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2/25/2017 1 Vascular & Interventional Radiology Oral Board Review Aaron T. Rucks, D.O., M.S. Interventional Radiologist 1 2

Vascular & Interventional Radiology Board Review … · Vascular & Interventional Radiology ... – Drug use (speed kidney ... • Embospheres (500‐700 micron) • Polyvinyl alcohol

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2/25/2017

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Vascular & Interventional RadiologyOral Board Review

Aaron T. Rucks, D.O., M.S.

Interventional Radiologist

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Review

Case 1

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Carotid Artery Stenosis• Findings:  Ulcerative plaque with significant stenosis proximal internal carotid 

artery.• Differential Diagnosis:

– Atherosclerosis– Dissection– Fibromuscular dysplasia– Trauma– Vasculitis

• Treatment Options:– Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)

• NASCET treat symptomatic >50%– 2yr stroke risk stenoses 70‐99% : medical management 26%, surgical CEA 9%

• ACAS treat asymptomatic >60%– 5yr stroke risk stenoses >60%: medical management 11%, surgical CEA 5.1%

– Carotid stenting• Symptomatic >70%

North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET)Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS)

Case 2

Splenic Artery Aneurysm• Findings: Replaced common hepatic and splenic arteries to the superior mesenteric artery.  Multiple fusiform splenic artery aneurysms from origin to hilum.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Inflammatory (Pancreatitis, infection)– Degenerative (atherosclerosis)– Traumatic– Collagen vascular disease– Portal hypertension– Chemotherapeutic drugs (bevacizumab)– Hypersplenism– Congenital disorder– Vasculitis (PAN, microaneurysms)

• When to treat:– >2.5cm, symptomatic, rapidly expanding or in a female pregnant or about to become pregnant

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3 Renal Mass• Findings: < 3 cm renal mass not meeting criteria for a simple cyst.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Renal Cell Carcinoma– Oncocytoma– Lymphoma– Angiomyolipoma (doubtful no macroscopic fat)

• Treatment Options:– Active surveillance (CT/MR 6‐12 month intervals)– Partial nephrectomy– Laparoscopic cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation– Percutaneous image guided cryoablation (Stage 1a <4cm) – 5yr retrospective data similar to surgery

• cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation

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• Percutaneous renal cell carcinoma cryoablationInterventional Oncology

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Pre

Cryoablation

6 mos. Post

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Peripheral Arterial Disease• Findings:

– 1. Proximal right common iliac total occlusion.– 2.  24 hours post tPA.  Proximal right common iliac artery irregularity 

consistent with atherosclerosis, focal short segment stenosis

• Differential Diagnosis:– Atherosclerosis– Thrombotic occlusion– Thromboembolism– Microembolism– Aneurysm with distal embolization or thrombosis– Dissection– Trauma– Vasculitis– Extrinsic compression

• Treatment options:– Risk factor modification (exercise therapy, smoking cessation, statins, 

antiplatelet therapy, glucose control, dietary)– Surgical:  Bi‐femoral bypass or aorto‐femoral bypass– Endovascular:  Angioplasty alone or with stent placement 

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Initial Arteriogram Post Angioplasty and Stenting

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Traumatic Arterial InjuryAfter Iliac Bone Biopsy

• Findings:  Arterial injury with active contrast extravasation into a pseudoaneurysm

• Approximately 10% of pelvic trauma patients have persistent arterial bleeding requiring embolization.

• Essential to evaluate the bilateral internal iliac and external iliac arteries for collateral reconstitution of bleeding vessels.

• Embolization options typically Gelfoam (slurry or pledgets) and/or coils. 

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• Findings: Occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein with acute thrombus.  Multiple collateral veins.  Focal short segment stenosis SVC.

• Differential diagnosis:– Malignancy (lung ca, mediastinal tumor, 1° leiomyosarcoma)– Radiation therapy– Intimal injury (vascular catheters or devices)– Chemotherapeutic agents– Trauma– Fibrosing mediastinitis– Aortic or brachiocephalic aneurysm– Infection

• Treatment– Endovascular vs. radiation vs. chemotherapy vs. surgical (rare)– Combination

SVC Syndrome

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Case 7

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Aortoiliac occlusive disease• Findings:

– Arteriogram: Complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, delayed imaging demonstrated faint collateral flow to the lower extremities.

– CT: Similar to arteriogram.  Complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and left renal artery and superior mesenteric stenoses.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Atherosclerosis– Embolic occlusion– Hypoplastic aorta syndrome (Abdominal aortic coarctation)– Neurofibromatosis– Takayasu’s arteritis

• Treatment options:– Surgical: Aortobifemoral graft or axillobifemoral graft– Smoking cessation– Risk factor modification (exercise therapy, smoking cessation, statins, 

antiplatelet therapy, glucose control, dietary)

Case 7

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Leriche Syndrome

• Bilateral buttock claudication

• Impotence

• Diminished femoral pulses

• Men

• Severe disease of the distal aorta and common iliac arteries

Case 8

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Biliary duct obstruction

• Findings: Biliary duct obstruction at the hepatic hilum associated with intrahepatic biliary ductal dilation.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Cholangiocarcinoma– Choledocholithiasis– Pancreatic adenocarcinoma– Primary sclerosing cholangitis– Pancreatitis

• Treatment options (depends on etiology):– Internal / External biliary drainage– Biliary stenting – Percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic– Chemotherapy / radiation– Surgery

Cholangiocarcinoma•Klatskin tumor (perihilar cholangiocarcinoma)

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Case 9

Arterial Phase

Hypervascular Hepatic Mass• Findings:  Hypervascular mass in the right hepatic lobe with 

displacement of vessels and tumor staining.  Corkscrew appearance of arteries suggests cirrhosis.

• Differential diagnosis:– Hepatocellular carcinoma (multi‐focal)– Regenerative nodule– Metastatic disease– Hemangioma– Many others: neuroendocrine, angiosarcoma, etc.

• Treatment Options (HCC):– Surgical resection– Ablation (i.e. radiofrequency, microwave)– Orthotopic liver transplant– Chemoembolization– Radioembolization– Sorafenib– Palliative symptom relief

• Transarterial chemoembolization

Interventional Oncology

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Case 10

Hematuria, S/P superior pole partial nephrectomy

Pseudoaneurysm with AV Fistula

Right Renal Aneurysm & AV Fistula• Findings: Pseudoaneurysm and AV fistula right kidney.  No vascularity seen in the superior pole of the right kidney.  Surgical clip.

• Differential Diagnosis (Intra‐renal aneurysm)– Arteritis (Polyarteritis nodosa)– Drug use (speed kidney, cocaine)– Extrinsic compression (secondary)– Pseudoaneurysm (trauma, iatrogenic)

• Differential Diagnosis (AV Fistula / AVM)– Traumatic or iatrogenic– Congenital renal AVMs are rare

• Treatment:– Transcatheter embolization (detachable coils)– AVMs cyanoacrylate (glue)

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Case 11

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Hepatic Vein Outflow Obstruction

• Findings:  Absent hepatic veins and narrowed inferior cava.  Spider‐web pattern with injection of a right hepatic vein (caused by numerous intrahepatic venous collaterals).

• Budd Chiari Syndrome– Hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (toxins)– Hepatic vein thrombosis (thrombophilc state)– Hepatic vein confluence, IVC or Right atrium (congenital membranes, extrinsic compression)

• Treatment:– Endovascular – Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

– Surgical – Mesenteric‐systemic shunts (mesoatrial shunt), ultimately liver transplant

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Case 12

Uterine Artery Embolization

• Findings:  Congenitally absent uterine arteries (normal variation).  Hypervascular partially calcified pelvic mass supplied by the ovarian arteries.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Uterine leiomyoma– Uterine leiomyosarcoma– Uterine adenomyosis

• Treatment (UAE):– Selective uterine arteriograms, flush aortogram, selective ovarian arteriograms (if needed).

– Embolization (small caliber particles)• Embospheres (500‐700 micron)• Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles (350‐500 micron or 500‐700 micron) 

– Surgery (myomectomy, hysterectomy)

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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

• Findings:  AAA S/P Endograft.  Enhancement in the aneurysm sac with a communication to the left common iliac artery.

• Differential Diagnosis:

– Endoleak (Which type?)

– Type Ib

• Treatment Options:

– Depends on endoleak type

Endoleaks Post AAA Repair

• Type I:  Attachment: lack of seal between endograft and wall of artery

• Type II:  Branch to branch: retrograde flow in IMA, lumbar, gonadal, or median sacral artery

• Type III:  Device integrity: hole in graft material, separation of modular elements

• Type IV: Porous graft material: "bleed‐through" due to interstices in fabric of graft material

• Type V:  Endo‐tension: No visible contrast or flow in aneurysm sac, but continued expansion

• Early: within 30 days of procedure• Late: after 30 days

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AAA Endoleak Treatment Options• Type I: Must be treated immediately.  

– Place an extension at affected end– Place a balloon expandable or bare metal stent at the compromised 

seal zone– Open repair

• Type II:  May spontaneously thrombose– Embolization with either a transarterial or percutaneous approach– Open repair

• Type III:  Must be treated immediately.– Stent‐graft extension to cover the separated modular component or 

hole within the original graft– Realign endograft

• Type IV:  Rare, Self limited and no treatment– Reverse anticoagulation

• Type V:  Endo‐tension: No visible contrast or flow in aneurysm sac, but continued expansion.  Consider additional imaging.– Open surgical repair is the only treatment

14 Right flank pain, sepsis, hypotension Urinary Obstruction• Findings:  Staghorn calculus and hydroureter.  Mild hydronephrosis better seen on additional images.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Nephrolithiasis

– Obstructing mass

– Blood clots in collecting system

– Papillary necrosis with sloughing

• Treatment (Proteus mirabilis):– Emergent decompression and antibiotics

– Percutaneous nephroureteral stent, bridge to lithotripsy.

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Case 15

Carotid Terminus Aneurysm

• Findings:  Bilobed aneurysm at the right carotid terminus.

• Know the differential for suprasellar mass on cross sectional imaging:– Pituitary macroadenoma

– Craniopharyngioma (papillary subtype)

– Aneurysm (this one will bring you back)

– Meningioma

• Treatment options:– Endovascular – coiling

– Surgical ‐ clipping

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Case 16

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May‐Thurner Syndrome• Findings:

– DSA Venogram:  Filling defect at confluence of common iliac veins.  Abnormal decreased flow in left common and external iliac veins and left common femoral vein.  Incidental renal transplant vein.

– MR L‐Spine: Abnormal high signal confluence of common iliac veins extending into the left common iliac and external iliac.  Incidental renal transplant.

• Diagnosis:– May‐Thurner Syndrome

• Treatment:– IVC filter – pre treatment (optional)– Endovascular thrombolytics, thromboaspiration, stent placement left common iliac.

– Anticoagulation

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May‐Thurner Syndrome

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Case 17

Thoracic Aortic Abnormality

• Findings:  Saccular dilation of the descending thoracic aorta.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Pseudoaneurysm– Penetrating ulcer– Aortic dissection– Intramural hematoma– Traumatic aortic injury

• Treatment options:– Endovascular – Thoracic aortic endograft– Surgical

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Case 18

Biliary duct obstruction

• Findings: Biliary duct obstruction at the hepatic hilum associated with intrahepatic biliary ductal dilation.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Cholangiocarcinoma– Choledocholithiasis– Pancreatic adenocarcinoma– Primary sclerosing cholangitis– Pancreatitis

• Treatment options (depends on etiology):– Internal / External biliary drainage– Biliary stenting – Percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic– Chemotherapy / radiation– Surgery

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Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram

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Traumatic Arterial Injury

• Findings:  Traumatic axillary artery injury with active contrast extravasation.  Retained bullet in proximal humerus.

• Treatment:  Covered stent placement.  Additional option would be open surgical repair.

Case 20

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Abdominal Fluid Collection

• Findings:  Fluid collection with enhancing wall adjacent to the sigmoid colon.  Fat stranding and colonic diverticuli.

• Differentional Diagnosis:– Diverticulitis with abscess

• Treatment:– Percutaneous drainage, antibiotics

– Surgical

Case 21

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Hypervascular Renal Mass• Findings:  Enlarged kidneys.  Multiple bilateral hypervascular masses.  Coil from prior embolization left kidney.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Renal cell carcinoma– Angiomyolipoma– Oncocytoma

• Treatment Options:– AML / Tuberous sclerosis: >4cm increase risk of spontaneous hemorrhage

– Embolization with particles – Embospheres, Embozene, PVA (particle size 700‐900 micron) or alcohol

– Surgical resection

Pre Embolization

Post Embolization

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Case 22

Hypervascular Intracranial Abnormality

• Findings:  Hypervascular intracranial structure posteriorly with arterial supply from the right vertebral artery, demonstrating early venous drainage.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Arteriovenous malformation– Hypervascular mass– Moyamoya disease– Aneurysm

• Treatment Options:– Surgical ‐ Gamma Knife– Endovascular ‐ Onyx

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Case 23

Aortic Dissection

• Findings:  Intimal flap descending thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta.  Infrarenal aorta not visualized.  Dissection flap continuing into superior mesenteric artery with minimal arterial flow.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Hypertension– Trauma– Connective tissue disorder– Marfan syndrome– Bicuspid aortic valve– Coarctation of the aorta

• Treatment Options:– Stanford A: Surgical– Stanford B: Medical management, endovascular fenestration, surgical 

if extends or end organ compromise

Type A

DeBakey I DeBakey II

Type B

DeBakey III

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Aortic Dissection Post Fenestration

Case 24

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Multiple Visceral Aneurysms

• Findings:  Multiple aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery branches.

• Differential Diagnosis:– Atherosclerosis

– Vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa)

– Mycotic / septic emboli

– Trauma

• Treatment:– Depends on underlying etiology.

– Surgery

– ?stent graft

THANK YOU….

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Case 19

Traumatic Arterial Injury

• Findings:  Inferior adrenal arterial injury with active contrast extravasation and arteriovenous fistula to inferior venacava.

• Embolization coils. 

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Case 6

• Findings: Occlusion of the bilateral brachiocephalic veins and superior venacava.  Multiple collateral veins.

• Differential diagnosis:– Malignancy (lung ca, mediastinal tumor, 1° leiomyosarcoma)– Radiation therapy– Intimal injury (vascular catheters or devices)– Chemotherapeutic agents– Trauma– Fibrosing mediastinitis– Aortic or brachiocephalic aneurysm– Infection

• Treatment– Endovascular vs. radiation vs. chemotherapy vs. surgical (rare)– Combination

SVC Syndrome

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