1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 TRACKING Tracking of vehicle is becoming a need of the hour for every logistics companies

around the world for their fleet management. Goods transported through the road needs to

be continuously monitored for their position and informed about the status of the delivery

of those goods to the customers. Vehicle tracking is also used to help navigation of

drivers in an unknown city by indicating their position in a map along with the place they

want to go with the roads and current traffic information on these roads with the help of

satellites.

The concept of tracking also plays a vital part in determining the position of the

theft vehicles and also in tracking of kidnapped children who get lost. In these cases the

location of the stolen vehicle or the kidnapped child is determined and alerted the concern

person.

The key components of this project are GPS module, GSM modem and

ATmega324p microcontroller. GPS commonly abbreviated as Global positioning system

plays a vital in tracking by providing the location information by retrieving it from a

group of GPS satellites. GSM which is abbreviated as Global System Mobile is a mobile

standard in this modern era of cellular revolution. The GSM module solves the problem

of establishing communication between the tracker and one who is tracked. The

microcontroller here controls both the GPS and the GSM units.

2

CHAPTER – 2

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

2.1. GPS – Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global

Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Utilizing a constellation of at least 24 Medium

Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, the system enables a GPS

receiver to determine its location, speed, direction, and time. Developed by the United

States Department of Defense, GPS is officially named NAVSTAR GPS. GPS has

become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making,

land surveying, commerce, and scientific uses. GPS also provides a precise time

reference used in many applications including scientific study of earthquakes, and

synchronization of telecommunications networks.

2.2. METHOD OF OPERATION

A typical GPS receiver calculates its position using the signals from four or more

GPS satellites. Four satellites are needed since the process needs a very accurate local

time, more accurate than any normal clock can provide, so the receiver internally solves

for time as well as position. In other words, the receiver uses four measurements to solve

for 4 variables - x, y, z, and t. These values are then turned into more user-friendly forms,

such as latitude/longitude or location on a map and then displayed to the user.

Each GPS satellite has an atomic clock, and continually transmits messages

containing the current time at the start of the message, parameters to calculate the

location of the satellite (the ephemeris), and the general system health (the almanac). The

signals travel at the speed of light through outer space, and slightly slower through the

atmosphere. The receiver uses the arrival time to compute the distance to each satellite,

from which it determines the position of the receiver using geometry and trigonometry.

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer may be needed

in some special cases. If one variable is already known (for example, a sea-going ship

3

knows its altitude is 0), a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites.

Also, in practice, receivers use additional clues (Doppler shift of satellite signals, last

known position, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, and so on) to give degraded answers

when fewer than four satellites are visible.

2.3. Frequencies used by GPS include

• L1 (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition (C/A) code

and encrypted precision P(Y) code, plus the new L1C on future Block III

satellites.

• L2 (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C code on the Block IIR-M and

newer satellites.

• L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System

Payload (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear detonations and other high-energy

infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear test ban treaties.

• L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for additional ionospheric correction.

• L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal (see

GPS modernization). This frequency falls into an internationally protected range

for aeronautical navigation, promising little or no interference under all

circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that would provide this signal is set to

be launched in 2008.

2.4. GPS TIME AND DATE

While most clocks are synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the

atomic clocks on the satellites are set to GPS time. The difference is that GPS time is not

corrected to match the rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain leap seconds or other

corrections which are periodically added to UTC. The lack of corrections means that GPS

time remains at a constant offset (19 seconds) with International Atomic Time (TAI).

Periodic corrections are performed on the on-board clocks to correct relativistic effects

and keep them synchronized with ground clocks.

4

The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC.

Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific time zone

values. New GPS units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC

offset message. The GPS-UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight

bits) which, at the current rate of change of the Earth's rotation, is sufficient to last until

the year 2330.

The week number is transmitted as a ten-bit field in the C/A and P(Y) navigation

messages, and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks (19.6 years). GPS week zero

started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6, 1980 and the week number

became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21, 1999 (00:00:19 TAI

on August 22, 1999). To determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS receiver must be

provided with the approximate date (to within 3,584 days) to correctly translate the GPS

date signal. To address this concern the modernized GPS navigation messages use a 13-

bit field, which only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), and will not return to zero

until near the year 2137.

2.5. GPS COMMANDS

COMMAND DESCRIPTION $PNMRX103 This message is being sent to enable or to disable the output of an NMEA

message and to determine its output rate $GPGLL This message transfers Geographic position, Latitude, Longitude, and time.

Table 2.1.:- GPS Commands

5

CHAPTER – 3

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

3.1. GSM-Global System for Mobile Communication Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Group Special

Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its ubiquity makes

international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling

subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. The ubiquity of the GSM

standard has been advantageous to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam

and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can

choose equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also

pioneered a low-cost alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also

called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well.

3.2. TECHNICAL DETAILS GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by

searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different

frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.

In the 900 MHz band the uplink frequency band is 890–915 MHz, and the

downlink frequency band is 935–960 MHz this 25 MHz bandwidth is subdivided into

124 carrier frequency channels, each spaced 200 kHz apart. Time division multiplexing is

used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency

channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is

called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The

channel data rate is 270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind

of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto

the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a

6

frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels

(adjacent channel interference).

3.3. GSM FREQUENCY BANDS

System Band Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz)

Channel Number

T-GSM-380 380 380.2–389.8 390.2–399.8 Dynamic

T-GSM-410 410 410.2–419.8 420.2–429.8 Dynamic

GSM-450 450 450.4–457.6 460.4–467.6 259–293

GSM-480 480 478.8–486.0 488.8–496.0 306–340

GSM-710 710 728.0–746.0 698.0–716.0 Dynamic

GSM-750 750 777.0–792.0 747.0–762.0 438–511

T-GSM-810 810 806.0–821.0 851.0–866.0 Dynamic

GSM-850 850 824.0–849.0 869.0–894.0 128–251

P-GSM-900 900 890.0–915.0 935.0–960.0 1–124

E-GSM-900 900 880.0–915.0 925.0–960.0 975–1023, 0-124

R-GSM-900 900 876.0–915.0 921.0–960.0 955–1023, 0-124

T-GSM-900 900 870.4–876.0 915.4–921.0 Dynamic

DCS-1800 1800 1710.0–1785.0 1805.0–1880.0 512–885

PCS-1900 1900 1850.0–1910.0 1930.0–1990.0 512–810

Table 3.1:- GSM frequency

3.4. SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),

commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the

user’s subscription information and phonebook. Alternatively, the user can also change

operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will

block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them;

this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.

7

3.5. GSM COMMANDS USED

COMMANDS DESCRIPTION

AT Initializing SIM Card AT+CSDT Switch ON or OFF detecting SIM Card AT+CMGF Select SMS Message format AT+CSCS Selecting the Terminal Equipment character set

ATE Set command Echo mode ATD Originate call to phone number in memory ATA Answer incoming call

AT+CSQ Signal Quality Report AT+CPOWD Normal Power off AT+CMGS Send SMS Message AT+CMGR Read SMS Message AT+CMGD Delete SMS Message AT+CMGL List SMS Messages from preferred store

Table 3.2:- GSM command list

8

CHAPTER – 4

SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE

4.1. SMS – Short Message Service

Short Message Service (SMS) is a communications protocol allowing the

interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. SMS as used on

modern handsets was originally defined as part of the GSM series of standards in 1985 as

a means of sending messages of up to 160 characters, to and from GSM mobile handsets.

Since then, support for the service has expanded to include alternative mobile standards

such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landline

networks.

Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done using

the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol. Messages are sent with the MAP

mo- and mt – Forward SMS operations, whose payload length is limited by the

constraints of the signaling protocol to precisely 140 octets (140 octets = 140 * 8 bits =

1120 bits). Short messages can be encoded using a variety of alphabets: the default GSM

7-bit alphabet, the 8-bit data alphabet, and the 16-bit UTF-16/UCS-2 alphabet.

Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to

the maximum individual Short Message sizes of 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit

characters, or 70 16-bit characters.

9

CHAPTER – 5

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

5.1. MASTER – THE TRACKER

Figure 5.1.:- Master Block Diagram

On the master – the tracker side, a GSM SIM 300 modem is interfaced directly

with the personal computer (PC) through the computer’s serial port. A utility is designed

to run on the PC, about which we will take later in this report. The utility is designed to

read data from the computer’s serial port which naturally being the positional values sent

as a text message through the GSM network. Then this data is extracted and used to plot

the latitude and longitude values on a geographical map of the area. The utility is

designed to control the GSM modem on the master’s side. The utility monitors the status

of the SIM in the modem and issues proper commands to extract the message which

contains the positional data.

5.2. WORKING OF MASTER:

The PC is connected to the SIM 300 GSM Modem through a RS-232 interface.

The commands given to the GSM Modem are called AT commands. The PC issues the

AT commands to the GSM Modem through a visual basic utility program running in the

PC. There are five individual nodes connected to the master. The GSM Modem, on

receiving the AT commands from the PC makes a call to the first node. The node

receives the call and gives the location information to the master. While calling the node,

the master waits for a certain timeout period for the node to respond. If the node doesn’t

respond due to the non availability of carrier or due to channel defects, the master aborts

GSM MODEM

SIM 300 RS 232

INTERFACE

PC

10

its call to the first node and makes the call to the next node. In this manner, the master

issues the request to the nodes and gets the location information from each of the nodes.

The master receives the data from the nodes and identifies the node from which it

received this data. The node sends the data to the master only if there is a change in its

position. In such a situation, the latitude and longitude values of the node’s position will

change. If the node is not moving, the node does not send the data to the master. In such a

situation, the master displays the previous location of the vehicle since the node is not

moving. In this manner, the master periodically issues the request to all the nodes and

gets the data from them.

Now, having understood how the master gets the data from the nodes, let us see

the tool used by the master to do its work. We have developed a visual basic utility

program that will run on the PC in the master side giving the AT commands to the GSM

Modem to call the nodes and get the data from them. Now, let us see the description of

the utility program in detail.

5.3. NODE – THE TRACKED

Figure 5.2.:- Node Block Diagram

GPS MODULE

CP3838 M

ICR

OC

ON

TRO

LLER

ATm

ega 324p

GSM MODEM

SIM 300

11

The above block diagram shows the idea of implementation at the node. The

system is as simple as it appears in the diagram. The GPS module CP3838 collects the

information about the position values of the place where it is present. The GSM modem

SIM 300 is used to send the position values collected by the CP3838 to the master node –

The Tracked. . Generally, the GPS receiver generates the seven different formats of data,

such as $GPGGA, $GPGLL, $GPGSA, $GPGSV, $GPRMC, $GPVTG and $GPZDA.

NMEA standard messages commence with ‘GP’, then a 3-letter message identifier.

NemeriX specific messages commence with $PNMRX followed by a 3 digit number.

5.4. Working of Node

The microcontroller ATmega324p is used to control and command both the GPS

and GSM units. The microcontroller collects the position data from the GPS module by

sending the filter command to the GPS module. Among the above data formats, we have

selected $GPGLL data format, because this format only contains latitude, N\S indicator,

longitude, W\S indicator, time and status of the data. Thus, the filter command is used to

request the GPS module to send only the $GPGLL data to the microcontroller. The filter

command used is $PNMRX103, GLL, 2*xx. The data transfer between the

microcontroller and the GPS module takes place through UART 0. The microcontroller

operates on this data by comparing with the previous data and filtering the required

position data alone.

Now, let us see the interface between GPS receiver and microcontroller.

Generally GPS receiver needs 60 seconds for its cold start. So initially microcontroller

generates about 60 seconds delay before reception of GPS data. After the execution of

delay, microcontroller sends the filtering command $PNMRX103, GLL, 2*xx in hex

format as 24 50 4E 4D 52 58 31 30 33 2C 47 4C 4C 2C 32 2A 1E 0D 0A through its

transmission line. This command sets the GPS receiver for sending only $GPGLL data

format in every 2 seconds. Whenever getting the request from master, the received data

from GPS receiver is stored in microcontroller. Generally GPS receiver sends the data

simultaneously. Microcontroller checks three conditions for storing the valid data, 1)the

request received from master, 2)the received data from GPS receiver has originated with

12

‘$’ sign, 3)the received data status is valid. If these three conditions are satisfied, then the

data had been stored in microcontroller. Then stored data had sent to master as SMS

through GSM engine.

Then the microcontroller commands the GSM modem to send this data as a text

message in other terms this position data is sent to other GSM modem on the master side

as a SMS message. The GSM modem is interfaced to the microcontroller through UART

1. This controller, the ATmega324p has inbuilt 2 UART which facilitates the interfacing

of both the GPS and GSM units at the same time and establish a full fledged two way

communication between the GPS and GSM units. The GSM modem uses the AT

commands to send the filtered position data to the GSM modem at the master side.

Now, let us see about the interface between microcontroller and GSM modem.

First we initialize the GSM modem. Microcontroller had sent the three initialization

commands to the GSM modem. 1) “AT+CSDT=1” for auto detection of SIM card, 2)

“AT+CMGF=1” for selecting the message format in text mode, 3) “AT+CSCS= “GSM”

for select the GSM character set in the Terminal Equipment (TE). Whenever getting the

call from master, the microcontroller counts the number of rings received from GSM

modem at the master. After 10 rings, the microcontroller cancels the incoming call by

setting the command “ATH”. If master confirm the node is live, then again made a call to

node. Then microcontroller had sends the stored position data as a SMS to the master

using the command “AT+CMGS= “destination GSM number”,129”\n message (data) and

then control-Z. This is repeated whenever node is requested by master.

13

CHAPTER – 6

FLOW CHART

6.1. FLOW CHART OF MASTER

Flowchart 6.1.:- Working Of Master

START

Initialize the GSM modem using VB utility

Call the desired node

Invoke appropriate delay

Receives the position data from requested node as SMS

If master side

response is “BUSY” If master side

response is “NO

CARRIER”

Track the other node

Get the previous

position data

Compare the position data (latitude, longitude) with database and find the

location.

Plot the vehicle location in the map

END

14

6.2. FLOW CHART OF NODE

Flowchart 6.2.:- Working Of Node

Delay for 60 seconds

Initialize GPS receiver and GSM

START

The node cuts the incoming call to indicate the master that it is live

If no. of rings from master=10

µC receives and store GPS data

µC extracts the position data (i.e. latitude, longitude, UTC Time)

Microcontroller sends the $GPGLL filter command to the GPS module

If GPS data valid

µC sends the position data to the master through the GSM modem as SMS

Wait for further incoming call

END

15

CHAPTER – 7

UTILITY

7.1. INTRODUCTION

Visual Basic is an ideal, event driven programming language for developing

sophisticated professional applications for Microsoft Windows. It makes use of Graphical

User Interface for creating robust and powerful applications. In a GUI environment, the

number of options open to the user is much greater, allowing more freedom to the user

and developer.

This Vehicle Tracking application developed requires access to database where

latitude and longitude values of vehicles position are stored, serial communication to

send signals to GSM modem located at the vehicle to test it and receive data from GSM

modem located at the application end. Thus this application is developed using Visual

Basic.

7.2. DESCRIPTION:

GPS receiver receives data once in every 5 seconds when the vehicle moves. This

received data is transmitted to the GSM modem at the application end by GSM modem at

vehicle end and this transmission takes more than 20 seconds to reach the application end

due to delay in the network. So each received GPS data consumes at least 40 seconds by

the time it gets stored in the database. So to make the tracking appear lively the

application must be triggered to map the received data once in every 40 seconds. This

mapping procedure is placed under this timer sub routine and the Interval property of the

timer control is set to 40 seconds. So every 40 seconds timer triggers the application to

map the received data to show the position of the vehicle.

7.3. SHAPE FILE:

A shape file is a digital vector storage format for storing geometric location and

associated attribute information. Shape files are simple and easy to handle because they

store primitive geometrical data types of points, lines and polygons. A table of record

16

stores attributes for each primitive shape in the shape file. Shape file is actually a set of

several files of which the following three files are mandatory to store core data, they are:

• .shp file- shape format; the feature geometry itself

• .shx- shape index format; a positional index of the feature

geometry to allow seeking forwards and backwards quickly.

• .dbf- attribute format; columnar attributes for each shape.

There are further eight optional files which store primarily index data to improve

performance. The following are the steps to convert a scanned Madurai topological map

to shape file:

• Construct a geo-database with necessary feature class using Arc catalog. A

feature class is a class which contains geographic features of geometric type

(point, line or polygon) and spatial reference frame.

• Geo-reference the scanned image which is in page coordinate to map

coordinates using Arc map.

• Import the geo-database into Arc map.

• Digitize necessary feature from the geo-referenced image.

• Convert the digitized file to shape file.

7.4. DATABASE:

A database is a tool for collecting and organizing information and helps in easy

access to information stored. The Latitude and longitude values of vehicle’s position

collected are stored in database. Time and date values of data received are also stored in

database. This application uses Microsoft Access, because it is a computerized relational

database management system which stores its tables in a single file and it is also easy to

add new data to a database, edit existing data in the database, delete information,

organize and view data in different ways.

17

Database Object:

Vehicle tracking application first opens the database where tables containing

latitude and longitude values are stored. A variable is declared to hold a reference to the

database.

Record Set Object:

A Record set is an object that contains a set of records from the database that

represents a single table which can be used to add, change or delete records. Once the

database is opened, it is required to open the table in the database where latitude and

longitude values are stored. A variable is declared to hold a reference to the table.

Navigating a Record set:

After creating a Record set object, the various Move methods can be used to

navigate through the records in a Record set.

• MoveFirst method moves to the first row in the record set.

• MoveNext method moves to the next row in the record set.

• MovePrevious method moves to the previous row in the record set.

• MoveLast method moves to the last row in the record set.

Adding records:

Latitude and Longitude values collected at various time and date are added to the

database table using AddNew method. Records can also be deleted, updated.

18

CHAPTER – 8

COMPONENTS OF TRACKING

8.1. GPS-CP3838

CPIT GPS module CP3838 is a high sensitivity ULTRA LOW power

consumption cost efficient, compact size; plug & play GPS module board designed for a

broad spectrum of OEM applications. The GPS module receiver will track up to 16

satellites at a time while providing fast time-to-first-fix and 1Hz navigation updates. Its

superior capability meets the sensitivity & accuracy requirements of car navigation as

well as other location-based applications, such as AVL system. Handheld navigator,

PDA, pocket PC, or any battery operated navigation system.

The CP3838 design utilizes the latest surface mount technology and high level

circuit integration to achieve superior performance while minimizing dimension and

power consumption. The module communicates with application system via RS232 (TTL

level) with NMEA0183 protocol.

8.2. MAIN FEATURES

• Built-in high performance NMEX chipset.

• Average Cold Start in 60 seconds.

• Ultra Low power consumption.( CP3838 27mA type @ 3.3V )

• 16 channels “All-in-View” tracking.

• On chip 4Mb flash memory.

• TTL level serial port for GPS receiver command message Interface.

• Compact Board Size CP3838 1.043’’ x1.043’’x0.11’’(26.5x26.5x3.0mm)

• CP3838P 1.043’’x1.043’’x0.27’’ (26.5x26.5x7.0mm)

• For easy integration into hand-held device.

• Support Standard NMEA-0183 V3.0

• Option Accurate 1PPS Output Signal Aligned with GPS Timing

• Multi-path Mitigation Hardware

• External antenna open/short detector

19

8.3. PIN DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

(i) Pin Diagram

Figure 8.1.:- Pin Diagram Of CP3838

(ii) Pin Description

Table 8.1.:- Pin Description of CP3838

20

8.4. SIM 300

Designed for global market, SIM 300 is a Quad-band GSM/GPRS engine that works

on frequencies GSM 850 MHz, GSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz.

SIM 300 provides GPRS multi-slot class 10 capability and supports the GPRS coding

schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a tiny configuration of 39.5mm x 32.5mm x 3

mm, SIM 300 can fit almost all the space requirement in your application, such as Smart

phone, PDA phone and other mobile device. The physical interface to the mobile

application is made through a 60 pins board-to-board connector, which provides all

hardware interfaces between the module and customers’ boards except the RF antenna

interface.

• 8 out of 60 pins are programmable as General Purpose I/O (2 pins just defined as

Output). This gives you the flexibility to develop customized applications.

• Two serial ports can help you easily develop your applications.

• Two audio channels include two microphones inputs and two speaker outputs.

This can be easily configured by AT command.

With the charge circuit integrated inside the SIM 300, it is very suitable for the battery

power application.

SIM 300 provide RF antenna interface with two alternatives: antenna connector

and antenna pad. The antenna connector is MURATA MM9329-2700. And customer’s

antenna can be soldered to the antenna pad. The SIM 300 is designed with power saving

technique, the current consumption to as low as 4Ma in SLEEP mode. The SIM 300 is

integrated with the TCP/IP protocol Extended TCP/IP AT commands are developed for

customers to use the TCP/IP protocol easily, which is very useful for those data transfer

applications.

21

8.5. FEATURES OF SIM 300

Feature Implementation

Power supply Single supply voltage 3.4V – 4.5V

Power saving Typical power consumption in SLEEP mode to 3mA

Charging Supports charging control for Li-Ion battery

Frequency bands

• SIM200 Quad-band: GSM 850, GSM 900, DCS 1800,

PCS 1900

• Compliant to GSM Phase 2/2+

GSM class Small MS

Transmit power • Class 4 (2W) at EGSM900 and GSM850

• Class 1 (1W) at DCS1800 and PCS 1900

Temperature range

• Normal operation: -20°C to +55°C

• Restricted operation: -25°C to -20°C and +55°C to +70°C

• Storage temperature -40°C to +80°C

SMS

• MT, MO, CB, Text and PDU mode

• SMS storage: SIM card

• Support transmission of SMS alternatively over CSD or

GPRS.

External antenna Connected via 50 Ohm antenna connector or antenna pad

Two serial interfaces

• Serial Port 1 Seven lines on Serial Port Interface

• Serial Port 1 can be used for CSD FAX, GPRS service

and send AT command of controlling module.

• Serial Port 1 can use multiplexing function, but you can

not use the Serial Port 2 at the same time;

• Serial port 2 Two lines on Serial Port Interface /TXD and

/RXD

• Serial Port 2 only used for transmitting AT command.

Table 8.2.:- Features Of SIM 300 GSM Modem.

22

8.6. ATMEGA 324p – 8 BIT MICROCONTROLLERS

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working

registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),

allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in

one clock cycle. The Atmega324p has 32K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash, 1K

EEPROM, 2K SRAM, three Timer/Counters with compare modes, 2 USARTs, a byte

oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, a 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input

stage with programmable gain, IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant JTAG test interface with

boundary scan capabilities.

The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator,

disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-

save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer

base while the rest of the device is sleeping. In Standby mode, the Crystal/Resonator

Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up

combined with low power consumption.

8.7. PIN DIAGRAM

Figure 8.3.:- Pin Diagram of Atmega324p

23

8.8. FEATURES OF Atmega324p

• Advanced RISC Architecture

131 Powerful Instructions and 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz with on chip 2- cycle multiplier.

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

32K of In-System Flash program memory,1K of EEPROM and 2k SRAM

• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard with on chip debug

and programming

• Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters and One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler,

Compare, and Capture Mode and separate RTC with oscillator

8-channel, 10-bit ADC with Differential mode with gain at 1x, 10x and 200x

Two Programmable Serial USART and Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface

• Operating Voltages

2.7 – 5.5V for Atmega324P

• Speed Grades and Power Consumption

Atmega324P: 0 – 10MHz @ 2.7 – 5.5V, 0 – 20MHz @ 4.5 – 5.5V

Active: 0.4 Ma

Power-down Mode: 0.1Ma

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8.9. Max 232

8.9.1. Pin diagram

Figure 8.4.:- Pin Diagram of MAX 232

8.9.2. Circuit Connections

Figure 8.5.:- Circuit Description of MAX 232

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CHAPTER – 9

FUTURE WORKS

9.1. FUTURE WORKS

As a part of future work we plan to integrate a monitoring system that would

monitor the health of the vehicle and inform about it status to the user. In future we will

try to reduce the delay due to network since in this project the SMS sent from the node to

the master is hugely affected by the network delay caused by the service providers. We

also plan to monitor the speed of the vehicle from time to time and inform the police if

the rider exceeds the speed limits or in the case of an accident.

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CHAPTER – 10

CONCLUSION

10.1. CONCLUSION

Thus by this project we can track any kind of vehicle which moves on the road by

using the kits. The tracked vehicle can be monitored from anywhere in this world through

a computer terminal. The information of the tracked vehicle is shown in the computer

terminal in a graphical manner in such a way that it would be easy for the user to

intercept the data about the tracked vehicle.

We hereby believe that this project will be useful to the society as a tool to

provide safety to the public by monitoring the suspicious vehicles on the road and put an

end to the act of theft seen in the common day life.

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11. References

• www.avrfreaks.net • www.atmel.com • www.cpit.com • www.edaboard.com • www.maps.google.com • www.alldatasheet.com • www.embeddeddeveloper.com • www.gpsinformation.org

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12. SCREENSHOTS AND SCHEMATICS

12.1. Screenshot

Figure 12.1.:- Utility Screen Shot

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12.2. System Diagram

Figure 12.2.:- System Diagram