periodic review Archiv fur das Studium der neuerenSprachen und Litteraturen (1867); before age 21, sheproduced a new edition of the Romancero do Cid(1871). Nevertheless, one of her more brilliant stud-ies, the edition of Cancioneiro da Ajuda, published inHalle (1904), required 27 years of hard and incessantwork, as well as another 16 years for framing itsglossary (1920). In 1911, Dona Carolina was invitedto teach at the University of Coimbra and becamethe first female member of a university institution inPortugal. One year later, she was elected MemberEmeritus of the Science Academy of Lisbon.

The contribution of this magnificent scholar to theinvestigation of medieval and classical Portugueselanguage and literature is invaluable, which can be ea-sily confirmed by the continuing interest in her texts,still quoted in any contemporary essay on Portuguesephilology. This splendid career finished only as aresult of her death on November 11, 1925, in Oporto.

See also: Historical and Comparative Linguistics in the

19th Century; Portuguese.

Bibliography

Busse W (1988). Eine Berliner Romanistin in Portugal:Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcelos (1851–1925).’ InTrabant J (ed.) Beitrage zur Geschichte der romanischenPhilologie in Berlin. Berlin: Colloquium-Verlag.

Correia M A P (1986). O essencial sobre Carolina Michaelis deVasconcelos. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda.

Moldenhauer G (1927). ‘Bibliografia de D. CarolinaMichaelis de Vasconcelos.’ Lusitania 4, 27–43.

Moldenhauer G (1933). ‘Bibliografia de D. CarolinaMichaelis de Vasconcelos.’ Revista da Universidade deCoimbra 11, vii–xxii. [171 titles.]

Muhlschlegel U (ed.) (2004). Dona Carolina Michaelis e osestudos de filologia Portuguesa. Frankfurt: Verlag undVersandbuchhandlung Teo Ferrer de Mesquita, Biblio-teca Luso-Brasileira. 22.

Silva Neto S da (1957). Manual de filologia portuguesa. Riode Janeiro: Livraria Academica.

Universidade de Coimbra (1933). Miscelanea de estudosem honra de D. Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcellos.Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.

VasconcelosCMde(1867). ‘AltspanischeProsadarstellungderCrescentiasage von A. Mussafia.’ Archiv fur das Studiumder neueren Sprachen und Litteraturen 41, 106–112.

Vasconcelos C M de (1895). ‘Duas palavras sobre a colloca-cao do adjectivo em portugues.’ Revista Lusitana 3, 84–86.

Vasconcelos C M de (1881). Ein portugiesisches Weih-nachtsauto: pratica de tres pastores. Braunschweig:George Westermann.

Vasconcelos C M de (1885). Studien zur hispanischen Wort-deutung. Firenze: Le Monnier.

Vasconcelos C M de (1904). Cancioneiro da ajuda. Halle:Edicao Max Niemeyer.

Vasconcelos C M de (1922). O cancioneiro FernandesTomas : estudos camonianos. Coimbra: Edicao Imprensada Universidade.

Vasconcelos C M de (1922–1924). Estudos camonianos.Coimbra: Imp. da Universidade.

Vasconcelos C M de (1956). Licoes de filologia portuguesa:seguidas das licoes praticas de portugues arcaico. Lisboa:Rev. de Portugal.

Vasconcelos C M de (1980). Romances velhos em Portugal:estudos sobre o romanceiro peninsular. Porto: Lello &Irmao, imp.

Vatican City: Language Situation 397

Vatican City: Language Situation

A L Lepschy and G Lepschy, University College

London, London, UK

� 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 9,

p. 4914, � 1994, Elsevier Ltd.

Italian troops entered Rome on September 20, 1870,and Pope Pius IX retired to the Vatican, proclaiminghimself a prisoner and refusing to recognize the Italianstate. Vatican City was created with the Lateran Pactsof February 11, 1929, which granted the Holy Seesovereign jurisdiction over the Vatican. The numberof inhabitants in 2002 was ca. 900, of whom half hadVatican citizenship. Italian is the official languageof the state, but Latin is the traditional language ofthe Holy See: it is used in official statements of the

Catholic Church and in the Gregorian University.There is also a body of over a hundred Swiss Guards,who are Swiss German speakers. The ecumenicalcharacter of the Catholic Church, and the presenceof foreign diplomats, contribute to a multilingualismthat is considerable in view of the smallness of thestate. Pope Karol Wojtyla (John Paul II, 1978–2005)was of Polish mother tongue. His successor, JosephRatzinger, 1927– (Benedict XVI, 2005–) is of Germanmother tongue.

See also: German; Italy: Language Situation; Latin; Polish.

Bibliography

Barbarito I (1967). ‘Vatican City, state of.’ In New Catholicencyclopedia. New York: McGraw Hill. 555–559.

Walsh M J (1983). Vatican City State. Oxford: Clio Press.