadravale znaajnu ko-liinu materijalne kulture.

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Figure 3: Koievo, under the snow

Figure 4: Koievo, Test Pit 1 bottom

Slika 3: Koievo, pod snije-gom

Slika 4: Koievo, dno probne sonde 1

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Preliminary analysis of the ce-ramic assemblage found at Koie-vo was undertaken in July 2010 as part of a wider study of all ceramic material discovered in surveys and excavations up to March 2010. As the full analysis remains to be un-dertaken, only preliminary results are presented here. The ceramic as-semblage includes 1089 potsherds, for a total weight of 14972g. Without much surprise given the context of recovery, the part of the assemblage coming from the survey is relatively heterogeneous. The bulk of the pot-sherds bears a strong resemblance to the material recovered from the test pits, but significant numbers also point to the Bronze Age, without further precision, the Medieval/Otto-man period, as well as a small mod-ern component. The dominant fabric is characterised by grey inner and outer surfaces, lack of visible tem-per, whilst some finer sherds are also noticeable. Few shapes point without any doubt to the Bronze Age (e.g. open cups), as well as to the Late Neolithic / Eneolithic (e.g. decorated potsherds reminiscent of the Lasinja group).

Pottery coming from Test Pit 1 by contrast presents a much more homogeneous character, with some elements of coarser ware (e.g. dark grey to black polished surface, pink-

Preliminarna analiza keramike zbirke pronaene u Koievu zapo-eta je u julu 2010. godine kao dio ire studije ukupnog keramikog materijala otkrivenog tokom istrai-vanja i iskopavanja do marta 2010. godine. Budui da se potpuna ana-liza tek treba uraditi, ovde su pred-stavljeni samo preliminarni rezultati. Keramika zbirka ukljuuje 1089 fragmenata keramike, ukupne tei-ne 14972 g. S obzirom na kontekst pronalaenja nije mnogo iznenau-jue da je dio zbirke naene tokom istraivanja relativno heterogen. Vei dio komadia keramike je jako slian materijalu pronaenom u probnim sondama, ali znaajan broj takoe ukazuje na bronzano doba, bez ve-eg preciziranja, srednjovjekovni/otomanski period, kao i na manju savremenu komponentu. Dominantu strukturu karakteriu sive unutranje i vanjske povrine, nedostatak vidlji-ve izmjene, dok su primjetni i neki finiji komadii. Nekoliko oblika, bez sumnje, ukazuju na bronzano doba (npr. otvorene olje) kao i na ka-sni neolit/eneolit (npr. ukraeni fra-gmenti keramike koji podsjeaju na lasinjsku grupu).

S druge strane, keramika iz probne sonde 1 ima homogeniji karakter, sa ponekim elementima grublje fakture (npr. tamno siva do crna ulatena po-vrina, ruiasto - siva unutranja po-

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ish-grey inner surface, apparent min-eral inclusions in the fabric), as well as several large potsherds belonging to diagnostic Sopot forms (especially cylindrical bases). Far less material was recovered from Test Pit 2, and was more fragmented and diverse in terms of pottery fabric.

2012 field season

On basis of the positive results of the 2010 field season, it was decid-ed to re-investigate the site in 2012. A 15x2/3m trial trench was placed across the break of slope between the well profile and the former flood-plain about 75m north-east of the farmhouse. The goal was to expose the contact between the palaeochan-nel and the river bank, as well as to expose as much as possible the sur-face of the latter in order to check for the presence of potential features. After removal of the topsoil over the entire surface of the trench, excava-tions were organised in a series of artificial 20cm spits, each of them being assigned a given context num-ber. Whilst the trench was laid over a total length of 15m, only half of it was dug entirely. Boreholes were indeed dug at 5m intervals in order to check for the depth of the deposit. The sandy material of the riverbank appeared only at a depth of 75cm un-

vrina, vidljive primjese na struktu-ri), kao i nekoliko velikih fragmenata keramike koji pripadaju dijagnosti-nim sopotskim oblicima (naroito cilindrine zdjele). U probnoj sondi 2 pronaeno je znatno manje materi-jala, a u pogledu keramike strukture vie je fragmentirano i raznovrsnije.

Rad na terenu, sezona 2012

Na osnovu pozitivnih rezulta-ta terenske sezone iz 2010. godine odlueno je da se lokalitet ponovo istrai u 2012. godine. Probna son-da veliine 15x2/3 m postavljena je preko prekida padine izmeu profila bunara i nekadanjeg plavnog po-druja oko 75 m sjeveroistono od gazdinstva. Cilj je bio otkriti vezu izmeu paleokanala i obale rijeke, kao i da se, to je mogue vie, otkri-je povrina obale kako bi se ispitalo postojanje potencijalnih arheolokih cjelina. Nakon uklanjanja povrin-skog sloja zemlje sa itave povrine sonde, iskopavanja su organizovana u niz vjetakih otkopnih slojeva od 20 cm, a svakom je dodijeljen odre-en broj konteksta. Meutim, dok je sonda bila postavljena u ukupnoj duini od 15 m, samo polovina je u potpunosti iskopana. Buotine su iskopane u razmacima od 5 m kako bi se ispitala dubina naslaga. Pjea-ni materijal obale rijeke se pojavio

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der the surface of the ploughsoil at the eastern end of the trench, and it was therefore decided to focus only on the western half of the trench (squares A8-B8 to A15-B15) where the auger indicated the existence of thicker deposits.

As detailed in the geoarchaeology section (see section 2.2), the first me-ter or so of deposits under the plough soil corresponds to three successive sedimentary horizons, each of them corresponding to a mixing of alluvi-al and colluvial sediments under the action of an ancient plough (or over-bank; contexts 1129-1131). All three horizons have yielded relatively large quantities of bones and pottery which, interestingly, present a high-er rate of fragmentation in the two higher overbank horizons (Figure 5). This confirms that the sedimen-tary matrix was subject to recurrent mechanical action, probably related to the use of a plough.

na dubini od 75cm ispod povrine oranice na istonom kraju sonde, pa je zbog toga odlueno da se usmje-ri samo na zapadnu polovinu sonde, (kvadranti A8-B8 do A15-B15) gdje je arheolokom burgijom ukazano na postojanje debljih naslaga.

Kao to je detaljnije prikazano u geoarheolokom dijelu (vidjeti dio 2.2), prvi metar, ili priblino tome, naslaga ispod oranice odgovara trima sukcesivnim sedimentnim horizonti-ma, od kojih svaki od njih odgovara mjeavini aluvijalnih i koluvijalnih sedimenata pod djelovanjem drev-nog pluga (ili sedimentna faza; konteksti 1129-1131). U sva tri ho-rizonta pronaena je relativno velika koliina kostiju i keramike koja, to je zanimljivo, predstavlja vei stepen fragmentiranja u dva via horizonta sedimentne faze (Slika 5). Ovo po-tvruje da je sedimentarna matrica bila predmet ponavljajueg mehani-kog djelovanja, vjerovatno u vezi sa upotrebom pluga.

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Figure 5: Koievo, Harris matrix for the 2012 trench, and correspond-ing pottery fragmentation rate

Towards the western end of the trench, in squares A14 and B14, a large lump of red clay-ish material with plant inclusions was observed some 30cm under the base of the plough soil, in context 1130. In or-der to understand the nature of this potential feature, it was decided to enlarge the edge of the trench, with the addition of five extra square me-ters to the south and west (squares A16, B16, Z14, Z15 and Z16). This feature appeared to be a large piece of daub , which could have collapsed in situ and/or moved over a relatively limited distance. Its date remains un-

Slika 5: Koievo, Harrisova ma-trica za sondu iz 2012. godine i od-govarajui stepen fragmentovanja keramike

Prema zapadnom kraju sonde, u kvadrantima A14 i B14, uoena je velika gomila crvenog glinastog materijala sa biljnim primjesama, otprilike 30 cm ispod dna oranice, u kontekstu 1130. Kako bi se razumje-la priroda ove potencijalne arheolo-ke cjeline odlueno je da se povea ivica sonde dodavanjem dodatnih pet kvadratnih metara prema jugu i zapadu (kvadranti A16, B16, Z14, Z15 i Z16). Ispostavilo se da je ova cjelina zapravo veliki komad buke koji se mogao sruiti in situ i/ili biti premjeten sa relativno ograniene

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certain, but the presence of grains of millet (Panicum miliaceum; see 2.4) suggests that it belongs to or post-dates the Bronze Age.

At a depth of c. 1m, a thick bur-ied soil (c.30-40cm), comparable to the lowest deposits observed in 2010 in Test Pit 1, was exposed (context 1132; figures 6-7). This buried soil has hardly been disturbed, as indicat-ed by the low rate of fragmentation of the material culture, and possibly only subject to some input of alluvial material. This last element was also suggested by the spatial organisation of some of the archaeological re-mains, characterised by discrete con-centrations of finds (Figure 8).

Figure 6: Koievo, 2012 Trench, profile (picture)

udaljenosti. Datiranje ovog nalaza je neizvjesno, ali prisustvo zrna prosa (Panicum miliaceum; vidjeti 2.4) na-vodi na to da pripada periodu bronza-nog doba ili periodu poslije.

Na dubini od oko 1m otkriveni su debeli pohranjeni slojevi zemlji-ta (oko 30 - 40 cm), koji se mogu uporediti sa najniim naslagama uo-enim 2010. godine u probnoj sondi 1 (kontekst 1132; slike 6 - 7). Ovaj sloj zemljita gotovo da nije pore-meen, a na to ukazuje nizak stepen fragmentovanja materijalne kulture i ta injenica samo upuuje na odre-eni uticaj aluvijalnog materijala. Na ovaj posljednji element takoe ukazuje prostorna organizacija nekih arheolokih ostataka, koje odlikuju diskretne nakupine nalaza (Slika 8).

Slika 6: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, profil (slika)

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Figure 7: Koievo, 2012 Trench, profile (drawing)

Figure 8: Koievo, 2012 trench, buried soil, concentration of finds

Slika 7: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, profil (crte)

Slika 8: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, geoloki pohranjeni slojevi zemljita, koncentracija nalaza

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Cutting through the buried soil and the underlying sand river bank, were a series of overlapping pits (contexts 1133-1136). Although the possible presence of features in this area of the site had been suspected on basis of the limited test pits in 2010 (Mar-riner et al. 2011), their discovery was somewhat unexpected and lucky giv-en the limited extent of the trench. The main feature appears to be a pit, which has be re-cut five to six successive times, hence its present irregular shape (Figure 9). Another, smaller, pit was also partially exca-vated. None of them could be fully excavated, as they both extended be-yond the limits of excavation. This however allowed to record their sec-tions in direct correspondence to the overall stratigraphic sequence of the trench. Both pits only yielded limit-ed material culture (less than 50 pot-sherds each, for a combined weight of c.2kg), but which confirms their date to the Late Neolithic period.

Niz isprepletenih jama presjeca pohranjeni sloj zemlje i pjeanu ri-jenu obalu ispod njega. (kontekst 1133-1136). Iako se na mogue pri-sustvo arheolokih cjelina na ovom podruju lokaliteta sumnjalo na osnovu ogranienih sondi iz 2010. godine (Marriner i dr. 2011), njihovo otkrie je, s obzirom na ogranienu veliinu sonde, u neku ruku bilo neo-ekivano i rezultat sretnih okolnosti. ini se da je glavna arheoloka cjeli-na jama koja je uzastopno presjecana pet do est puta, te otud njen sadanji nepravilni oblik (Slika 9). Jo jed-na, manja, jama je takoe djelomi-no iskopana. Nijedna od njih se nije mogla u potpunosti iskopati poto su se obje prostirale izvan granica isko-pavanja. Ovo je, meutim, omogui-lo da se zabiljee njihovi presjeci u direktnoj podudarnosti sa ukupnom stratigrafskom sekvencom sonde. U obje jame pronaena je samo ogra-niena materijalna kultura (manje od 50 fragmenata keramike u svakoj, ukupne teine od cca 2 kg), ali koja potvruje da datiraju iz kasnoneolit-skog perioda.

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Figure 9: Koievo, 2012 trench pit with re-cuts

When the excavations of all fea-tures was completed, a smaller cut through the main body of the river-bank was also done, in order to check its geology (Figure 10).

Slika 9: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, sa presjecima / jamama

Nakon to je zavreno iskopavanje svih arheolokih cjelina napravljen je i manji presjek kroz glavni dio obale rijeke, kako bi se ispitala njena geo-logija (Slika 10).

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Figure 10: Koievo, 2012 trench, cut through riverbank

2013 field season

Following the results of the 2012 field season, and especially the dis-covery and good preservation of Ne-olithic cut features, it was decided to shift the attention to the upper part of the field. This sector had previously been out of reach for any archaeolog-ical activity because of a strawberry field which the local farmer did not want to be damaged. In 2013 how-ever, this strawberry field had been removed, and the upper area of the

Slika 10: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, presjek kroz obalu rijeke

Rad na terenu, sezona 2013

Nakon rezultata rada na terenu iz 2012. godine, naroito kada se radi o otkriu i dobroj ouvanosti neolitskih presjeenih arheolokih cjelina, od-lueno je da se panja preusmjeri na gornji dio terena. Ovo podruje ranije je bilo nedostupno za bilo kakvu ar-heoloku aktivnost zbog polja jagoda za koje lokalni poljoprivrednik nije htio da se oteti. Meutim, 2013. go-dine ovo polje jagoda je uklonjeno, pa su tako omoguena iskopavanja

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field became available for exca-vations. After discussion with the landowner, a 5x5m trench was thus opened. The extent of the excavation was decided in order to maximise the potential observation and recovery of cut features, otherwise challenging in narrow trenches. This field season was marked by difficult climatic con-ditions, as heavy rain forced to can-cel one day of work during the first week, whilst snow and cold tempera-tures marked the second week. These conditions required the construction of a shelter above the work area, without which any activity would have been possible during the second week (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Koievo, 2013 trench

na gornjem podruju polja. Nakon pregovora sa vlasnikom zemljita uslijedilo je otvaranje sonde veliine 5x5 m. Odluka o obimu iskopavanja donesena je kako bi se povealo po-tencijalno opaanje i otkrivanje pre-sjeenih arheolokih cjelina to inae predstavlja izazov u uskim sondama. Ova sezona rada na terenu obiljeena je tekim klimatskim uslovima, pa se zbog jake kie morao otkazati jedan dan rada tokom prve sedmice, dok su snijeg i niske temperature obiljeili drugu sedmicu. Zbog ovakvih uslova bilo je potrebno napraviti sklonite iznad povrine rada, bez kojeg nijed-na aktivnost, tokom druge sedmice, ne bi bila mogua. (Slika 11).

Slika 11: Koievo, sonda iz 2013. godine

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After removal of the plough soil, excavations were conducted in arti-ficial 10cm spits. In this part of the field, the plough soil presents a depth of 30-40cm (context 1150). This is followed by a brown loam layer, mixed with charcoal and few burnt clay inclusions. This layer, heavy with roots and worm activity, is pre-served over 60cm, and probably cor-responds to one of the overbank ho-rizons (mix of alluvial and colluvial material, mixed by ancient plough activity) observed in the same strati-graphic position during the 2012 field season (contexts 1151-1153, 1155, 1157-1159, 1160-1164, 1166-1169). At the difference of the 2012 sequence however, this layer rests directly upon the late Pleistocene / early Holocene compacted gravel that forms the core of the old river-bank (Figures 12-13). It appears that the layer of sand, on which the buried soil rich in archaeological finds de-veloped, is absent here as there was probably never enough river activity to leave such deposits in this particu-lar topographic position.

Nakon uklanjanja oranice iskopa-vanja su vrena u vjetakim otko-pnim slojevima od 10 cm. U ovom dijelu polja, oranica je dubine 30 - 40 cm (kontekst 1150). Zatim sli-jedi smei sloj ilovae pomijean sa ugljem i nekoliko sagorjelih glinenih primjesa. Ovaj sloj, sa dosta korije-nja i djelovanja crva, ouvan je preko 60 cm i vjerovatno odgovara jednom od horizonata sedimentne faze (mje-avina aluvijalnog i koluvijalnog materijala, rezultat drevnog oranja) uoenog u istoj stratigrafskoj poziciji tokom rada na terenu u sezoni 2012. godine (konteksti 1151-1153, 1155, 1157-1159, 1160-1164, 1166-1169). Meutim, za razliku od sekvence iz 2012. godine, ovaj sloj direktno lei na kompaktnom ljunku iz kasnog pleistocena / ranog holocena, a koji formira jezgru stare obale rijeke (Sli-ke 12-13). ini se da sloj pijeska na kojem su se razvili geoloki pohra-njeni slojevi zemljita bogati arheo-lokim nalazima ovde nije prisutan poto, vjerovatno, nikad nije bilo dovoljno aktivnosti same rijeke da bi ostavila takve naslage na ovoj topo-grafskoj poziciji.

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Figure 12: Koievo, 2013 trench, profile (picture)

Figure 13: Koievo, 2013 trench, profile (drawing)

Potentially the most interesting and certainly the less expected dis-covery of the 2013 field season is a near complete, articulated human skeleton, found at a depth of c. 40cm under the base of the modern plough soil (context 1156; Figure 14). This partial skeleton was found directly against the NE profile of the trench, and thus required the opening of two supplementary square meters in or-der to expose it entirely. The skeleton was lying on its back, the lower torso

Slika 12: Koievo, sonda iz 2013. godine, profil (slika)

Slika 13: Koievo, sonda iz 2013. godine, profil (crte)

Potencijalno najinteresantnije - i svakako manje oekivano otkrie tokom terenskog rada u sezoni 2013. godine je artikulisani ljudski skelet, ne u potpunosti itav, otkriven na du-bini od oko 40 cm ispod dna savre-mene oranice (kontekst 1156; Slika 14). Ovaj nepotpuni skelet pronaen je tik uz sjeveroistoni (SI) profil son-de, a da bi se u potpunosti otkrio, bilo je potrebno otvoriti jo dva kvadrat-na metra. Skelet je bio na leima, a donji dio torza pod uglom od pribli-

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being at an angle of roughly 30 de-grees with the legs. The right leg was placed above the left one. Most of the upper part of the body, including the entire cranial bones (with the ex-ception of a tooth found in secondary position, see below), was absent and was destroyed by a later feature. The right arm was only represented by the lower part, while the left arm was found complete. As for the rest of the skeleton, the right arm was found in anatomical order, and presented a strong flexed position, the hand lying above the right shoulder (Figure 15). A full bioanthropological assessment can be found in section 2.6.

Figure 14: Koievo, 2013 trench, human skeleton (context 1156) (pic-ture)

no 30 stepeni sa nogama. Desna noga je bila preko lijeve. Vei dio gornjeg dijela tijela, ukljuujui sve kosti lobanje (osim zuba pronaenog na sekundarnoj poziciji, vidjeti ispod) nedostajao je i uniten je kasnijom arheolokom cjelinom. Desnu ruku inio je samo donji dio, dok je lije-va ruka naena potpuna. to se tie ostatka skeleta, desna ruka je prona-ena anatomskim redom i bila je u jako savijenoj poziciji, sa akom po-loenoj iznad desnog ramena (Slika 15). Cijela bioantropoloka procjena moe se vidjeti u poglavlju 2.6..

Slika 14: Koievo, sonda iz 2013. godine, ljudski skelet (kontekst 1156) (slika)

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Figure 15: Koievo, 2013 trench, human skeleton (context 1156) (plan)

Neither associated cut nor specific fill were observed, and the skeleton was found in the same soil matrix as the rest of the surrounding layer. This is hardly surprising given the amount of bioturbation, both roots and worms, characterising this layer. No grave goods were found, which make

Slika 15: Koievo, sonda iz 2013. godine, ljudski skelet (kontekst 1156) (plan)

Nisu primjeeni ni pripadajui pre-sjek ni konkretna ispuna, a skelet je naen u istoj matrici tla kao i ostatak okolnog sloja. Ovo ne udi imajui u vidu koliinu bioturbacije, ukljuu-jui i korijenje i crve, koja karakteri-e ovaj sloj. Nije pronaena nikakva

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the dating of this skeleton difficult. A bone sample was taken and submit-ted for radiocarbon dating: the re-sults, reported in section 2.7, indicate that, contrary to most expectations in the field, the skeleton is actually of Neolithic date. The absence of grave goods, and of any burial construction (e.g. stone cist, coffin...), plus the awkward position of the skeleton, all suggest that we are not dealing here with a grave stricto sensu, but rath-er with a body that was disposed of with limited care. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the skele-ton was partially destroyed by a later posthole, which was later observed and entirely dug, leading to the dis-covery of some further small bone fragments and at least one tooth.

After completion of the excava-tion of the skeleton, the gravel was exposed over the entire surface of the trench, which led to the discov-ery of a dozen cut features, probably all postholes (Figure 16). No clear spatial organisation was discernible, although some alignments are more than likely. Dating evidence is lim-ited, as none of the features yielded any significant amount of material culture. Two features are directly dated to the Neolithic period by ra-diocarbon (Feature 11), although one of these is not without difficul-ties (see section 2.7). The only other

grobna oprema, to oteava njegovo datiranje. Kako bi se izvrilo radio-karbonsko datovanje uzet je uzorak kosti: rezultati, prikazani u poglavlju 2.7 ukazuju na to da, suprotno od ve-inskog oekivanja, skelet datira iz perioda neolita. Nepostojanje grobne opreme, kao ni bilo kakve pogrebne konstrukcije (npr. kameni grob / mr-tvaki sanduk...), kao i udna pozici-ja skeleta ukazuju na to da se ovde ne radi o grobu stricto sensu, ve je u pi-tanju odlaganje tijela sa nedovoljnom panjom. Na ovakav zakljuak do-datno navodi i injenica da je skelet djelomino uniten kasnijom rupom od stuba, koja je kasnije uoena i u potpunosti iskopana, to je dovelo do otkria nekih manjih fragmenata ko-stiju i najmanje jednog zuba.

Nakon zavretka iskopavanja skeleta, otkriven je ljunak preko cijele povrine sonde, to je dovelo do otkria desetka presjeenih arhe-olokih cjelina, vjerovatno sve rupe od stubova (Slika 16). Nije vidljiva jasna prostorna organizacija, mada su neka poravnanja vie nego vjero-vatna. Dokazi datiranja su ogranieni budui da se ni iz jedne arheoloke cjeline nije dobila znaajna koliina materijalne kulture. Za dvije arhe-oloke cjeline je radiokarbonskom metodom direktno utvreno da poti-u iz neolita (Arh. cjelina 11), iako jedna od njih sa potekoama (vidjeti

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feature for which we have indirect dating evidence is the posthole that re-cuts the skeleton (Feature 12). The 14C date for this skeleton provides a terminus post quem for this feature; unfortunately, no clear relationship can be drawn between this particular posthole and the other cut features.

Figure 16: Koievo, 2013 trench, plan of features

Systematic flotation samples were taken from the first stratigraphic lay-er, from the soil immediately asso-ciated with the skeleton, as well as

poglavlje 2.7.). Jedina druga arhe-oloka cjelina za koju imamo indi-rektan dokaz o datovanju je rupa od stuba koja presjeca skelet vie puta (Arh. cjelina 12). Datum 14C za ovaj skelet daje terminus post quem za ovu arheoloku cjelinu; naalost, ne moe se odrediti jasna veza izmeu ove konkretne rupe od stuba i drugih presjeenih arheolokih cjelina.

Slika 16: Koievo, sonda iz 2013. godine, nacrt arheolokih cjelina

Sistematski flotacijski uzorci uzeti su iz prvog stratigrafskog sloja, iz ze-mlje neposredno povezanoj sa skele-tom kao i iz ispune svake presjeene

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from the fill of every cut feature. The results are presented in section 2.4.

Finds

As for the previous field seasons, excavations have yielded a large quantity of finds, with a total of 2122 potsherds (total weight: c. 33.8 kg), 397 animal bone fragments (c. 5.3kg), and 509 lithic implements (c. 5kg). Preliminary assessments of the and lithic and zooarchaeological as-semblages can be found in sections 2.3 and 2.5 respectively.

Lastly, a series of augering tran-sects were undertaken, focusing upon the sector to the west of the 2013 trench. These boreholes confirm that the site of Koievo lies upon a grav-el riverbank, with deposits of sand with developed buried soil over the lower parts of the slopes. The full ge-oarchaeological report can be found in the following section.

arheoloke cjeline. Rezultati su pri-kazani u dijelu 2.4.

Nalazi

Kada su u pitanju prethodne sezo-ne rada na terenu, iskopavanjima se dolo do velike koliine nalaza, sa ukupno 2122 fragmenata keramike (ukupne teine: cca. 33.8 kg), 397 fragmenata ivotinjskih kostiju (cca. 5.3 kg) i 509 kremenih alatki (cca. 5 kg). Preliminarna procjena kremene i arheozooloke zbirke moe se nai u poglavljima 2.3. i 2.5., za svaku po-sebno.

Na kraju je uraen niz transekata arheolokom burgijom sa fokusom na dio zapadno od sonde iz 2013. godine. Ove buotine potvruju da lokalitet Koievo lei na ljunkovi-toj obali rijeke sa naslagama pijeska sa razvijenim geoloki pohranjenim slojevima zemljita na niim dije-lovima padine. Cijeli geoarheoloki izvjetaj se moe nai u iduem po-glavlju.

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2.2. Geoarchaeology

By Gary Marriner, Charles French and Tonko Rajkovaa

Introduction

Geoarchaeological investigations of the lower Vrbas valley began in 2009 with visits to three sites pre-viously identified by survey work conducted by Dr. P. Miracle and Mr. T. Rajkovaa. One of the sites visited, Koievo, has subsequent-ly had larger test excavations con-ducted and has become a focus of investigations in the area (see 2.1). The work at the site can be broadly split into two separate phases. Firstly there was a phase of site prospection, which aimed at evaluating the sites potential as a Neolithic settlement and evaluate preservation factors. Secondly was a phase of test exca-vations with the intention of under-standing the nature of human occu-pation at the site through multiple archaeological techniques. As shown in the previous section (2.1), the site was found to be stratigraphically complex and rich in terms of materi-al culture and archaeological features dating from the Neolithic period (late 6th / early to mid 5th millennium BC).

2.2. Geoarheologija

Autori: Gary Marriner, Charles French i Tonko Rajkovaa

Uvod

Geoarheoloka istraivanja doline donjeg toka Vrbasa zapoeta su 2009. godine obilaskom tri lokaliteta, pret-hodno identifikovanim istraivanjem koje su obavili dr P. Miracle i mr T. Rajkovaa. Na jednom od obienih lokaliteta, Koievo, kasnije su ura-ena vea probna iskopavanja i po-stao je centralno mjesto istraivanja u tom podruju. (vidjeti 2.1.). Rad na lokalitetu se, generalno, moe podi-jeliti u dvije odvojene faze. Prva faza je ukljuivala prospekciju lokaliteta, koja je za cilj imala procjenu poten-cijala lokaliteta kao neolitskog nase-lja kao i procjenu faktora ouvano-sti. Druga faza je ukljuivala probna iskopavanja s ciljem razumijevanja prirode ljudskog naseljavanja na lo-kalitetu putem viestrukih arheolo-kih tehnika. Kao to je prikazano u prethodnom dijelu (poglavlje 2.1.), ustanovljeno je da je lokalitet stati-grafski kompleksan i bogat u pogle-du materijalne kulture i arheolokih cjelina iz perioda neolita (kasni 6. / rani do srednji 5. milenijum p.n.e.).

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As well as a large extension of the initial borehole survey, a number of test pits and two larger trenches have been excavated in subsequent years. The work to date has shown that an old river channel, a possible tributary of the Vrbas, runs across the site area and human occupation has been dis-covered close to the channel and on its banks.

Geology and Site Location

The geological framework of Bos-nia and Herzegovina comprises of three geo-tectonic zones namely the Outer, Central and Inner Dinarides. The area in which the site is locat-ed within the Inner Dinarides which consist of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic clastic rocks and carbonate, Jurassic ophiolitic rock and melange, Cre-taceous and Palaeogene flysch and granite, Neogene andesite dacite, and lacustrine, lacustrine-lagoonal and marine molasse (Muli et al. 2006). Above the deep geology the area is dominated by fluvial sands and grav-els deposited during periods of river migration and formation during the last Ice Age.

The modern topsoil of the area is primarily formed of Stagnic Luvisols across the river basin with an expect-ed zone of Calcaric Fluvisol along the modern course of the river. In ad-

Pored proirenog prvobitnog istrai-vanja buotina brojne sonde i dve vee sonde su iskopane u narednim godinama. Dosadanji rad je poka-zao da se stari rijeni kanal, mogua pritoka Vrbasa, prua kroz podruje lokaliteta, a u blizini kanala i na nje-govim obalama otkriveno je ljudsko naseljavanje.

Geologija i poloaj lokaliteta

Geoloki okvir Bosne i Hercego-vine obuhvata tri geotektonska poja-sa, tj. vanjske, centralne i unutranje Dinaride. Podruje u kojem se nalazi lokalitet je u sklopu unutranjih Di-narida, a sastoji se od paleozojskih i mezozojskih klastinih stijena i karbonata, jurskih ofiolitskih stijena i melana, kredskog i paleogenog flia i granita, neogenskog andezit-skog dacita, i jezerske, jezersko - la-gunalne i morske molase (Muli et al 2006). Iznad duboke geologije po-drujem dominiraju fluvijalni pijesak i ljunak nataloeni tokom perioda kretanja i formiranja rijeke za vrije-me posljednjeg ledenog doba.

Savremeni povrinski sloj zemlji-ta ovog podruja najveim dijelom ine Stagnic Luvisol-a irom rije-nog sliva sa oekivanim pojasom Calcaric Fluvisol-a du savremenog toka rijeke. Pored toga, tu su i pod-ruja Eutric-stagnic Cambisol-a i

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dition there are areas of Eutric-stag-nic Cambisol and Pellic Vertisol and a small isolated area of Stagnic Al-beluvisol. The presence of so many types of modern soil in a small area is indicative of the complexity in pe-dogenesis in the region.

The site is located within an area of Luvisol on the floodplain of the river Vrbas, approximately 2.5km west of the modern channel, and some 11km to the south-west of the confluence with the Sava river. Gen-erally the area consists of a dynamic alluvial system with various hydro-logical features, the most prominent of which, Bardaa Lake, is situated approximately 6.5km to the north. Modern drainage of the lake has largely affected the water table of the area. Satellite imagery, as avail-able thanks to Google Earth for in-stance, shows a large number of po-tential palaeo-channels throughout the floodplain, especially to the west around the village of Novo Topola. The observation of the channels in this area is aided by the comparative-ly large fields, un-obscured by tree lines or modern construction.

Pellic Vertisol-a kao i malo, izolova-no, podruje Stagnic Albeluvisol-a. Postojanje toliko vrsta savremenog tla na malom podruju je pokazatelj sloenosti u pedogenezi podruja.

Lokalitet je smjeten unutar Luvi-sol-a (lesno tlo) na plavnom podru-ju rijeke Vrbas, oko 2.5 km zapadno od savremenog kanala i oko 11 km jugozapadno od ua u rijeku Savu. Podruje je, generalno posmatrano, sastavljeno od dinaminog aluvijal-nog sistema razliitih hidrolokih obiljeja od kojih je najistaknutije jezero Bardaa, smjeteno oko 6.5 km prema sjeveru. Savremeno od-vodnjavanje jezera je, u velikoj mje-ri, uticalo na vodenu plohu podruja. Satelitska snimka, dostupna zahva-ljujui Google Earth-u na primjer, pokazuje veliki broj potencijalnih paleokanala irom plavnog podruja, a posebno prema zapadu oko Nove Topole. Relativno velika polja, ne-zatamnjena drveem ili modernom gradnjom olakavaju uoavanje ka-nala na ovom podruju.

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Figure 17: Location map of the site of Koievo

Methodology

Fieldwork

The site was initially subject to a single transect of boreholes set every 20m, and running along an ENE-WSW alignment perpendicular to the orientation of the valley. In sub-sequent seasons boreholes were ex-cavated largely at 20m intervals and occasionally at 10m intervals in a grid across most of the site in order to maximise coverage. An exposed profile from a modern well was also utilised, especially during the site

Slika 17: Mapa poloaja lokaliteta Koievo

Metodologija

Rad na terenu

Lokalitet je prvobitno bio predmet jednog transekta buotina postavlje-nih na svakih 20 m koji je iao du linije ISI-ZJZ okomito na orijenta-ciju doline. Tokom narednih sezona buotine su uglavnom iskopavane u razmacima od 20 m, a povreme-no i od 10 m, u mrei preko veeg dijela lokaliteta kako bi se povea-la pokrivenost. Koriten je i profil napravljen prilikom kopanja savre-menog bunara, naroito tokom faze

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prospection phase. Away from the main site area, a small group of bore-holes were excavated to identify the extent of the site area and to investi-gate other potential sites in the vicin-ity. As the borehole surveys showed a great deal of activity, test pits, and later, trenches were inserted. The aim of the excavations was to pro-vide cultural, faunal and botanical remains and to allow access to pro-files for geochemical and micromor-phological analyses. The 2012 trench was positioned in order the examine the nature of the channel and human occupation on its immediate banks. The 2013 trench aimed to investigate human presence further from the channel, on the gravel levee to the west of the river.

Laboratory

The main stratigraphic horizons of the trench profiles at the site were sampled and analysed using soil micromorphological techniques (Murphy 1986, Courty et al. 1989), pH testing and multi-element analy-sis (Wilson et al. 2008, Oonk et al. 2009). Additionally certain samples were subject to magnetic suscepti-bility, electrical conductivity, redox potential, organic content and calci-um carbonate content. The thin sec-tions of the excavation profiles were

prospekcije lokaliteta. Manja grupa buotina je iskopana izvan glavnog podruja lokaliteta kako bi se utvr-dila veliina podruja lokaliteta i istraili drugi potencijalni lokaliteti u blizini. Kako su pregledi buotina bili dosta aktivni, postavljene su son-de, a kasnije jarkovi. Cilj iskopava-nja bio je nai kulturne, ivotinjske i botanike ostatke i omoguiti pristup profilima za geohemijsku i mikro-morfoloku analizu. Sonda iz sezone 2012. godine je pozicioniran kako bi se istraio karakter kanala i ljudskog nastanjivanja na obalama u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini. Sonda iz sezone 2013. godine imala je za cilj istrai-ti ljudsko prisustvo dalje od kanala, na ljunkovitom nasipu zapadno od rijeke.

Laboratorijska ispitivanja

Uzeti su uzorci glavnih strati-grafskih horizonata profila sonde na lokalitetu i analizirani koritenjem mikromorfolokih tehnika (Murphy 1986, Courty i dr. 1989), pH ispitiva-nja i multielementne analize (Wilson i dr. 2008, Oonk i dr.). Pored toga, odreeni uzorci bili su predmet ma-gnetne susceptibilnosti, elektrine provodljivosti, redoks potencijala, sadraja organskog sastava kao i sa-draja kalcijevog karbonata. Tanki presjeci profila iskopavanja opisani

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described using the terminology of Bullock and collaborators (1985) and Stoops (2003). Their analysis revealed the Holocene soil develop-mental history, particularly that asso-ciated with the Neolithic settlement activity, and provide complementary data to the palaeo-vegetational and land-use history of the site.

Multi-element analysis was per-formed on a full series of samples through the excavated sequences from the 2012 trench with selected results presented in Table 1. Although 35 elements were analysed, a much smaller suite of elements is usually considered reflective of human activ-ities in soils. These include barium, calcium, phosphorus, strontium, zinc and copper, whose accumulation is most likely associated with bone and charcoal in settlements (Wilson et al. 2008), with zinc known to be limit-ed by phosphate with increasing pH (Cresser et al. 1998).

su korienjem terminologije Bu-llocka i saradnika (1985) i Stoopsa (2003). Njihova analiza je pokazala razvojnu istoriju holocenskog tla, naroito onu povezanu sa neolitskim naseljem, i pruila dodatne podatke paleo-vegetacijskoj istoriji kao i isto-riji koritenja zemljita lokaliteta.

Multielementna analiza je uraena na cijeloj seriji uzoraka kroz iskopa-ne sekvence iz sondi iz sezone 2012. godine sa selektovanim rezultatima prikazanih u Tabeli 1. Iako su ana-lizirana 35 elementa, obino ih se i za puno manji broj smatra dovoljno da odraavaju aktivnosti ljudi vezane za zemljite. Tu spadaju barij, kalcij, fosfor, stroncij, cink i bakar ija je akumulacija najvjerovatnije poveza-na sa kostima i ugljem u naseljima (Wilson i dr. 2008), a poznato je da fosfat sa poveanjem pH ograniava cink (Cresser i dr. 1998).

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Sample / Uzorak pH Ba ppmCa %

Fe %

Mn ppm

P ppm

Sr ppm

Zn ppm

Pr 1/1, 0-10

7.64

140

1.42

2.84

1350

3640

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171 Pr 1/2 30-40

7.92

110

5.16

2.55

1090

3790

83

134

Pr 1/3, 6-70

8.26

100

9.8

2.02

894

4320

149

117

Pr 1/4, 100-110

8.27

80

9.7

2.02

814

3300

133

96

Pr 1/5, 110-120

8.24

80

10.0

2.13

913

3610

137

93

Pr 1/6, 120-130

8.3

70

10.6

2.04

738

3590

139

86

Pr 1/7, 130-150

8.35

90

9.0

2.36

989

3520

133

105

Pr 12/1, 98-110

8.33

90

9.6

2.22

895

3340

132

100

Pr 12/1, 160-165cm

8.24

90

8.8

2.46

930

3820

138

116

Table 1: Mutli-element analysis from selected samples, 2012 trench

A variety of geochemical methods were used to examine the site in fur-ther detail and to gather evidence on land use in the past, pedogenesis, site formation and preservation factors. pH is the measure of how acidic or alkaline a soil or sediment is. It has been shown that there is a statistical-ly significant relationship between a decrease in pH (i.e. the soil becom-ing more acidic) and a decrease in the preservation of osseous materials and phosphatic components

Tabela 1: Multielementna anali-za iz selektovanih uzoraka, sonda iz 2012. godine

Koritene su razliite geohemijske metode kako bi se detaljnije ispitao lokalitet i prikupili dokazi o korite-nju zemlje u prolosti, pedogenezi, formiranju lokaliteta i faktorima ou-vanosti. pH oznaava mjeru aciditeta (kiselosti) ili alkalnosti (bazinosti) tla ili sedimenta. Pokazalo se da po-stoji statistiki znaajan odnos izme-u smanjenja pH (tj. zemlja postaje acidinija) i smanjenja u ouvanosti kotanih materijala i fosfatnih kom-ponenti.

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Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is a measurement of the magnetisation of particles that maybe present in a soil or sediment. The degree of magnetic susceptibility is used by archaeolo-gists for three main reasons; site and buried soil prospection, identification of hearth areas and explaining red-dened areas within a sediment. Soils are known to have increased mag-netic susceptibility due to biological activity forming Maghemite (Fe2O3), which is magnetic. This member of the iron oxide family forms from the fermentation processes associated with alternating oxidation/reduction conditions.

Electrical conductivity (EC) meas-ures the ability for a soil or sediment to conduct an electrical current and this can be used as a relative proxy for the amount of nutrients in a soil or sediment, although it does not identify any specific nutrients. The principle for interpretation here is that archaeological sites may of-ten exhibit a higher nutrient content than the surrounding area due to the high amounts of food production, processing and consumption that oc-cur on human settlement sites or as deliberate manuring on agricultural land. As a proxy measure though, its results are only useful when com-pared to background readings which are known to be devoid of anthropo-genic markers.

Magnetna susceptibilnost (MS) je mjerenje magnetizacije estica koje mogu biti prisutne u zemlji ili se-dimentu. Postoje tri glavna razloga zato arheolozi koriste stepen ma-gnetne susceptibilnosti; prospekci-ja lokaliteta i geoloki pohranjenih slojeva zemljita, odreivanje mjesta ognjita i objanjavanje pocrvenjelih podruja sedimenta. Poznato je da tla imaju poveanu magnetnu sus-ceptibilnost zbog bioloke aktivnosti formiranja magemita (Fe2O3), koja je magnetna. Ovaj lan porodice e-ljeznog oksida se formira iz procesa fermentacije vezanih za naizmjeni-ne uslove oksidacije/redukcije.

Elektrina provodljivost (EC) mjeri sposobnost tla ili sedimenta da provodi elektrinu struju i ovo se moe koristiti kao relativan proksi za koliinu nutrijenata u tlu ili sedi-mentu, iako ne identifikuje neki po-seban nutrijent. Ovo se tumai time da arheoloki lokaliteti esto mogu pokazati vei hranjivi sadraj nego okolna podruja, a razlog tome su velike koliine proizvodnje hrane, obrade i konzumacije koje se dea-vaju na mjestima ljudskih naselja ili kao posljedica namjernog ubrenja na poljopriprednom zemljitu. Ipak, kao proksi mjera, njeni rezultati su korisni samo kada se porede sa po-zadinskim oitavanjima koja nemaju antropogenske oznake.

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Redox measures the amount of oxidisation or reduction in an iron rich sediment. It has been used in ar-chaeological contexts as a marker of organic preservation and also can be used as a marker in soil formation.

Loss-on-ignition (LoI) is use to provided a measure of the amount of organic and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO

3) constituents of a sediment.

Organic content is used as a mark-er of human occupation. CaCO

3 is

useful when examining sediment depositional patterns. Particle size analysis measures the physical size of particles within a given sample using laser displacement. It provides detailed information on the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay particles in a particular stratigraphic unit. This enhances information on site formation and post-deposition-al effects, such as animal burrowing and hydrological action.

Redoks mjeri koliinu oksidacije ili redukcije u sedimentima bogatim eljezom. U arheolokom kontek-stu se koristi kao oznaka organske ouvanosti a moe se koristiti i kao oznaka u formiranju tla.

Gubitak arenjem (LoI) se koristi kako bi se dobila mjera koliine or-ganskih komponenti i komponenti kalcijevog karbonata (CaCO

3) sedi-

menta. Sadraj organskog sastava se koristi kao oznaka ljudskog naselja-vanja. CaCO

3 je koristan kod ispiti-

vanja obrazaca depozicije sedimenta. Analiza veliine estice mjeri fiziku veliinu estica unutar datog uzorka koritenjem laserskog premjetanja. Prua detaljne podatke o relativnim proporcijama estica pijeska, mu-lja i gline u odreenoj stratigrafskoj jedinici. Na taj nain poveavaju se podaci o formiranju lokaliteta i po-stdepozicijskim efektima, kao to su rovanje ivotinja i hidroloko djelo-vanje.

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Results

2009-2010

The 2009-2010 results have been published elsewhere (Marriner et al. 2011) but it is of use to briefly sum-marise the findings here.

In 2009 the auger failed to show any recognizable buried soil in the lower eastern half of the transect. However, the well profile and the upper western half of the transect did show a possible archaeologi-cal feature and a thickened area of buried soil. The exposed well sec-tion showed the following short se-quence: an Ap horizon or ploughsoil (0-40cm); an artefact-rich, silty-clay loam B horizon (40-90cm); a pale brown sandy silty B/C(90-110cm), all developed on gravel terrace drift geology. During the March 2010 field season the site was revisited in order to explore in a greater depth the features highlighted on the original visit. Around the central area of the site, two 1m2 test pits were excavat-ed to investigate it further. As well as the test pits, further boreholes were excavated on an approximate grid pattern in order to improve the reso-lution of data at approximately 10m intervals. Test Pit 1 was excavated to a depth of approximately 1.5m and Neolithic material culture was found

Rezultati

2009 2010. godina

Rezultati iz 2009 2010. godi-ne su ve objavljeni (Marriner i dr. 2011), ali korisno ih je ukratko prika-zati i ovde.

U 2009. godini arheolokom bur-gijom nije otkriven nijedan prepo-znatljiv pohranjeni sloj zemlje u do-njoj istonoj polovini transekta. Ipak, profil bunara i gornja zapadna polovi-na transekta su otkrile moguu arhe-oloku cjelinu i zadebljano podruje pohranjenog sloja zemlje. Otkriveni presjek bunara pokazuje slijedeu kratku sekvencu: Ap horizont ili ora-nica (0-40 cm); artefaktima bogat horizont B (40-90 cm) od prakasto glinovite ilovaa; blijedosme pje-skovit mulj B/C (90-110 cm), svi na-stali na ljunkovitoj terasi naneene geologije. Lokalitet je ponovo istra-ivan tokom terenskog rada u mar-tu 2010. godine kako bi se dodatno istraile arheoloke cjeline oznaene u prvobitnom obilasku. Oko sredi-njeg podruja lokaliteta iskopane su dvije probne sonde od po 1m2 kako bi se izvrilo daljnje istraivanje. I probne sonde, i dodatne buotine su iskopane na aproksimativnom mre-nom uzorku kako bi se pojaala re-zolucija podataka u razmacima od priblino 10 m. Probna sonda 1 je

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throughout. Test Pit 2 was excavat-ed to a depth of approximately 1.5m and showed a similar profile to that found in the modern well. Neolithic artefacts were recovered from a pale brown sandy silt substrate above the natural gravel.

Samples were taken for physi-cal and geochemical analysis from across the site during both field sea-sons, in order to classify the kinds of sediments at the site, to see if any an-thropogenic disturbance could be de-tected and to assess the preservation potential of the site.

The silty topsoil is slightly acidic (pH 5.53-6.20) with the site tending towards more alkaline sediments deeper down, reflecting the calcar-eous terrace deposits and ground-water system beneath. The organic content of the soil, decreases content with depth, with the topsoil having between 8.7-6.28% organic, com-pared with consistent results of less than 6% below 40cm. The nutrient content and magnetic susceptibility both feature a peak in results around 60-70cm, consistently across the site. Whilst the difference in nutrient con-tent (measured in S/cm by Electri-cal Conductivity) could be caused by natural pedogenesis and/or its level position at the base of the modern ploughsoil, it is possible that these lower readings are found because

iskopana do dubine od oko 1.5 m i materijali neolitske materijalne kul-ture su pronaeni u svim djelovima sonde. Probna sonda 2 je iskopana do dubine od oko 1.5m i pokazivala je profil slian onom naenom u savre-menom bunaru. Neolitski artefakti su naeni u supstratu od blijedosme-eg pjeskovitog mulja koji se nalazi iznad prirodnog ljunka.

Tokom obje terenske sezone, sa ci-jele teritorije lokaliteta su uzeti uzor-ci za fiziku i geohemijsku analizu da bi se klasifikovale vrste sedimenata na lokalitetu, da bi se ustanovilo da li se mogu primjetiti bilo kakvi antopo-genski poremeaji, i da bi se procje-nila ouvanost lokaliteta.

Muljevit povrinski sloj zemlje je blago kiseo (pH 5.53-6.20), dok du-blje naslage na lokalitetu naginju ka alkalnijoj sredini, to se vidi u sedi-mentima krenjake terase i sistemu podzemnih voda. Sadraj organskog sastava tla opada sa dubinom, sa izmeu 8.7-6.28% u povrinskom sloju, u poreenju sa dosljednim re-zultatima od manje od 6% na dubi-ni ispod 40 cm. I hranljivi sadraj i magnetna susceptibilnost se najvi-e pojavlju u rezultatima oko 60-70 cm dubine, i taj rezultat je postojan irom lokaliteta. Dok bi razlike u nu-tritivnom sadraju (mjerene elektri-nom provodljivosti u S/cm) mogle biti uzrokovane prirodnom pedogen-

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the sediment present is a fill. It is noticeable that, indeed, the 2012 ex-cavations confirmed the presence of Neolithic cut features in this sector of the site.

The thin sections taken from the well profile show a mixed organic sandy loam and clay-rich loam which probably correspond to a mixed or-ganic buried Ab horizon and a clay rich B horizon. However both hori-zons are deeply disturbed by phys-ical mixing, likely to be as a result of deep ploughing in the area. The incorporation of poorly organised dusty clay, which is likely to be al-luvially derived material from over-bank flooding, suggests that the site consists of a calcareous alluviated brown earth on river terrace depos-its. The presence of micro-charcoal and punctuated organic components within a sandy (clay) loam matrix suggests that what we see today is the remains of an alluviated old land surface. The sandy loam component is indicative of the weathering of un-derlying river terrace gravels and the formation of a brown earth, and the dusty clay is component likely de-rive from overbank flooding as allu-vial deposits. This has been truncated in the past and deeply disturbed by modern ploughing

zeom i/ili poloajem njenog sloja na dnu savremene oranice, mogue je da su ova nia oitavanja dobijena zbog prisutva sedimenta u ispuni. Primjet-no je da su iskopavanja iz 2012. go-dine zaista potvrdila prisustvo neolit-skih presjeenih arheolokih cjelina u ovom dijelu lokaliteta.

Tanki presjeci uzeti iz bunarskog profila pokazuju mjeavinu organske pjeskovite ilovae i glinom bogate ilovae, to vjerovatno odgovara po-hranjenom sloju zemljita Ab hori-zonta sa organskom mjeavinom i B horizonta bogatog glinom. Ipak oba ova horizonta su ozbiljno poremee-na fizikim mijeanjem, to je najvje-rovatnije posljedica dubokog oranja u tom podruju. Pripajanje loe orga-nizovane muljevite gline, vjerovatno nastale od aluvijalnih materijala od plavljenja sedimentne faze, ukazuje da se lokalitet sastoji od krenjake aluvijalne smee zemlje na naslaga-ma rijene terase. Prisustvo mikrou-glja i isprekidanih organskih kompo-nenata u matrici od pjeskovite (gli-na) ilovae navodi na zakljuak da su ono to danas vidimo ostaci stare zemljane povrine nastale aluvijaci-jom. Sastav pjeskovite ilovae uka-zuje na degradaciju ljunka rijene terase koja se nalazi ispod i formira-nja smee zemlje, a muljevita glina je komponenta koja je vjerovatno nastala kao aluvijalna naslaga plav-

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2012

During the 2012 season, a 15x2/3m trial trench was placed across the break of slope between the well and the former floodplain, about 75m north-east of the farmhouse. In addi-tion further boreholes were excavat-ed around the main area of the site. The trench provided the first com-plete section profile at the site and was therefore crucial in answering various geoarchaeological questions posed by the site. The north-west facing profile of Trench 1 (Profile 1; Figure 18) was examined in detail using a variety of geoarchaeological techniques.

Figure 18: Koievo, 2012 Trench, north-west facing profile

ljenjem sedimentne faze. Ovaj dio je okrnjen u prolosti i ozbiljno naruen savremenim oranjem.

2012. godina

Tokom terenske sezone 2012. go-dine, 15x2/3 m probna sonda je na-pravljen preko prekida padine, iz-meu bunara i nekadanjeg plavnog podruja, oko 75 m sjeveroistono od gazdinstva. Pored toga, dodatne buotine su iskopane oko glavnog dijela lokaliteta. Sonda je omoguila prvi kompletan presjek profila na lo-kalitetu i stoga bio od presudne va-nosti za davanje odgovora na razna geoarheoloka pitanja postavljena od strane lokaliteta. Sjeverozapadno okrenut profil sonde 1 (profil 1; Slika 18) je detaljno ispitan upotrebom ra-znih geoarheolokih tehnika.

Slika18: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, sjeverozapadno okrenut pro-fil

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The trench profile revealed a c. 35-40cm thick buried soil about 1m below the modern ground surface, all developed on a calcareous fine sand and silt, overlying bedded sand and gravel deposits indicative of either glacial outwash and/or palaeo-chan-nel fills. The buried soil is a very dark brown silt loam, possibly with an input of overbank flood-derived silt and clay material, into which were dug a series of inter-cutting Neolithic pits. Overlying this buried soil were three major horizons (c. 30-40cm thick each) of silty clay loam which are all indicative of seasonal over-bank alluvial deposition and periods of stabilisation. The even mixing of either gravel and/or fired clay frag-ments with the alluvial deposits sug-gests that every major horizon was subjected to physical mixing, most probably caused by plough agricul-ture. A series of seven soil blocks were taken from each major hori-zon for micromorphological analysis (Profile 1, see below) and small bulk samples for geo-chemical character-isation.

In the multi-element analysis, the majority of the elements analysed are present only in trace or very low amounts. Nevertheless, there are en-hanced levels of phosphorus (pos-sible phosphate) (P), with slightly enhanced values of barium (Ba),

Profil sonde je otkrio oko 35 - 40 cm debeo pohranjen sloj zemlje oko 1 m ispod savremene zemljane po-vrine, kompletno nastao na kre-njakom sitnom pijesku i mulju, koji lei na poloenim pjeanim i ljun-kovitim naslagama, koje ukazuju ili na glacijalne naslage i/ili na ispune paleokanala. Pohranjeni sloj zemlje je tamno smea muljevita ilovaa, vjerovatno sa unosom plavljenog muljevitog i glinastog materijala se-dimentne faze, u kojoj je iskopan niz ispresjecanih neolitskih jama. Preko ovog pohranjanog sloja zemlje lee tri glavna horizonta (otprilike 30-40 cm debljine svaki) od pjeskovito gli-naste ilovae, koji su svi pokazatelji sezonskih aluvijalnih taloenja sedi-mentne faze i perioda stabilizacije. Ravnomjerno mijeanje ili ljunka i/ili paljenih glinenih fragmenata sa aluvijalnim naslagama ukazuje da je svaki od glavnih horizonata bio predmetom fizikog mijeanja, vje-rovatno uzrokovanim ratarskom po-ljoprivredom. Niz od sedam blokova zemlje su izvaeni iz svakog od glav-nih horizonata radi mikromorfoloke analize (profil 1, vidjeti ispod) i ma-nji uzorci za geohemijsku karakteri-zaciju.

U multielementnoj analizi, vei-na analiziranih elementa su prisutni samo u tragovima ili veoma malim koliinama. Ipak, poveani su ni-

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manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), stron-tium (Sr) and zinc (Zn) (Table 1). In particular, phosphorus values are high, ranging from 3300-4320ppm. The enhanced phosphate and barium levels suggest a settlement refuse-de-rived component to the alluvial soils present at Koievo. Indeed, there is a considerable and varied organic component to the soil profile with some phosphatic-iron formation in the voids (see below). The soil/sedi-ment at Koievo ranges in pH from 7.6 to 8.35, increasing with depth from the surface. This reflects a cal-careous groundwater system.

Profile 1

The samples (5, 7) taken at the basal contact with the underlying weathered geological substrate are composed of a dense, micritic, sandy clay loam. The B/C substrate (in the base of sample 1/7 and sample 1/5) is predominantly composed of more or less even fractions of fine quartz sand, micrite, pure clay and illuvial dusty (or silty) clay lining some of the voids (Figures 19-20). The base of the palaeosol above (upper two-thirds of sample 1/7) is composed of a mixture of humic quartz sand and very abundant or silty/dusty clay with minor micrite, mainly in the voids (Figure 21). This fabric con-tains common plant tissue fragments, very fine charcoal fragments and moderate humic staining throughout,

voi fosfora (vjerovatno fosfata) (P), sa blago poveanim vrijednostima barijuma (Ba), mangan (Mn), elje-zo (Fe), stroncijum (Sr) i cink (Zn) (Tabela 1). Naroito su visoke vri-jednosti fosfora koje se kreu izme-u 3300-4320 ppm. Uveani nivoi fosfora i barijuma ukazuje na kom-ponentu nastalu iz stambenog otpada aluvijalnog tla prisutnog u Koievu. Zaista, postoje znaajne i raznovrsne organske komponente u zemljanom profilu sa odreenim fosforno - elje-znim formacijama u upljinama (vi-djeti ispod). PH vrijednost tla/sedmi-nata u Koevievu se kree izmeu 7.6 i 8.35, poveavajui se to se vie sputa u dubinu dalje od povrine. To je odraz krenjakog sistema podze-mnih voda.

Profil 1

Uzorci (5, 7) uzeti sa spoja dna i degradiranog geolokog supstrata is-pod njega se sastoje od guste, mikrit-ske, pjeskovite glinaste ilovae. B/C supstrat (na dnu uzorka 1/7 i 1/5) se uglavnom sastoji od manje ili vie jednakih djelova sitnog kvarcnog pi-jeska, mikrita, iste gline i iluvijalne muljevite gline koja oblae neke od upljina (slike 19-20). Dno paleotla iznad (gornje 2/3 uzorka 1/7) se sa-stoje od mjeavine huminog kvar-cnog pijeska i obilate muljevite gline sa manjim mikritima, uglavnom u upljinama (Slika 21). Ova struktura sadri fragmente tkiva obinih bilja-

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with some phosphatic-iron formation in the voids (Figure 22).

Figure 19: Photomicrograph of the B/C substrate which is predomi-nantly composed of more or less even fractions of fine quartz sand, micrite and pure clay, base of sample 1/7 (frame width = 4.5mm; cross polar-ized light)

Figure 20: Photomicrograph of illuvial dusty clay partially lining a void in the upper part of the micritic B/B horizon, sample 1/5 (frame width = 4.5mm; cross polarized light)

ka, jako sitne fragmente uglja i umje-rene humine tragove irom dna, sa odreenim fosforno - eljeznim for-macijama u upljinama (Slika 22).

Slika 19: Fotomikrograf B/C sup-strata koji se uglavnom sastoji od manje i vie jednakih komada sitnog kvarcnog pijeska, mikrita i iste gli-ne, dno uzorka (irina okvira = 4.5 mm; ukrtena polarizovana svjetlost)

Slika 20: Fotomikrograf iluvijalne muljevite gline koja naroito oblae upljinu u gornjem dijelu mikriti-kog B/B horizonta, uzorak 1/5 (irina okvira = 4.5 mm; ukrtena polarizo-vana svjetlost)

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Figure 21: Photomicrograph of the base of the palaeosol is composed of a mixture of humic, quartz sand and very abundant or silty/dusty clay with minor micrite void infills, upper two-thirds of sample 1/7 (frame width = 4.5mm; plane polarized light)

Figure 22: Photomicrograph of phosphatic-iron infills in the voids in the humic palaeosol, upper sample 1/7 (frame width = 2.25mm; plane polarized light)

The base of the overlying alluvial profile (in samples 1/6 and 1/2) is a

Slika 21: Fotomikrograf dna pa-leotla se sastoji od mjeavine humi-ka, kvarcnog pijeska i veoma obilate muljevite gline sa manjim mikrikim ispunama upljina, gornje 2/3 uzor-ka 1/7 (irina okvira = 4.5 mm; ra-vanska polarizovana svjetlost)

Slika 22: Fotomikrograf fosfat-no - eljeznih ispuna u upljinam u humikom paleotlu, gornji uzorak 1/7 (irina okvira = 2.25 mm; ravan-ska polarizovana svjetlost)

Dno aluvijalnog profila iznad (u uzorcima 1/6 i 1/2) je ljunkovita,

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gravelly, sandy/silty clay predomi-nantly composed of dusty clay and a mixture of fine quartz sand with very strong impregnation with amorphous sesquioxides and humic staining of the whole groundmass (Figure 23). There are many organic punctuations and plant tissue fragments, minor charcoal fragments and some mic-ritic calcium carbonate in the voids. There is also a distinct concentration of fine gravel at a depth of c. 130-135cm. Cut archaeological features define at the base of this alluvial and gravel-rich horizon.

Figure 23: Photomicrograph of a strongly humic and amorphous iron stained sandy silty clay, sample 1/6 (frame width = 4.5mm; plane polar-ized light)

At about 1m down-profile there was a distinct gravelly horizon and possible stratigraphic break (sample 1/1). This was marked by an abun-

pjeskovita/muljevita glina uglavnom sastavljena od muljevite gline i mje-avine sitnog kvarcnog pijeska sa ve-oma jakom impregnacijom amorfnih seskioksida i humikih tragova po cijeloj matrici (Slika 23). U uplji-nama ima mnogo organskih punkci-ja i fragmenta biljnog tkiva, manjih ugljenih fragmenta i odreena koli-ina mikrikog kalcijum karbonata. Takoe postoji i posebna koncentra-cija sitnog ljunka na dubini od oko 130-135 cm. Presjeene arheoloke cjeline su naene na dnu ov

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