PowerPoint Presentation

Vertebrate Amniotes: BirdExercise 21

1Goals for todayLearn to recognized the different anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations of birdsLearn about some species biologyClass Reptilia-AvesHallmark characteristics of birds:Forelimb modified into wingsForelimb digits reduced; no claws (garras)Body covered in feathersMany weight-saving and strengthening adaptations of skeletonHorny beak without teethNote: birds shown here mostly are the same as or closely related to those observed as skins, mounts, skulls, or feet in lab

Class Reptilia-Avis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j44T4D_WMI&feature=related Plumas de keratina-son escamas modificadas para mantener calor y volarSacos de aire- mas eficientes para respirarReduccin de rganos- solo un ovario y no tienen la vejiga urinaria. Gnadas en ambos sexos son pequeasHuesos huecos- ligero para volar, no dientes, y esternn contiene los msculos para volar.

Caractersticas para facilitar el vuelo

4BeaksBirds' diets are varied and often include nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, carrion, and various small animals, including other birds. Because birds have no teeth, their digestive system is adapted to process unmasticated food items that are swallowed whole. Wikipedia.

5FeetIn biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of a tetrapod animal.

Anisodactyly is the most common arrangement of digits in birds, with three toes forward and one back. This is common in songbirds and other perching birds, as well as hunting birds like eagles, hawks, and falcons.6FeetBirds' feet provide information about the type of habitat the animals use

7Sound ProductionShort clicks (swifts), whistles (tinamous), and long complex songs (wrens and many passerine), including imitations (mockingbirds and lyrebirds)

8Sound ProductionSongs: primarily under the influence of sex hormones generally important in reproduction (e.g., defending territories & attracting mates)

Calls: generally concerned with coordination of the behavior of a pair, family group, or flock not primarily sexual, but important in 'maintenance' activities, such as foraging, flocking, & responding to threats of predation usually are acoustically simple may serve a variety of functions.9Sound production in birds: SyrinxThe avian larynx is located at the top of the trachea

Unlike the mammalian larynx, in birds it does not have vocal cords

The larynx only serves to open and close the glottis keeping food and water out of the respiratory tract. Very littler role as sound production mechanism.

The syrinx produces complex sounds and can produce two independent songs simultaneouslyIf you open carefully your bird you will see it

10See how the syrinx works herehttp://www.indiana.edu/~songbird/multi/Cowbird%20Movie%207.swf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dx2CUMtZ-0&feature=related

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eI_quJRRGxk&feature=related

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB71jNq-yQ&feature=related 11Cool Birds!Some birds can hear infrasonic sounds (below human hearing range, below 20kHz)Most birds are not known to do so, except for the Cassowaries-large flightless, solitary birds of dense forest in New GuineaThey also produces pulsed booms between 23-32Hz that are felt as strange vibrations by humans.These sounds allow them to communicate over long distances through thick forests, just as the elephants in West Africa.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dcQO6Zb8Eg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Wn9IUR7i8s&feature=related 12

Puerto Rican AvifaunaThe avifauna of Puerto Rico includes a total of 349 species, of which 166 (47.56%) are accidental, 42 (12.03%) are introduced by humans and 16 (4.58%) are endemic. Around 120 of these species breed in Puerto Rico while the majority of the others overwinter in the archipelago.

Introduced13Some examples of endemic birds of Puerto RicoThe Puerto Rican Amazon (Amazona vittata), also known as the Puerto Rican Parrot or Iguaca, is the only bird endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Neotropical genus Amazona

14Endemic birds of Puerto RicoThe Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo o Pajaro bobo menor (Coccyzus vieilloti) is a cuckoo endemic to the island of Puerto Rico, and is one of 4 species of lizard-cuckoos which occur only on Caribbean islands

15Endemic birds of Puerto RicoThe Puerto Rican Screech Owl (Megascops nudipes) or Mcaro (Spanish via Taino) is a nocturnal endemic owl of the archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Megascops genus of the Strigidae family.

16Endemic birds of Puerto RicoThe Puerto Rican Nightjar o Guabairo, Caprimulgus noctitherus, is a very rare bird found in the coastal dry scrub forests in localized areas of southwestern Puerto Rico.

17Endemic birds of Puerto RicoThe Green Mango o Zumbador verde (Anthracothorax viridis) is a large species of hummingbird endemic to the main island of Puerto Rico and its archipelago. It is usually found in the mountainous regions of the island, often in coffee and other kind of plantations.

18Endemic birds of Puerto RicoThe Puerto Rican Emerald (Chlorostilbon maugeaus), or Zumbadorcito de Puerto Rico in Spanish, is an endemic hummingbird found only in the archipelago of Puerto Rico.

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Native and endemic birds of Puerto Rico

Yaboa comn: joven

Pjaro Bobo MenorZumbador crestado

Zorzal PardoRuiseorPhotos de Carlos Andres Rodriguez20TodayBird Skeleton

21Internal Anatomy

22Feathers

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